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PubMed2001

Results of intradermal tests in horses without atopy and horses with atopic dermatitis or recurrent urticaria.

OBJECTIVE: To compare results of intradermal tests (IDT) for environmental allergens at 30 minutes and 4, 6, and 24 hours after injection in horses without atopy and horses with atopic dermatitis (AD) or recurrent urticaria (RU). ANIMALS: 22 horses without atopy, 10 horses with RU, and 7 horses with AD. PROCEDURE: In all horses, medical history was obtained, and results of physical examination, hematologic examination, serum biochemical analyses, examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and IDT with 73 allergens were examined. RESULTS: Horses with AD or RU had a significantly greater mean number of positive reactions for IDT, compared with horses without atopy. Horses with AD had a significantly greater number of positive reactions than horses without atopy in every allergen group at all time periods, except for molds at 4 and 24 hours. Horses with RU had a significantly greater number of positive reactions than horses without atopy in every allergen group, except for molds at 30 minutes and 4 and 6 hours, trees at 4 and 6 hours, and grasses at 4 hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: A significantly greater number of positive reactions for IDT in horses with AD or RU, compared with horses without atopy, provides evidence of type-I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity for these diseases. Evaluation of results of IDT performed in horses with AD or RU is useful in determining specific allergens for the formulation of immunotherapy along with providing identification of allergens that could be useful when creating avoidance strategies.

Allergens↗
PubMed2000

Intradermal tests with vasomotor agents in perennial non-allergic rhinitis.

Nasal reactivity in non-allergic rhinitis patients is well known, but the skin reactivity of these patients is less examined. The aim of this prospective study was to examine the skin reactivity to four vasomotor agents in healthy subjects and perennial non-allergic rhinitis patients and to determine whether rhinitis patients differ from healthy subjects or not. Seventy four perennial non-allergic rhinitis patients and fourty two healthy subjects were undergone to intradermal testing with papaverine (5 mg/ml), metacholine (0.02, 0.2 and 2.0 mg/ml), histamine (0.01, 0.1 and 10.0 micrograms/ml) and compound 48/80 (0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 micrograms/ml). It was found that the frequency of pathological skin reactivity to papaverine in perennial non-allergic rhinitis patients (34%) was significantly greater (p = 0.007) then in healthy subjects (9.5%). There was no significant difference for metacholine, histamine, compound 48/80 and saline between these two groups. The frequency of the total pathological skin reactivity to vasomotor agents, singly and in combinations, in perennial non-allergic rhinitis patients (80%) was significantly greater (p = 1.8.10(-6)) then in healthy subjects (33%). These findings suggest that the pathological skin reactivity to vasomotor agents is a feature of perennial non-allergic rhinitis patients as well as healthy subjects and indicate that a difference in the skin reactivity between these groups is noticed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1965

[Studies on the intradermal test of Clonorchis peptide(CPT) Antigen 1. Preliminary report]

Polypeptide antigen as isolated from adult worms of Clonorchis sinensis by means of diluted HCl-extraction method. Preliminary intradermal examination with those polypeptide antigen(CPT) were performed on patients of clonorchiasis, paragonimiasis and metagonimiasis and the result of the intradermal test with CPT antigen were compared with those of Clonorchis protein fraction(CPF) and Veronal buffer saline extraction (VBS) antigen. The result of the examination were summerized as follows: 1. When 0.05 ml (1 microgram) of CPT was injected intradermally, the positive intradermal reaction appeared in 42.7 per cent (37 of 82) on the patients of clonorchiasis. 2. The sizes of the wheal and erythema with CPT antigen was smaller than that of CPF and VBS antigen. 3. Intradermal reaction with CPT antigen was carried out for other parasitic diseases, such as paragonimiasis and metagonimiasis. The result indicated that CPT antigen may be showed no cross reactions. 4. Clonorchiasis pateints who with negative reaction to CPT antigen, reacted negatively to CPF and VBS antigens.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of Multi-Test II skin prick testing to intradermal dilutional testing.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Intradermal dilutional testing (IDT) has been considered more sensitive than prick testing for detecting low-level allergies. Multi-Test II is one of the most sensitive and reproducible prick testing methods available. This study compares Multi-Test II prick testing with IDT. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review and data analysis on patients who had allergy testing with both Multi-Test II and IDT. SETTING: Outpatient allergy clinic in the otolaryngology department of an academic tertiary care medical center. POPULATION: Forty adult patients had complete allergy testing with both Multi-Test II and IDT for a standard panel of twelve antigens between January 2002 and April 2002. INTERVENTION: Analysis and comparison of test results on Multi-Test II and IDT for each antigen separately and across all antigen tests together. RESULTS: Forty patients had complete testing for all antigens during the time period for the study. Six of these patients did not react to the positive control on Multi-Test II and were eliminated from the main analysis. Of the 34 patients included in the main analysis, all were positive for at least one antigen on IDT; one half (17/34) were negative for all antigens on Multi-Test II. A significantly greater number of patients were positive on IDT than Multi-Test II for all antigens except dog (P < 0.05). There was a statistically significant correlation between IDT endpoint and Multi-Test II score for several antigens (P < 0.05). Of 408 total antigen tests performed, 339 (83.1%) were negative on Multi-Test II. Of these 339 negative Multi-Test II tests, 148 (43.7%) were negative on IDT and 191 (56.3%) were positive on IDT; 174/339 (51.3%) had an IDT endpoint of 2 or 3 and 17/339 (5.0%) had an IDT endpoint > or = 4. A significantly greater number of antigen tests were positive on IDT than on Multi-Test II (P < 0.001). The overall Spearman correlation coefficient between IDT endpoint and Multi-Test II score was 0.370 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients were more likely to have a positive test on IDT than on Multi-Test II. IDT therefore may be a more sensitive testing technique for inhalant allergies than Multi-Test II prick testing. In addition, Multi-Test II score may not be a good predictor of IDT endpoint. Although a statistically significant correlation is demonstrated between Multi-Test II score and IDT endpoint, the correlation coefficient is low enough that clinical application may not always be safe or appropriate. The clinical significance of positive IDT results in the presence of negative Multi-Test II results is not known.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Histologic manifestations in the skin in alpha-lactoalbumin intradermal tests in patients with chronic urticaria].

Intradermal injection with alpha-lactoalbumine, 2000 PNU/ml was carried out in seven patients (1 male, 6 females, mean age 32.4 years) suffering from milk intolerance. None of the patients had a positive allergen-specific IgE antibodies in the sera (RAST). Skin test was performed on the volar part of the forearms at the same time. The area of skin reaction was estimated and measured within 36 hours on the right arm. Skin biopsy was done with a 4 mm punch after 8 hours from site of antigen injection on the left arm. Various cells infiltrating the site of antigen instillation were present. Leukocytoclastic vasculitis was only found in patients with dual intradermal reaction (immediate and late onset of response; 8 12 hours). These results indicate that local skin reaction to alpha-lactoal-bumine is mediated by diverse immune mechanisms, and that it may be of clinical significance for the diagnosis of cow milk allergy in adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Investigation of the possible role of the tuberculin intradermal test in the spread of enzootic bovine leukosis.

The single intradermal comparative test was used with both avian and bovine tuberculin. Three cattle infected with bovine leukosis virus (BLV) were used as a source of infection. BLV-positive and susceptible animals were tuberculin tested alternately. Fifteen susceptible calves and 15 susceptible sheep were tested. A further three valves and three sheep were used as controls; the needles of the tuberculin syringes were deliberately contaminated with blood from the BLV-infected cattle, before being used in the test. Whereas all three calves and the three sheep inoculated intradermally with contaminated needles developed BLV infections, all of the other 30 animals have remained serologically negative to BLV for 10 months. Transmission of BLV with needles contaminated with BLV-infected blood was prevented by wiping the needles with absorbent cotton wool.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

[Values of intradermal test and multiple sputum examinations for Diagnosis of paragonimiasis]

This study was conducted on 4,003 inhabitants of six villages, Southern County of Che Ju lsland from April 18 to July 30, 1974 with purpose of studying. Relationship between intradermal reaction and egg detection rate, Egg detection rate by the number of sputum examination on the same subject, Comparison of direct sputum examination method (Whole volume of sputum in vinyl bag pressed between petri dishes) with concentration (2% NaOH) method, Estimation of sensitivity and specificity of the intradermal test in screening paragonimiasis. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Overall positive skin reaction rate was 57.7 % and egg positive rate regardless of skin reaction was 17.1 % the population studied. 2. Egg positive rate for negative skin reactors(wheal size smaller than 70mm(2)) was l0.l %, and that of positive reactors was 22.8 %. 3. Positive skin reaction rate increased as age increased, egg positive rate, however, revealed rather inconsistent distribution by age. 4. The egg positive rate showed a tendency of increase by increase of wheal size, though not so remarkably. 5. 2.9 % of egg positives by direct sputum examination method was negative when re-examined by concentration method; 2.6 % of egg negative sputum by direct method was egg positive by concentration method. It was found that the sputa showing discrepant result by two different methods had only a few eggs in whole sputum collected. 6. Egg positive rate by single sputum examination was 8.l %, by two examinations 14.6 % by three 19.2 %, by four 24.5 %, and by five examinations on the same individual was 20.5 %. 7. The estimated sensitivity and specificity of the skin test were 76.5 % and 42.7 % respectively under the postulation that all infected persons could be detected by four sputum examinations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

Evaluation of the indirect haemagglutination and intradermal tests on hydatid and nonhydatid cases.

Evaluation of the immediate intradermal (ID) test showed a direct relationship between nitrogen concentration and sensitivity. Antigens of low nitrogen concentration were less reactive but more specific. Intradermal antigens prepared from Echinococcus multilocularis can be used in Isfahan, Iran, for the diagnosis of E. granulosus in man. The ID delayed reaction was observed in a few patients who had positive immediate skin tests. Because of its high sensitivity, the indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test was preferred for the serologic diagnosis of echinococcosis. Based on the results outlined in their study the IHA test appears to offer good sensitivity, and the ID, with an antigen of low nitrogen concentration, good specificity.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

An evaluation of an intradermal test for the diagnosis of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) infection in cattle.

An intradermal (ID) test (a delayed-type hypersensitivity test) was used for the diagnosis of BHV-1 infection in cattle. A threshold value for the test positive results was established based on the analysis of the agreement between the results of ID test and those of virus neutralization (VN24) assay. Linear regression analysis revealed no correlation between the intensity of the skin reaction (expressed as an increase in skin-fold thickness) and the VN24 antibody titre. The sensitivity and specificity of the ID test compared to VN24 one, were 86.6% and 98.3% respectively. Of the 487 cattle with an age of over 6 months, 25 (5.1%) reacted discordantly by ID and VN24 tests, i.e. 19 seropositive animals expressed little or no skin reaction, whereas 6 seronegative individuals were positive by ID. Neither of the calves, with passively acquired antibodies in contrast to experimentally infected ones, showed distinctive skin reaction.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Intradermal testing with multiple recall antigens for identification of cell-mediated immune deficiency in homosexual men.

In a health screening project for gay men in Stockholm, delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity was tested in 710 men by a commercial kit (Multitest, Mérieux) containing seven recall antigens and related to past hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, various life style factors, the lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS), and antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III). The multiscore (MS: the sum of all positive reactions) was significantly decreased in men with the following characteristics: HBV markers, greater than 50 yearly sexual partners, regular practice of receptive rectal intercourse, regular sex in gay bathhouses, recent sexual encounters in the US, greater than 50 lifetime exposures to inhaled nitrates, LAS, and positive HTLV-III serology. Anergy to tuberculin (TU) but not to any other antigen was more common in men with greater than 20 yearly partners, regular practice of receptive rectal intercourse, exposure to inhalant nitrates, LAS as well as lesser degree of lymphadenopathy, and HTLV-III seropositivity. HTLV-III antibodies were demonstrated in 61 of 416 (14.7%) men. During the 2-year follow-up four men have developed acquired immune deficiency syndrome. All four had MS less than 10 mm and TU anergy. In a BCG-immunized population Multitest only adds marginal information as compared to intradermal testing solely with TU, but may yield prognostic information in evaluating HTLV-III positive individuals with respect to development of manifest AIDS.

AIDS-Related Complex↗
PubMed1985

Serologic and intradermal tests for parasitic infections.

For years, the diagnosis of most parasitic diseases has depended upon the direct demonstration of the parasite or its cysts, eggs, or larvae in specimens. In some infections, direct demonstration of the causative agent or its stages is almost impossible. In such cases, indirect techniques, such as serologic methods, have been found to be more practical and sensitive than are direct methods. Most serologic methods have been devised to detect antibodies. Tests for the detection of antigen are just beginning to be utilized; however, the practicality and under what situations antigen detection tests can be used await further testing. The majority of the serum antibody tests employ a heterogeneous mixture of antigens. Antigens derived from whole adult or larval stages usually result in tests with poor specificity and/or sensitivity. The necessity for better purified and standardized antigens cannot be over emphasized. Although there have been many major advances in the serodiagnosis of parasitic infections, a major drawback to routine use of parasitic serologies is the lack of commercially available reliable test kits. For the diagnosis of most parasitic diseases, one must rely upon specialty laboratories or public health laboratories. Before any laboratory begins to offer parasitic test serologies, they should contact their local or state public health laboratory or the Parasitic Serologic Section of the Centers for Disease Control to determine the pros and cons of these tests. Information of this type should be used to inform the physician of the limitations of the test in the differential diagnosis.

Adult↗