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PubMedDate not supplied

In situ surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) spectroscopy of biro inks--long-term stability of colloid treated samples.

The script produced by two black biro inks in 1998 in a document that was not subjected to any special storage conditions or further treatment was re-analysed by SERRS spectroscopy. The results presented show that the analyses of the areas of the ink strokes previously treated with an aggregating agent. poly-(L-lysine), and then silver colloid still produce strong SERRS spectra. No major changes are observed in the spectra thus still providing a method for discriminating between the two inks used in the document and illustrating the long-term stability of the colloid treatment. This ability to re-analyse the ink samples without any further treatment is attributed to the use of very fine pen nibs to apply the reagents.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Single-feature inking and stamping: a versatile approach to molecular patterning.

A technique for micrometer-scale patterning of multiple functional biological molecules on surfaces is demonstrated. The technique is referred to as single-feature inking and stamping (SFINKS). It combines elements of dip-pen nanolithography and microcontact printing. "Inked" atomic force microscopy probes are used to ink individual features of an elastomer stamp. From a single stamp, we printed three different probe ssDNA with <10 mum resolution and showed that they specifically hybridize the complementary DNA labeled with different fluorophores. As a further demonstration of SFINKS' versatility, we patterned a silane onto a silicon wafer consisting of four subpatterns separated by >100 mum and composed of 2 mum lines. We discuss why patterns such as these are impractical with available techniques. Furthermore, we comment on the prospects for multiple stamping after a single inking.

Biomimetic Materials↗
PubMed2004

Selective electroless metal deposition using microcontact printing of phosphine-phosphonic acid inks.

We report a low-cost approach to selectively deposit films of nickel and copper on glass substrates. Our approach uses microcontact printing of organic inks containing phosphonic acid groups to bind the ink to a glass substrate and phosphine groups to bind a colloidal catalyst that initiates electroless metallization. We demonstrate this procedure by fabricating patterned nickel and copper films with areas as large as 15 cm2 and minimum feature sizes of approximately 2 microm. We present studies on the use of two ink types, an oligomer and a bifunctional molecule, and demonstrate that pattern quality and adhesion of the metallized films depends on the molecular weight of the ink and the ratio of phosphine and phosphonic acid groups.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Fine structure of melanogenesis in the ink sac of Sepia officinalis.

The ink sac epithelium of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis was investigated by electron microscopy. Melanogenesis in a simplified view seems to follow the general scheme of melanin formation in vertebrates. First, a membrane-bound protein matrix is formed, which is called an early stage melanosome. The early stage melanosomes are more or less irregular in shape with a size up to 1.5 microns and contain membranous, granular, or vesicular material. They seem to originate from Golgi bodies and/or endoplasmic reticulum. Membranes that frequently are present in the early stage melanosomes may originate from fusion of vesicles or from incorporation of Golgi membranes into early stage melanosomes. Free cytoplasmic material or mitochondria probably are also incorporated into the early stage melanosomes or melanosomes. Therefore, the origin of the early stage melanosomes seems to be similar to that of autophagosomes. The early stage melanosomes mature to melanosomes in which several dozen melanin granules are formed. These melanosomes, at last, release the melanin granules together with other cellular material, including early stage melanosomes, into the lumen of the ink gland. This finding confirms the earlier postulated holocrine character of the release. Active tyrosinase was localized in the lumen of the ink sac as already shown by biochemical methods. There was also additional evidence that most of the material of broken down cells inside the lumen of the ink sac seems to be converted into melanin granules.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Experimental study on the fine structure of chicken liver parenchyme with special references to extrasinusoidal macrophages and sinusoidal blood cells. Part 2. Sinusoidal blood cells in normal and India ink perfused livers.

Leucocytes and thrombocytes in the chicken liver sinusoids were observed under normal conditions and after intravenous India ink perfusion. The monocytes exhibited conspicuous phagocytic activity. At 30 min or earlier and 4 hr after the perfusion, they ingested considerable amounts of the carbon particles, which were deposited in small vacuoles and/or lysosomes. In this study we revealed two transitional forms of the monocyte changing into the Kupffer cell. In one transitional form, which already at 15 min after the perfusion stored considerable amounts of the particles, the ectoplasmic layer was partly differentiated and projected many pseudopodia into the sinusoid. At 48 hr after the perfusion, the other transitional form was attached by its wide basal surface to the endothelial linig and projected well-developed pseudopodia into the sinusoid like the Kupffer cell without, however, storing the carbon particles. These findings are thought to suggest the transformation of the monocytes into the Kupffer cells. Thus we came to the assumption that the Kupffer cells might be replenished: by self-proliferation; by the macrophages from the hepatic parenchyme into the sinusoid; or by transformation from the monocytes circulating into the sinusoid (the "triple origin" as opposed to the "dual origin" of the Kupffer cell). In the earliest stage after India ink perfusion, the thrombocytes exhibited the most striking reaction comparable to the Kupffer cells toward which they were assembled. The India ink particles were taken up into the "surface connected canalicular system" (SCS), which thickened and made vacuolar expansions as the amount of the particles was increased. At 4 hr after perfusion, the particles disappeared from the majority of the thrombocytes, leaving an empty SCS. The India ink particle uptake and storage by the thrombocyte were thought to be temporary phenomena, different from the true phagocytosis of the macrophages.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[The diffusion route of Indian Ink injected into the infraorbital nerve trunk at the infraorbital foramen of the rabbit].

The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the disseminating routes of viruses, bacteria, tumor cells and various substances along the trigeminal nerve sheaths. Thirty-four rabbits weighing approximately 3 kg were used for this study. After an intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital, the left infraorbital foramen was exposed surgically. Then, various amounts of Indian ink solution were injected with a syringe driver for continuous microinfusion into the infraorbital nerve trunk at a rate of 0.03 ml per minute. In all cases, during the appropriate state of general anesthesia, intravascular perfusion was performed with 10% folmaldehyde. The cranial and facial part of the rabbit were separated, decalcificated by Plank & Rychlo's method, dehydrated in an alcohol series, and embedded in 8% celloidin. Finally, 30 or 40 micrometer thick sections were stained with Hematoxilin-Eosin. The following results were obtained: (1) The Indian ink injected into the infraorbital nerve trunk at the infraorbital foramen diffused along the infraorbital nerve and maxillary nerve, but did not reach the trigeminal ganglion. (2) The Indian ink diffused along the nasal branches of the infraorbital nerve and reached a point near the nose tip. (3) The small branches of the infraorbital nerve and its accompanying vessels penetrated the bony wall of the maxillary sinus, and the Indian ink reached the proper layer of the sinus mucous membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of principal components analysis with high-performance liquid chromatography and photodiode array detection for the forensic differentiation of ballpoint pen inks.

Inks from seven black and eight blue ballpoint pens were separated by a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method utilizing a photodiode array detection (PDA). A classifier flowchart was designed for the chromatographic data based on the presence or absence of certain peaks at different wavelengths to qualitatively discriminate between the inks. The same data were quantitatively classified by principal components analysis (PCA) to estimate the separation between a pair of classes of ink samples. It was found that the black ballpoint pen inks were discriminated satisfactorily utilizing two-dimensional data of the peak areas and retention times at the optimum wavelengths. The blue pens were discriminated by analyzing the chromatographic data at four different wavelengths simultaneously with a cross-validated PCA. The results of this study indicated that HPLC-PDA coupled with chemometrics could make a powerful discriminating tool for the forensic chemist, especially when analyzing extensive and/or complex data.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

A study to investigate the evidential value of blue gel pen inks.

The aim of this project was to investigate the evidential value of blue gel pen inks in Europe. For this purpose, 33 blue gel pen inks, of different brands and models, representative of those available on the European market at the time of the study, were analyzed using three techniques: filtered light examination (FLE), Raman Spectroscopy (RS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). First, after visual examination (naked eye and stereo microscope), it was possible to classify the 33 inks into three groups described as: milky, metallic, and normal. This paper describes in detail the results obtained for the normal gel pen group. The ability of the techniques to discriminate gel inks between and within brands varied. The results indicated that RS and SEM were more discriminating than FLE. The greatest degree of differentiation was achieved when using a combination of RS and SEM techniques (discriminating power = 0.91). This study also highlights some problems concerning the identification of the brand of a gel pen from a written text.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1977

Electron microscope study on the relationship between macrophages of the alevolar space and spheroid alveolar epithelial cells on mice after injection of squid-ink (sepia-melanin) solution into the trachea.

The relationship between alveolar macrophages and spheroid alveolar epithelial cells was studied with the electron microscope after injection of squid-ink solution into the trachea of the mouse. At 20 hours after injection of squid-ink solution slight degeneration was evident in alveolar macrophages with sepia-melanin particles being phagocytized with partial digestion by lysosmes. Furthermore, hardly any changes were seen in mitochondria and inclusion bodies of the spheroid alveolar epithelial cells. In contrast, at one week after injection of squid-ink solution, almost all alveolar macrophages were degenerated with destruction of the ectoplasm in which the ingested sepia-melanin particles were digested by lysosomes into fine particles, and the mitochondria of spheroid alveolar epithelial cells were degenerated and the inclusion bodies were hardly formed. At three weeks after injection of squid-ink solution, alveolar macrophages as well as speroid alveolar epithelial cells showed almost complete recovery of functional structure. As the phagocyte in the alveolar space, neutrophile leucocytes were also observed in addition to the so-called alveolar macrophage.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Laparoscopic gastric wedge resection for Dieulafoy's disease following preoperative endoscopic localization with India ink and endoscopic clips.

BACKGROUND: Dieulafoy's lesion is a vascular malformation, usually of the stomach but occasionally of the small or large bowel. It is an uncommon, but clinically significant, source of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Three cases have been reported in the literature of laparoscopic gastric wedge resection of these lesions by using intraoperative endoscopic localization. We present the only reported case of preoperative endoscopic localization of a Dieulafoy's lesion with India ink and an endoscopic clip before laparoscopic resection. CASE REPORT: We present an 82-year-old female patient who presented to the emergency department with 3 episodes of hematemesis. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed an actively bleeding Dieulafoy's lesion in the fundus of the stomach along the greater curvature, which was controlled endoscopically. However, the patient had a recurrent episode of bleeding. Repeat endoscopy was performed and the lesion was tagged with 2 endoscopic clips and marked with India ink. A laparoscopic wedge resection was performed after the India ink was identified in the fundus. The patient did well postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Preoperative localization of a Dieulafoy's lesion with India ink and endoscopic clips before laparoscopic wedge resection is a feasible procedure. Therefore, no need exists for intraoperative endoscopy to aid in the localization, as previously reported.

Aged, 80 and over↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anatomic spread of india ink in the human intercostal space with radiographic correlation.

In a study designed to determine the spread of anesthetic solutions in the intercostal space, the spread of india ink was studied in fresh cadavers. They were turned prone and had epidural catheters placed at ribs 4, 6, 8 and 10, 7-8 cm lateral to the midline, by two different techniques. Group 1 had epidural catheters directed laterally into the subcostal groove. Group 2 had catheters directed medially into the intercostal space. A window was dissected in the anterior chest wall to visualize the location of the catheters and the spread of india ink. Catheters in Group 1 were observed to be lateral to the medial border of the intercostalis intimus muscle and injection of india ink resulted in spread entirely within a single intercostal space. Catheters in Group 2 were observed to be 2-3 cm medial to the border of the intercostalis intimus muscle and injection of ink resulted in concentric spread over 3-5 intercostal spaces. Posteroanterior and lateral radiographs taken with contrast material in live patients confirmed these patterns of spread. The catheters in Groups 1 and 2 were within the same tissue plane. The results indicate that the pattern of spread obtained by injection of fluid in the intercostal space is dependent upon the site of injection in relation to the angle of the rib.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1975

[The india ink phagocytosis by monocytes and granulocytes during acute and chronic consumption coagulopathy].

During generalized intravascular coagulation (GIC) the polimerisation products of fibrinogen are phagocytized by the reticulo-endothelial system of the liver and spleen. Thus an inhibition of the clearance of RES could be detected in a progressed stage of the shock and GIC; this can also be represented by a decrease of India ink storage. In the present work the authors investigate the behavior of monocytes and granulocytes in the peripheral blood in GIC. Approximately 80% of cells will usually phagocytize and concentrate India ink granules, if heparinized blood mixed with India ink is incubated for two hours at 37 degrees C. A decrease of the India ink phagocytosis was detected in 6 patients and in 10 dogs during the shock. This observation corresponds to the behavior of hepatolienal RES during this condition.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The relationship between shaved margin and inked margin status in breast excision specimens.

BACKGROUND: The presence of tumor at the inked margins (IMs) of breast specimens is associated with an increased risk of local recurrence after breast-conserving therapy for invasive breast carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Given the importance of margin status, some have advocated the use of shaved margins (SMs) as a means of conducting a more complete examination of the specimen margins than could be done with sections taken perpendicular to the IMs. However, it is not known whether these two methods of margin assessment provide comparable information. METHODS: To address this issue, the authors studied 22 consecutive breast reexcision specimens (10 DCIS, 6 infiltrating ductal carcinomas, and 6 infiltrating lobular carcinomas) in which the specimen surfaces were inked, the margins were shaved, and tumor was present in at least one of the SM sections. A total of 199 SMs were examined. The SMs were originally embedded in a way that permitted histologic sections to be cut opposite the inked surface. Sections of SM stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) were reviewed and scored for the presence and extent (number of low-power fields) of cancer. The remaining tissue from the SM was then removed from the blocks, cut perpendicular to the IM, and reembedded to permit visualization of tumor in relation to the IM. Sections were then cut from two different levels of each reembedded block and stained with H & E. An SM was considered positive if tumor was present anywhere on the section. An IM was considered positive when tumor extended to the inked surface. RESULTS: Although all 22 excisions had at least 1 positive SM, tumor was present at an IM in only 12 specimens (55%). Among 69 positive SMs, the corresponding IM was positive in only 42 (61%). The likelihood of a positive IM increased with the number of low-power fields of involvement by invasive carcinoma or DCIS on the SM, as follows: 19% with 1 low power-field, 67% with 2 low-power fields, and 97% with > or = 3 low-power fields (all P < 0.02). When the SM was negative, the corresponding IM was negative in 98% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Many patients with positive SMs do not have positive IMs. A positive SM more reliably predicts a positive IM when tumor involves > or = 3 low-power fields of the SM. The authors conclude that the clinical implications of a positive SM may not be the same as those of a positive IM. Clinical outcome studies are needed to define further the implications of positive SMs. [See editorial counterpoint on pages 1453-8 and reply to counterpoint on pages 1459-60, this issue.]

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1991

The use of ink jets in ultrasound registrations.

The continuous ink jet method developed by Professor Hellmuth Hertz, Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden, is today used in printers that print digitally stored high-quality images rapidly and at low cost. The development started in the late 1950s when there was a need for a direct registration method for ultrasound echocardiograms. The development steps are described from the early ultrasound registrations to the true halftone printing of digital images today. Images from ultrasonic color Doppler examinations have been printed by an ink jet printer at our laboratory. The color capabilities of the printer are further illustrated by the printing of pseudo-colored gray-scale images and an image where color is used to highlight differences between two gray-scale images. The results show that the printer based on continuous ink jets is an interesting alternative to the existing hard-copy devices for medical images.

Echocardiography, Doppler↗
PubMed2005

Light-induced mutagenicity in Salmonella TA102 and genotoxicity/cytotoxicity in human T-cells by 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine: a chemical used in the manufacture of dyes and pigments and in tattoo inks.

DCB, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine, is used primarily as an intermediate in the manufacture of diarylide yellow or azo red pigments for printing ink, textile, paint, and plastics. It is also used in tattoo inks. In this article, we investigate light-induced toxicity of DCB in both bacteria and human Jurkat T-cells. DCB itself is not toxic or mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA102, but is photomutagenic at concentrations as low as 2 microM and phototoxic at concentrations >100 microM when bacteria are exposed to DCB and light at the same time (1.2 J/cm2 of UVA and 2.1 J/cm2 of visible light). Furthermore, DCB is both photocytotoxic and photogenotoxic to human Jurkat T-cells. Under a light irradiation dose of 2.3 J/cm2 of UVA and 4.2 J/cm2 of visible light, it causes the Jurkat T-cells to become nonviable in a DCB dose-dependent manner and the nonviable cells reaches 60% at DCB concentrations higher than 50 microM. At the same time, DNA fragmentation is observed for cells exposed to both DCB and light, determined by single cell gel electrophoresis (alkaline comet assay). As much as 5% (average) DNA fragmentation was observed when exposed to 200 microM DCB and light irradiation. This suggests that DCB can penetrate the cell membrane and enter the cell. Upon light activation, DCB in the cells can cause various cellular damages, leading to nonviable Jurkat T-cells. It appears, the nonviable cells are not caused solely by fragmentation of cellular DNA, but by other damages such as to proteins and cell membranes, or DNA alkylation. Therefore, persons exposed to DCB through environmental contamination or through tattoo piercing using DCB-containing inks must not only concern about its toxicity without exposing to light, but also its phototoxicity.

3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine↗
PubMed2007

Microwave-enhanced ink staining for fast and sensitive protein quantification in proteomic studies.

A novel microwave-enhanced ink staining method was developed for rapid and sensitive estimation of protein content in sample buffers containing chaotropes, dyes, detergents, and reducing agents. Dye-based Blue-Black ink was used to quantitatively visualize proteins spotted on a nitrocellulose membrane. The total staining time was greatly reduced to 3 min by brief exposure to microwave radiation. The stained membrane was washed with distilled water, baked in a microwave oven for complete desiccation, transparentized with mineral oil, and documented by a desktop scanner or densitometer. Only 1 microL of protein sample (protein solubilized in SDS-PAGE sample buffer or IEF rehydration buffer) was used for protein spotting. The novel solid-phase protein assay gives a 500-fold dynamic range from 19.5 to 10000 ng/microL and can be scaled up for high-throughput protein quantification analysis. The fast, sensitive and low-cost microwave-enhanced ink staining procedure is ideal for protein quantification in proteomic analysis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Detecting thiols in a microchip device using micromolded carbon ink electrodes modified with cobalt phthalocyanine.

This paper describes the fabrication and evaluation of a chemically modified carbon ink microelectrode to detect thiols of biological interest. The detection of thiols, such as homocysteine and cysteine, is necessary to monitor various disease states. The biological implications of these thiols generate the need for miniaturized detection systems that enable portable monitoring as well as quantitative results. In this work, we utilize a microchip device that incorporates a micromolded carbon ink electrode modified with cobalt phthalocyanine to detect thiols. Cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPC) is an electrocatalyst that lowers the potential needed for the oxidation of thiols. The CoPC/carbon ink composition was optimized for the micromolding method and the resulting microelectrode was characterized with microchip-based flow injection analysis. It was found that CoPC lowers the overpotential for thiols but, as compared to direct amperometric detection, a pulsed detection scheme was needed to constantly regenerate the electrocatalyst surface, leading to improved peak reproducibility and limits of detection. Using the pulsed method, cysteine exhibited a linear response between 10-250 microM (r(2) = 0.9991) with a limit of detection (S/N = 3) of 7.5 microM, while homocysteine exhibited a linear response between 10-500 microM (r(2) = 0.9967) with a limit of detection of 6.9 microM. Finally, to demonstrate the ability to measure thiols in a biological sample using a microchip device, the CoPC-modified microelectrode was utilized for the detection of cysteine in the presence of rabbit erythrocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Tattoo ink darkening of a yellow tattoo after Q-switched laser treatment.

The popularity of tattoos is burgeoning with 20-30 million tattooed individuals in the Western World. Requests for removal can be expected to rise concurrently with increased applications. Laser removal of tattoos is potentially a more cosmetically acceptable method of removing tattoos than surgical excision or dermabrasion. Nevertheless, complications and side-effects can result from laser treatment and include scarring, hypopigmentation, hyperpigmentation, partial removal, infection, bleeding and tattoo ink darkening. The latter has been reported for flesh-toned and red tattoos. Such a complication has never been reported for the laser treatment of a yellow tattoo in the dermatological literature. We describe a case of tattoo ink darkening of a yellow tattoo after treatment with the 532 nm quality-switched Neodymium : Ytrrium-Aluminium Garnet laser to highlight clinicopathological features. The mechanism by which some tattoos darken after laser treatment is not clearly understood. We review darkening of tattoos after laser treatment to raise awareness of this important complication. This paper will help to facilitate discussions with the patient and in obtaining informed consent prior to commencing treatment. Tattoo ink darkening of a yellow tattoo adds to the growing list of complications resulting from attempts at tattoo removal.

Color↗