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PubMed2004

Scalp recordings of mid-latency AEP and auditory gating in the Göttingen minipig: a new animal model in information processing research.

Early central information processing, measured in humans by the gating of the middle latency auditory evoked potential (AEP) P50 and the effect of attention on AEP N100, is affected in schizophrenia. Exploring the possibility of using miniature pigs in longitudinal studies of chronic neuropsychiatric disorders, we present a method for recording seven channel surface middle latency AEP in the awake animal. The AEP and the AEP gating measured in a paired stimulus paradigm similar to the P50 gating paradigm used in humans, were recorded in six adult male minipigs in two sessions. The AEP had a stable N40/P60/N120/P200 configuration and in the gating paradigm the difference between stimulus one (S1) and two (S2) P60 and N120 amplitudes were significant. Mean AEP P60 gating ratio (S2/S1) at the posterior central electrode was 0.66 (std 0.29) range 0.21-1.08 and corresponding N120 was 0.60 (std 0.19) range 0.28-0.76. The method presented is feasible for scalp recordings of middle latency evoked potentials in the awake animal, but further studies of interval sensitivity and the effect of arousal manipulation are needed to assess the equivalence of the pig components to those of the human at similar latencies.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Information processing deficits in head injury assessed with ERPs reflecting early and late processing stages.

ERPs provide informative measures of slowed information processing in head injury. While several studies have reported changes in long latency ERPs (N2, P3) in head injury, the data on early ERP components related to attention selection are inconclusive. The problem may be partly methodological because the standard oddball paradigm does not give an adequate basis for discriminating components contributing to the N1 and P2 waveforms. Following a suggestion by Garcia-Larrea et al. [10: Garcia-Larrea L, Lukasziewicz A-C, Maugière F. Revisiting the oddball paradigm. Non-target vs neutral stimuli and the evaluation of ERP attention effects. Neuropsychologia 1992;30:723-741] we used an extended oddball paradigm to study measures of early processing (N1-average, P250) as well as conventional cognitive ERPs (N1, P2, N2, P3) in a group of head injured patients and controls. We found evidence of deficits in early processing of neutral and non-target stimuli in the patient group, and interpret the findings as an indication that the patients are less efficient in terminating processing of irrelevant stimuli. The results further indicate that processing deviations affect both target and non-target stimuli in the oddball paradigm and thus the allocation of attention in the task as a whole.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Managing photons for quantum information processing.

We study distinguishing information in the context of photonic quantum interference tailored for practical implementations of quantum information processing schemes. In particular, we consider the character of single-photon states optimized for multiple-source interference experiments and for experiments relying on Bell-state measurement and arrive at specific design criteria for photons produced by parametric down-conversion. Such states can be realistically implemented with available technology. We describe a novel method for characterizing the mode structure of single photons, and demonstrate it in the context of coherent light.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

Advances in radiologic reporting with Computerized Language Information Processing (CLIP).

Computerized Language Information Processing (CLIP) is a system of radiologic reporting in which the user interacts with a computer keyboard and cathode-ray tube terminal to generate coded reports. The hierarchical medical classification on which the code is based permits rapid on-line compilation of reports of any degree of complexity. The system provides organized sets of pre-assembled statements that are rapidly accessed and modified for each examination. Although the reports are printed in English, they are held in the computer as a succinct code that is eminently suited for permanent storage and rapid retrieval.

Classification↗
PubMed1980

Mass media in health promotion: an analysis using an extended information-processing model.

The information-processing model of the attitude and behavior change process was critically examined and extended from six to 12 levels for a better analysis of change due to mass media campaigns. Findings from social psychology and communications research, and from evaluations of mass media health promotion programs, were reviewed to determine how source, message, channel, receiver, and destination variables affect each of the levels of change of major interest (knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, intentions and behavior). Factors found to most likely induce permanent attitude and behavior change (most important in health promotion) were: presentation and repetition over long time periods, via multiple sources, at different times (including "prime" or high-exposure times), by multiple sources, in novel and involving ways, with appeals to multiple motives, development of social support, and provisions of appropriate behavioral skills, alternatives, and reinforcement (preferably in ways that get the active participation of the audience). Suggestions for evaluation of mass media programs that take account of this complexity were advanced.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1986

[Mood and social information processing in depressive disorders].

Informative and directive functions of mood in judgments of well-being were explored in both depressed and non-depressed subjects by using the weather as a natural mood manipulation. Non-depressives reported higher well-being on sunny than on rainy days. The reverse was true for depressives, who tended to report higher well-being, and were more optimistic about their future well-being, on rainy than on sunny days. That is, depressives tended to report lower well-being when they felt bad "despite" salient positive situational influences (sunny weather), and higher well-being when they could attribute their negative feelings to the weather. These results are consistent with a social information processing approach to depression. In contrast to purely cognitive models of depression this framework provides an account for naturally occurring mood swings and recognizes the contribution of mood to the maintainance of depression.

Arousal↗
PubMed2006

Information-processing under incremental levels of physical loads: comparing racquet to combat sports.

AIM: Skillful performance in combat and racquet sports consists of proficient technique accompanied with efficient information-processing while engaged in moderate to high physical effort. This study examined information processing and decision-making using simple reaction time (SRT) and choice reaction time (CRT) paradigms in athletes of combat sports and racquet ball games while undergoing incrementally increasing physical effort ranging from low to high intensities. METHODS: Forty national level experienced athletics in the sports of tennis, table tennis, fencing, and boxing were selected for this study. Each subject performed both simple (SRT) and four-choice reaction time (4-CRT) tasks at rest, and while pedaling on a cycle ergometer at 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of their own maximal aerobic power (Pmax). RESULTS: RM MANCOVA revealed significant sport-type by physical load interaction effect mainly on CRT. Least significant difference (LSD) posthoc contrasts indicated that fencers and tennis players process information faster with incrementally increasing workload, while different patterns were obtained for boxers and table-tennis players. The error rate remained stable for each sport type over all conditions. Between-sport differences in SRT and CRT among the athletes were also noted. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide evidence that the 4-CRT is a task that more closely corresponds to the original task athletes are familiar with and utilize in their practices and competitions. However, additional tests that mimic the real world experiences of each sport must be developed and used to capture the nature of information processing and response-selection in specific sports.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Right lateral fusiform gyrus dysfunction during facial information processing in schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Patients with schizophrenia exhibit facial information processing deficits that likely contribute to their social dysfunction. Whether the deficits involve facial affect and/or identity processing or result from other cognitive abnormalities in schizophrenia remains controversial, and a brain dysfunction specifically related to them has never been reported. If such dysfunction existed, it should be consistently observed across groups of patients and during performance of different facial information processing tasks, independently of whether such tasks demand working memory (WM), semantic, or other cognitive processes. We hypothesized that the right lateral fusiform gyrus (rLFG), one of several human brain areas involved in facial information processing, would consistently show activation abnormalities during both facial affect and identity discrimination in schizophrenia. METHODS: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure brain activation in two groups of six chronic, stable schizophrenic outpatients and two of six age- and gender-matched healthy controls. One group of patients and one of controls performed facial affect-with or without semantic processing-and identity discrimination tasks, and the other two groups WM tasks with facial expression cues and varying attentional demands. RESULTS: Patients from either group failed to activate the rLFG when compared to controls in any task. Other activation abnormalities were task-specific (i.e., seen only during performance of one set of tasks) and not consistently observed in both groups of patients, and thus could not be directly and solely linked to facial information discrimination. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate a specific rLFG dysfunction during early facial information--identity or affect--processing, independent from other cognitive deficits, in schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Quantum information processing with trapped Ca(+) ions.

Quantum information processing is performed with single trapped Ca(+) ions, stored in a linear Paul trap and laser-cooled to the ground state of their harmonic quantum motion. Composite laser-pulse sequences were used to implement SWAP gate, phase gate and controlled-NOT gate operations. Stark shifts on the quantum-bit transitions were precisely measured and compensated. For a demonstration of quantum information processing, a Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm has been implemented using two quantum bits encoded on a single ion.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of cold on human information processing: application of a reaction time paradigm.

Only a very few studies on the effects of cold on human information processing appear to exist. Therefore, the present experiment was designed to study the effects of the experimentally induced lowering of body core temperature on information processing, while applying a reaction time paradigm. Thirty healthy male volunteers performed a stimulus evaluation-response selection reaction time task after exposure to ambient temperatures of either 28 or 5 degrees C. A 0.5 degree C-decrease in body core temperature resulted in a significant increase in both reaction and movement time indicating a general deteriorating effect of lowering of body core temperature on information processing. Mean reaction times were 538 ms and 549 ms for the control and the cold group, respectively (p < .05). The respective mean movement times were 298 ms and 269 ms (p < .001). Speed of stimulus evaluation was not sensitive to decreases in body core temperature. However, response complexity and body core temperature showed a significant interaction in their effect on movement time (p < .05), indicating that lowering of body core temperature is more likely to affect response-related stages of central information processing rather than stimulus evaluation. Furthermore, movement time appeared to be more sensitive to cold-induced effects on information processing as compared to reaction time. Additional correlational analyses suggest that the observed effects can be considered as independent of changes in skin temperature and experienced levels of thermal discomfort. Taken together, the results indicate that lowering of body core temperature differentially affects various stages of information processing.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Relation of childhood worry to information-processing factors in an ethnically diverse community sample.

This study examined information-processing variables in relation to worry in a sample of 292 fifth-grade children from Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic backgrounds. Results revealed that worry was related to threat interpretations for hypothetical situations and, when stress level was not controlled, to higher estimates of future occurrence for perceived threatening situations and ineffective solution choices. In addition, environmental and individual factors such as stress, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES) were found to be important predictors of information-processing variables. Ethnicity did not predict children's information processing when stress level and SES were controlled; however, it interacted with worry to predict problem-solving confidence. The findings support the information-processing model for childhood anxiety in a nonreferred and ethnically diverse sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The relations among body consciousness, somatic symptom report, and information processing speed in chronic fatigue syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the potential influence of body consciousness and levels of somatic symptom report upon information processing speed in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). BACKGROUND: According to a model of a fixed information processing capacity, it was predicted that in a group of patients with CFS, high body consciousness in combination with a high report of somatic symptoms would affect information-processing speed negatively. METHODS: Information- and motor-processing speed were simultaneously measured with a simple- and a choice-reaction time task, whereas cognitive complaints were rated with two questionnaires. The hypothesized influence of private body consciousness and somatic symptom report upon information-processing speed was tested in a model. A symptom-validity test was used to screen for possible illness behavior. RESULTS: Private body consciousness was directly related to information-processing speed and somatic symptom report. Somatic symptom report was related to both test performance and memory and concentration complaints. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of private body consciousness directly affected somatic symptom report and information-processing speed. This finding supports the role of attentive processes in CFS, and offers, besides possible cerebral dysfunction, an alternative explanation for slowing of information processing in CFS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Social information processing in middle childhood: relations to infant-mother attachment.

This longitudinal study was designed to examine the links between infant-mother attachment and social information processing in middle childhood. The Strange Situation was used to assess infant-mother attachment at 12 months and a revised and adapted Hebrew version of the Social Information Processing Interview (Dodge & Price, 1994) was used to measure social information processing in middle childhood (at 7.5 years). Findings revealed that with regard to both peer-group relationships and mother-child relationships, secure children demonstrated more competent social information processing than insecure-ambivalent children in one out of four social information processing stages. The major characteristic distinguishing secure from insecure-ambivalent children's social information processing was their level of expectations from others: secure children expected others to be emotionally and instrumentally available to them (but in the case of peers--only if their own behavior was socially acceptable), whereas ambivalent children did not expect others to be available to them in both peer-group and mother-child circumstances.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Information processing, social skill, and gender in schizophrenia.

The relationships among information processing, social skill, and gender in individuals with chronic schizophrenia were investigated. Although there were no gender differences in information processing, social skill, or negative symptoms, performance on information-processing tasks was related to various indices of social skill (e.g., paralinguistic skill) for female, but not male, inpatients. This pattern of results remained after statistical controls were applied for age, illness chronicity, and positive symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Speed of information processing as a key deficit in multiple sclerosis: implications for rehabilitation.

Speed of information processing was assessed in patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy controls using both an auditory and visual task designed to control for accuracy of performance across groups. After controlling for accuracy of performance, patients with multiple sclerosis were found to have significantly slower speed of information processing relative healthy controls, irrespective of the modality of stimulus presentation (auditory or visual). When given an adequate amount of time to process information, however, the patients performed similarly to controls. These results suggest that persons with multiple sclerosis experience deficits specifically in processing speed but not performance accuracy. Results are discussed in terms of rehabilitative guidelines for the cognitive improvement of persons with multiple sclerosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Neurophysiologic mechanisms of attention: a selective review of early information processing in schizophrenics.

Attention is an integral component of information processing. A pronounced attention deficit exists among people with schizophrenia and their first-degree relatives as compared to persons without this pathology. Schizophrenics demonstrate marked deficiencies on psychophysical tasks that require temporal and / or spatial integration, properties that are associated with the two primary visual pathways composed of magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) cells, respectively. The deficit expresses itself as a dysfunctional information processing system that affects higher order processes, for example, perceptual ability and memory. The focus of this review is to integrate results from several divergent areas of research to include those studies that identify the contributions of the M and P pathways associated with information processing and the attention deficit. The diverse approaches reviewed in this chapter converge to provide a neurophysiologic explanation of the attention deficit in schizophrenia.

Attention↗
PubMed1989

Smoking and human information processing.

There is much evidence which indicates that smoking improves various aspects of human information processing (Wesnes 1987). The aim of the present study was to elucidate the stages of human information processing which are improved after cigarette smoking. Twelve regular smokers were tested on three cognitive tasks using a repeated measures design. Tasks used were: rapid visual information processing (RVIP), digit symbol substitution (DSST), and inspection time (IT). Performance parameters derived from these were intended to index different stages of the information processing sequence. Only those measures which involved a motor component were improved after smoking: response time on the RVIP task (P less than 0.025) and DSST performance (P less than 0.1). These findings suggest that central cholinergic pathways are involved in the late, response-related stages of the processing sequence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Speed of information processing in traumatic brain injury: modality-specific factors.

OBJECTIVE: To assess speed of information processing by two serial addition tests (one visual, one auditory) in individuals with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) and in a healthy, normal control group (NC). The tasks were designed to equate and control for accuracy of performance across the TBI and NC groups, thus allowing for quantification of information processing speed. DESIGN: Performance across groups and tasks were compared using 2 x 2 repeated measure analyses of variance (ANOVAs). In addition, each individual's processing speed was used to adjust rate of stimulus presentation on a subsequent "rehabilitation" trial to determine further whether this adjustment equated accuracy of performance. SETTING: Rehabilitation hospital. PATIENTS: 22 outpatients with moderate-to-severe TBI (6 women, 16 men; mean age = 34.6 years; duration of loss of consciousness = 22.6 days) and 20 age- and education-matched healthy controls. RESULTS: Processing speed was slower in TBI subjects, relative to controls and was significantly related to measures of executive functioning for those with TBI. Relative to controls, speed of processing in the TBI group was disproportionately slower when information was presented in the auditory, relative to the visual, modality. CONCLUSIONS: Speed of information processing is a major impairment in those with TBI when unconfounded by performance accuracy. The modality-specific impairment observed in the TBI group may, in part, be due to a greater within-modality interference effect created by the auditory version of the task. By manipulating information at a pace customized for an individual through compensatory strategies and environmental modifications, information-processing performance of TBI participants can be enhanced significantly.

Adult↗