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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

The tryptophanase gene cluster of Haemophilus influenzae type b: evidence for horizontal gene transfer.

Among strains of Haemophilus influenzae, the ability to catabolize tryptophan (as detected by indole production) varies and is correlated with pathogenicity. Tryptophan catabolism is widespread (70 to 75%) among harmless respiratory isolates but is nearly universal (94 to 100%) among strains causing serious disease, including meningitis. As a first step in investigating the relationship between tryptophan catabolism and virulence, we have identified genes in pathogenic H. influenzae which are homologous to the tryptophanase (tna) operon of Escherichia coli. The tna genes are located on a 3.1-kb fragment between nlpD and mutS in the H. influenzae type b (Eagan) genome, are flanked by 43-bp direct repeats of an uptake signal sequence downstream from nlpD, and appear to have been inserted as a mobile unit within this sequence. The organization of this insertion is reminiscent of pathogenicity islands. The tna cluster is found at the same map location in all indole-positive strains of H. influenzae surveyed and is absent from reference type d and e genomes. In contrast to H. influenzae, most other Haemophilus species lack tna genes. Phylogenetic comparisons suggest that the tna cluster was acquired by intergeneric lateral transfer, either by H. influenzae or a recent ancestor, and that E. coli may have acquired its tnaA gene from a related source. Genomes of virulent H. influenzae resemble those of pathogenic enterics in having an island of laterally transferred DNA next to mutS.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Aging of the population in Japan and its implications to the other Asian countries.

"The speed at which Japan's population is aging is mainly a result of its rapid economic development, which is common to many other East Asian countries. Two aspects of the aging of the population are an increasing share of the elderly and a declining labor force. The larger the number of elderly, the more the transfer of income between generations, and the fiscal burden rises. The shrinking workforce will lower the economic growth directly, and indirectly through the falling saving ratio. However, the negative impacts from aging can largely be offset by stimulating participation of older persons in the labor force."

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Social security and strategic inter-vivos transfers of social capital.

"This paper explains public provision of social capital in an overlapping generations model with 'gerontocracy', without resort to any bequest motive. The old generation has an incentive to provide education and infrastructure because these goods shift the Laffer curve of social security taxation, thereby increasing old-age income in the political equilibrium. The incentive is stronger if population growth is larger. The marginal productivity of social capital in the political equilibrium may exceed or fall short of the marginal productivity of social capital in an efficient allocation."

Demography↗
PubMed2004

Systematic insertional mutagenesis of a streptomycete genome: a link between osmoadaptation and antibiotic production.

The model organism Streptomyces coelicolor represents a genus that produces a vast range of bioactive secondary metabolites. We describe a versatile procedure for systematic and comprehensive mutagenesis of the S. coelicolor genome. The high-throughput process relies on in vitro transposon mutagenesis of an ordered cosmid library; mutagenized cosmids with fully characterized insertions are then transferred by intergeneric conjugation into Streptomyces, where gene replacement is selected. The procedure can yield insertions in upward of 90% of genes, and its application to the entire genome is underway. The methodology could be applied to many other organisms that can receive DNA via RK2/RP4-mediated intergeneric conjugation. The system permits introduction of mutations into different genetic backgrounds and qualitative measurement of the expression of disrupted genes as demonstrated in the analysis of a hybrid histidine kinase and response regulator gene pair, osaAB, involved in osmoadaptation in Streptomyces. The independently transcribed response regulator gene, osaB, is essential for osmoadaptation; when grown with supplementary osmolyte, an osaB mutant cannot erect aerial hyphae and produces up to fivefold greater antibiotic yields than the wild-type strain.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1995

Public pensions, family allowances and endogenous demographic change.

"A tax-transfer system deals with redistribution a PAYGmong generations and corrective taxation a PAYGt the same time. Since such a policy is a government's task, we take a normative approach and pose the question: Which tax-transfer system should a government apply to maximize social welfare? The framework we consider allows for endogenous demographic aspects...: first, fertility has a great impact on a PAYG [pay-as-you-go] financed pension insurance; and second, through education human capital is accumulated.... We analyzed the optimal extent of a public pension scheme in the presence of external effects of fertility and education on the net domestic product." Pension schemes in Germany and the United States are compared.

Aid to Families with Dependent Children↗
PubMed1992

Inheritance and wealth composition.

"This paper studies the effects of variables pertaining to alternative bequest motives on the composition of households' portfolio. It relies on a 1986 survey on the assets structure of 5,600 French households. The main conclusion is that bequest motives indeed influence the composition of households' wealth.... In general, however, for lack of data but also because households have mixed bequest motives, one cannot establish a clear relation between specific models of inheritance on the one hand and wealth pattern on the other hand."

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1994

Immigrant skills and ethnic spillovers.

"This paper investigates the hypothesis that ethnicity has spillover effects on the human capital accumulation process. It extends previous research by documenting the extent to which the relative importance of parental inputs and ethnic spillovers in the intergenerational transmission of skills differs both within and across immigrant and U.S.-born ethnic groups. Using data drawn from the General Social Surveys, the study documents that the second and third generations (i.e., the children and grandchildren of immigrants) experience relatively more rapid economic advancement than do other generations, and that ethnic spillovers play a stronger role in households which are at the extremes of the skill distribution."

Americas↗
PubMed1991

Social security in a general equilibrium model with endogenous government behavior.

"In this paper attention is focused on the economic and political effects of an aging population. For that purpose, a general equilibrium model is used that allows for an endogenous analysis of decision making on government policies. We concentrate here on the effects of an aging population on expenditures and levels of social security benefits, the provision of public goods and services, the private output and intergenerational conflicts. Special attention will be paid to the effects of changes in the retirement age and in capital endowments. Furthermore, the effects of issues related to aging, as changes in the political influence structure and the motive of other-directedness by others, are investigated."

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1980

Cyanobacterial plasmids: their widespread occurrence, and the existence of regions of homology between plasmids in the same and different species.

The results of screening of 29 diverse cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) strains for plasmid (CCC DNA) content are reported. Approximately one-half of the strains were shown to contain one or more CCC DNAs. CCC DNAs from four unicellular marine cyanobacteria were characterized in more detail. These strains contained multiple plasmids. Two kinds of Southern hybridization experiments allowed us to show that different plasmids within the same strain, and different plasmids within different strains, can ( but do not always) contain restricted regions of sequence homology. We suggest that these regions of homology may be analogous to the transposable genetic elements of bacterial plasmids. This, together with indirect but compelling evidence for interspecific (or intergeneric) plasmid transfer, indicates that CCC DNAs (although as yet genetically cryptic) may play a role in the ecology and evolution of obligately autotrophic prokaryotes, as they do in the ecology and evolution of the better-known heterotrophic bacteria.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Rawlsian optimal population size.

"In this paper, I examine the implications of the Rawlsian maximin criterion for optimal population size and intergenerational allocation of resource when fertility is endogenous. I show that whenever children are better-off than their parents in laissez-faire, then the size of the population and parental bequests are also optimal according to the Rawlsian criterion....I then show that by using proper price-based corrective policies, society can achieve a Rawlsian optimal allocation."

Demography↗
PubMed1991

Life cycle savings and consumption constraints: theory, empirical evidence, and fiscal implications.

"Recent tests of both the pure and the extended life cycle hypothesis have generated inconclusive results on the life cycle behavior of the elderly. We extend the life cycle model by introducing a constraint on the physical consumption opportunities of the elderly which, if binding, imposes a consumption trajectory declining in age. This explains much of the received evidence on the elderly's consumption and savings behavior, in particular declining consumption, and increasing savings and wealth with increasing age. Our analysis of [Federal Republic of Germany] data gives additional support to our theory. We finally draw the implications of the theory on the incidence of consumption and income (wealth) taxes, and on the recent (inconclusive) tests of intergenerational altruism."

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Determinants of short-term fluctuations in nuptiality in Sweden, 1751-1913: application of multivariate ARIMA models.

"This study examines the determinants of short-term fluctuations in nuptiality in Sweden from 1751 to 1913, using ARIMA [Auto Regressive Integrated Moving-Average] models.... The following general patterns prevailed throughout the period 1751-1913: both better economic conditions (good harvests and lower rye prices) and higher mortality (leading to more remarriages, and enabling first marriages through inheritance) were followed by higher nuptiality. In addition, emigration of single persons after 1850 was inversely related to nuptiality." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Agriculture↗