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PubMed2001

Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations.

Naturally occurring variations in maternal care alter the expression of genes that regulate behavioral and endocrine responses to stress, as well as hippocampal synaptic development. These effects form the basis for the development of stable, individual differences in stress reactivity and certain forms of cognition. Maternal care also influences the maternal behavior of female offspring, an effect that appears to be related to oxytocin receptor gene expression, and which forms the basis for the intergenerational transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity. Patterns of maternal care that increase stress reactivity in offspring are enhanced by stressors imposed on the mother. These findings provide evidence for the importance of parental care as a mediator of the effects of environmental adversity on neural development.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The influence of parents' martial dissolutions on children's attitudes toward family formation.

We investigate the influence of parents' martial dissolutions on their children's attitudes toward several dimensions of family formation. Hypotheses focus on the role of patients' attitudes as a mechanism linking parents' behavior to their children's attitudes. We test these hypotheses using intergenerational panel data that include measures of children's attitudes taken directly from children. Results demonstrate strong effects of parental divorce, remarriage, and widowhood on children's attitudes toward premarital sex, cohabitation, marriage, childbearing, and divorce. The results also show that parents' own attitudes link their behavior to their children's attitudes, although substantial effects of parental behavior remain after controlling for parents' attitudes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Conflict resolution strategies and marital distress as mediating factors in the link between witnessing interparental violence and wife battering.

This study investigated the mediating effects of men's ineffective conflict resolution strategies and marital distress on the intergenerational transmission of wife battering. Subjects were 1836 men who participated in the Second National Family Violence Survey. Results indicated that men who witnessed interparental violence were more likely to use ineffective conflict resolution strategies. The use of ineffective conflict resolution strategies increased men's likelihood of encountering marital distress and engaging in wife battering. Contrary to the expectations of the study, results also revealed a direct link between witnessing interparental violence and wife battering.

Battered Women↗
PubMed2002

Effect of SCID mutation on the occurrence of mouse Pc-1 (Ms6-hm) germline mutations.

Mouse Pc-1 (Ms6-hm) is a hypervariable minisatellite locus that is unstable during intergenerational transmission. This hyper-instability of Pc-1 is useful for detecting germline mutation using a small number of experimental animals, although its molecular mechanism has not yet been elucidated. We examined the effect of severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mutation on the spontaneous germline mutation at the Pc-1 locus using the CB17 mouse strain. Our results showed that the frequency of spontaneous germline mutation at Pc-1 in the offspring of wild-type parents was 9.7%. In F1 between SCID male and wild-type female, however, the frequency of germline mutation was drastically increased to 42.3%. When SCID female mice were mated with wild-type male, the frequency of germline mutation in F1 was slightly increased to 13.6%. These results suggest that DNA protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), deficiency of which causes SCID mutation, plays an important role in the stable transmission of a genome containing hypervariable tandem repeats to progeny in male germ cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Birth weight and income: interactions across generations.

This paper attempts to answer a series of questions regarding the interaction of income and birth weight across generations. First, does the effect of the income of a mother during her pregnancy on her infant's birth weight depend on the family's birth weight history (genetic predisposition)? Second, does the effect of low birth weight status on adult life chances depend on income during early childhood? These questions have implications for the way we envision the biological and social worlds as interacting across generations. To address these issues, this study uses intergenerational data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, survey years 1968 through 1992. Results of sibling comparisons (family-fixed-effects models) demonstrate that maternal income has a significant impact on birth weight for those infants who are already at high risk hereditarily (i.e., who have a low birth weight parent). However, it is not clear whether income acts as a developmental buffer for low birth weight infants as their lives progress. These findings suggest the existence of biosocial interactions between hereditary predisposition and socio-economic environment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Respect redefined: focus group insights from Singapore.

This article re-examines the meaning of the concept of respect within the context of a fast modernizing Asian multicultural society-Singapore. Two key findings emerge. First, the meaning of respect both from the perspective of the aged and the middle-aged generation has shifted from obedience to courteous behavior. Second, in the majority of focus groups members concurred that the degree of respect accorded to elders has in general decreased. The focus group methodology was used in this research. Bearing in mind the limited sample size (88 participants) these findings alert us to the need for social scientists to monitor perceptual shifts in meaning of concepts critical in the sphere of interpersonal relationships. The findings throw light on the subjective views of intergenerational relations within the family as well as the community. As such, they would be valuable to counselors, social workers, and family therapists.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Early influences on the secular change in adult height between the parents and children of the 1958 birth cohort.

The present account is of data available from the 1958 British national birth cohort and its follow-up to the age of 23 years. It shows an increase in adult height between the cohort members and their parents, amounting to an average 1.2 +/- 0.11 (SEM) cm between the daughters and their mothers and 3.0 +/- 0.12 cm between the sons and their fathers. Factors in early life which contributed jointly to a significant increase in adult height included, as well as sex and parental height, birthweight and maternal pre-pregnant weight, while increasing gestational age had a negative effect. Overall these factors accounted for 71% of the variance of the cohort members' height. Measuring the intergenerational difference between individual pairs of sons and father and daughters and mothers allows to some extent for social and genetic influences. This showed that the size of the difference was increased by increasing intrauterine growth rate, and falling paternal social class. These findings demonstrate again the lifelong influence on offspring of circumstances pertaining at their birth and explain why it may take more than one generation to overcome the effects of childhood disadvantage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Effects of Family-Based Intervention for Childhood Obesity on Parental and Offspring Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Childhood obesity is a global public health issue with strong familial and intergenerational transmission. However, existing syntheses often overlook the active role of parents and fail to assess outcomes beyond the child. This systematic review and meta-analysis specifically investigate the effects of family-based interventions, which position parents as active co-agents of change, on health outcomes for both children with obesity and their parents. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. Six databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) targeting children with obesity and at least one family member. Primary outcomes were children's BMI z-score and parental BMI; secondary outcomes included other adiposity measures and dietary behaviors. Outcomes for both children and parents were synthesized. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on intervention characteristics. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2, and evidence certainty was evaluated using GRADE. RESULTS: Twenty RCTs with 1740 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The interventions demonstrated a significant reduction in children's BMI z-score. Additional benefits were observed for long-term BMI z-score and percentage of total body fat. The most effective interventions commonly integrate health education, behavioral strategies, and motivational support. Subgroup analyses indicated that interventions positioning parents as active co-participants, rather than mere supporters, yielded larger effects. However, no significant effects were found on parental BMI. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that family-based interventions can confer significant benefits for children with obesity. Their success hinges on strategically framing parents as active co-agents and integrating motivational strategies.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Elder abuse by adult children: an applied ecological framework for understanding contextual risk factors and the intergenerational character of quality of life.

Elder abuse in family settings has increased in recent years for a variety of reasons, including the increasing proportion of older adults in the total population, the related increase in chronic disabling diseases, and the increasing involvement of families in caregiving relationships with elders. Future trends indicate not only continued growth of the older population but suggest, as well, an increased demand for family caregiving which may, in turn, be accompanied by increasing rates of elder abuse. It is important to consider issues associated with such caregiving and elder abuse in families from an ecological perspective as a basis both for framing conceptually relevant and effective prevention strategies as well as for understanding the specific character of the broader issue of the intergenerational nature of the quality of life in an aging society. Using an applied ecological model, the article focuses on the contextual risk factors of elder abuse. Specifically, five levels of environment--microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem--will be utilized to organize and interpret existing research on the risk factors asociated with elder abuse (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, 1986, 1997). The configuration of the risk factors provides a useful framework for understanding the intergenerational character of the quality of life for older adults, for developing recommendations for empirically-based action research, and for the development of community-based prevention and intervention strategies. The application of a contextual perspective to the development of intervention and prevention programs will be addressed, the latter in relation to primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Co-residence of household heads with parents in Japan: a multivariate explanation.

"This paper uses a multivariate logit model to study the factors affecting the Japanese household heads' propensities to co-reside with elderly parents, based on the micro data of a 1986 national survey. Our major findings are as follows. The most important factors are (1) inheritance of house or residential land from parent; (2) parent's spouseless status and age; (3) household head's sibling status; and (4) household head's nativity status. In a multivariate context, the negative effect of the household head's level of education was significant but not very important, whereas the presence of a working wife with child had a very weak positive effect on the co-residence with parent. Our overall conclusion is that the intergenerational co-residence in Japan is strongly affected by cultural norms and has a strong rational (economic) basis."

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Race and the inheritance of low birth weight.

This paper uses intergenerational data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to address the black-white difference in propensities toward low birth weight (LBW). We determine that socioeconomic conditions account for some variation in low birth weight across race. Further, while race differences in the risk of low birth weight cannot be explained entirely, we find that the inheritance of parental birth weight status dramatically reduces the black-white gap in low birth weight. Intergenerational legacies of poor infant health explain the largest share of racial disparities in filial birth weight. We then try to assess whether this intergenerational transmission of low birth weight is indeed genetic by using grandparent-fixed effects models to factor out, to a great extent, family socioeconomic circumstances. We find that even within this framework, both father's and mother's birth weight status have an important impact on filial outcomes. However, the degree of inheritance is weaker for African Americans than for other races. Finally, we theorize that the importance of paternal birth weight status implies a genetic association that does not work through the uterine environment but rather through the fetus itself.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The fragile X premutation in carriers and its effect on mutation size in offspring.

The pattern of inheritance in the fragile X (fra(X)) mutation follows a multistage intergenerational process in which the premutation evolves into the full mutation and the characteristic phenotype of the fra(X) syndrome after passing through oogenesis or a postzygotic event. Findings from our multicenter study confirm a strong direct relationship between fra(X) premutation size in the mother and probability of a full mutation in offspring with the mutation. Remarkably, the best-fitting equations are nonlinear asymptotic functions. The close approximation to both the logistic model and Gompertz suggests a process of accumulation of errors in DNA synthesis, as has been proposed previously. We also note that a larger-than-expected number of daughters of transmitting males have premutations that are smaller than their fathers', and that proportion is significantly higher than the proportion of daughters whose premutations are smaller than their mothers'. Intergenerational decreases in premutation size have been reported in other trinucleotide-repeat disorders and also appear to be parent-of-origin specific. Thus, while intergenerational expansion to the full mutation in fra(X) may manifest a postzygotic event, decreases in mutation size may occur during or prior to meiosis.

Female↗
PubMed2026

Genetically predicted childhood traits and parental health and risk of pediatric psychiatric disorders: A 2-sample Mendelian randomization study.

The etiology of pediatric psychiatric disorders is complex, involving intergenerational influences and a child's own developmental health. We aimed to investigate the potential effects of genetically predicted childhood traits (childhood obesity, absence epilepsy, intelligence) and parental health traits (longevity, Alzheimer disease, severe depression) on the risk of several childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders. We employed a 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design using summary statistics from large-scale genome-wide association studies. Data for parental health exposures were primarily from the UK Biobank. Data for childhood trait exposures were from various consortia. Data for outcomes - conduct disorder, mixed conduct and emotional disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and broader behavioral/emotional and social disorders - were sourced from FinnGen and the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, among others. We used the inverse-variance weighted method for the primary analysis, with MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode as additional analyses. To test the robustness of the results, we conducted sensitivity analyses using MR-Egger regression, Cochran Q test for heterogeneity, the MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier test, and a leave-one-out analysis. Genetic liability for childhood obesity was associated with an increased risk of ASD (odds ratio = 1.06, P = .016) and ADHD (odds ratio = 1.09, P = .026), even though these associations did not withstand multiple testing correction. No other robust, statistically significant causal associations were identified. Sensitivity analyses showed limited evidence of bias from horizontal pleiotropy for the main findings. Our findings provide MR evidence supporting potential links from genetic liability for childhood obesity to increased risks of ASD and ADHD. These results highlight the importance of considering a child's early-life health trajectory in the etiology of pediatric psychiatric disorders.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Quantitative genetic analysis of circulating levels of biochemical markers of bone formation.

Carboxyterminal propeptide of type 1 collagen (PICP) and bone Gla-protein-osteocalcin (BGP) are the most important components of the organic bone matrix and play a key role in bone formation. To investigate whether and to what extent variation of the plasma levels of these indices of bone turnover depends on genetic factors, we studied 355 adults belonging to nuclear pedigrees. Genetic analysis was carried out in 2 steps: 1) variance decomposition analysis was performed using the FISHER statistical package; and 2) complex segregation analysis implemented in the program package MAN. The effect of age and gender differences, gender hormones, as well as PTH and vitamin-D (calcidiol) plasma levels were evaluated simultaneously with the parameters of variance analysis. The results showed that about 50% of PICP variation is attributable to genetic factors. The effect of age was significant among men and postmenopausal women, whereas calcidiol influenced variation of PICP in premenopausal women. The results of variance analysis showed that some 40% of BGP, adjusted for confounding variables, can be explained in genetic factors. Age and PTH were important covariates for osteocalcin in men and premenopausal women. Exploration of the maximum likelihood estimates of the various hypotheses concerning the mode of intergenerational transmission of PICP and BGP demonstrated a good correspondence to the Mendelian mode of inheritance (i.e., major gene effect).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Demographic variables and social dependency: annual and intergenerational comparisons].

"Drawing on a profile of age-specific expenditures for selected [Canadian] Government programmes (services and transfers), we examine the effect of demographic changes and labour force participation on social expenditures in the upcoming decades. In terms of cross-sectional analysis, increased activity rates and particularly a postponed retirement age would exercise a major impact.... Using a different approach, it is possible to distinguish for each generation the social benefits received and corresponding contributions. Whereas the amount of benefits received by a specific cohort essentially depends on its size, contributions vary according to annual social expenditures. The demographic structures are such that the generations born before 1991 will profit from an excess in benefits...while for the following generations the situation will be reversed.... For all scenarios with negative population growth, future generations may expect to incur a deficit in terms of social expenses." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Path analysis under generalized marital resemblance: evaluation of the assumptions underlying the mixed homogamy model by the Monte Carlo method.

Path analysis of nuclear family data has been widely applied to resolve genetic and environmental sources of familial resemblance. Here we report the results of a systematic evaluation of the effects of departures from five modeling assumptions often made when analyzing nuclear family data; i) the observed environmental index is unaffected by the genotype, ii) the basis of marital resemblance is correctly specified in the model, iii) there are no intergenerational differences in either the genetic or cultural heritability, iv) there is no genetic dominance, and v) there is no genotype by family environment interaction. "Deterministic simulations" identified various situations where model misspecification could lead to substantial bias in the estimation of the heritabilities. For these situations, "stochastic simulations" were performed to determine whether the "goodness-of-fit" test used in path analysis would correctly reject the misspecified model. In samples of 500 nuclear families, each comprising two parents and two children, the goodness-of-fit test was found to be sensitive to misspecifications of the source of marital resemblance and the existence of intergenerational differences in heritabilities, although reduced power would make the test less sensitive in smaller samples. The test was largely insensitive to misspecifications of possible genetic effects on the environmental index, and to the existence of multiplicative interaction between the genotype and familial environment. When genetic effects on the index are ignored, the genetic heritability (h2) is underestimated, the cultural heritability (c2) is overestimated, but h2+c2 remains unchanged. Neglecting the interaction was found to result in an overestimate of h2.

Consanguinity↗
PubMed1989

A test of the Easterlin fertility model using income for two generations and a comparison with the Becker model.

An important dimension of Easterlin's seminal work on fertility is the hypothesis of intergenerational taste formation, or the relative income hypothesis. Previous estimates have not had data on income in two generations, so the estimated own-income effects may have had a downward bias. This article uses data with income from two generations to estimate the Easterlin model directly. Own income is still not positively significant. A simple single-equation test is developed to distinguish this model from a Becker intergenerational serially correlated endowments model that he claims is observationally equivalent. The test results favor the Becker formulation.

Female↗
PubMed1979

Mental illness in blacks: an overview, and treatment approaches.

Provisions for inner city mental health services must recognize the association between poverty, discrimination, and related social and physical conditions and disproportionately high rates of severe mental disorder-a transcultural phenomenon.Program emphasis should therefore be on the prevention, early recognition, prompt and effective treatment and rehabilitative care of psychosis. The total spectrum of psychiatric services is required for this, and thus an opportunity is afforded for necessary training and research.Poverty has negative impact on general health and cognitive development as well as on self-esteem, self-care, and the ability to utilize medical and health services. This contributes to a vicious, intergenerational poverty cycle.Primary prevention of mental illness, where possible, depends at present on socioeconomic change. Secondary prevention, ie, timely, appropriate treatment, is effective, but requires patient access to and acceptance of all indicated modalities of care.

Black or African American↗