The development of maternal and infant behavior in the rhesus monkey.
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Animals↗
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Parent-child feedback predicts sibling contrast: using twin studies to test theories of parent-offspring interaction in infant behavior.
Several studies report apparent sibling contrast effects in analyses of twin resemblance. In the presence of genetic differences, contrast effects reduce the dizygotic (DZ) twin correlation relative to that in monozygotic (MZ) twins and produce higher DZ than MZ variance. Explanations of contrast effects are typically cast in terms of direct social interaction between twins or an artifact of the process of rating children by their parents. We outline a model for sibling imitation and contrast effects that depends on social interaction between parents and children. In addition to predicting the observed pattern of twin variances and covariances, the parental mediation of child imitation and contrast effects leads to differences in the variance of parents of MZ and DZ twins and differences between the correlations of parents with their MZ and DZ children.
Biofeedback, Psychology↗
Randomized controlled trial of behavioral infant sleep intervention to improve infant sleep and maternal mood.
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Comment↗
Sequences of mother-infant behavior following a facial communicative gesture of pigtail monkeys.
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Animal Communication↗
Infant and maternal behaviors regulate infant reactivity to novelty at 6 months.
Three issues were investigated: (a) the regulatory effects of presumed infant and maternal regulation behaviors on infant distress to novelty at 6 months, (b) stability of infant regulatory effects across contexts that vary in maternal involvement, and (c) associations and temporal dynamics between infant and maternal regulation behaviors. Participants were 87 low-risk infants and their mothers, observed at 6 months postpartum during infant exposure to novel toys. Contingencies derived from sequential analyses demonstrate that, by 6 months, some infants reduce their own distress to novelty by looking away from the novel toy or self-soothing, maternal engagement and support have comparable effects, and certain infant and maternal behaviors co-occur. Moreover, infants whose mothers engaged contingently when they looked away from the novel toy expressed less distress than comparable infants whose mothers did not. These findings implicate both infants and mothers in the development of emotion regulation during the infant's first year.
Adult↗
Development of behaviors in preterm infants: relation to sleeping and waking.
BACKGROUND: Although nurse clinicians and researchers use infant behaviors to indicate the responses of preterm infant to stimulation, little is known about how the biological factors of development, sleeping and waking states, infant characteristics, and infant illness severity affect preterm infant behaviors. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the development of eight infant behaviors over the preterm period and determined the relation of these behaviors to sleeping and waking and to infant characteristics and illness severity. METHODS: Seventy-one preterm infants were observed once per week from 7:00 p.m. to 11:00 p.m. from the time they were no longer critical until term or discharge. The occurrence of four sleep-wake states and eight behaviors were recorded every 10 seconds during the observations. RESULTS: Negative facial expressions increased over the preterm period; sighs, startle/jerks, jitters, and the likelihood of having hiccups decreased. Infant characteristics had only minor effects: boys had more negative facial expressions, and longer mechanical ventilation was associated with more sighs and jitters. All behaviors showed state-related differences in frequency. In addition, only startle/jerks and jitters showed the same developmental patterns within each state. CONCLUSIONS: Significant development of infant behaviors occurs over the preterm period but involves changes not only in the absolute percentage of each behavior but also in the percentages within each sleeping and waking state. Thus, preterm infant behaviors cannot be used clinically for assessment without consideration of the state in which they occur.
Activity Cycles↗
Outcome of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. I. Neonatal behavior of 188 infants.
Behavioral characteristics of very low birth weight infants (less than 1,501 gm) were determined with the term Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale and selected items from a preliminary form of the scale for premature and at-risk infants. The behavior of 188 infants was assessed at a time as optimal as possible for social interaction. Our very low birth weight infants were upset less easily, had several reflexes with below average scores, and were less responsive to visual stimuli than term infants of other studies. Improved description of interactive abilities and tolerance of the testing procedure was made possible with some items from the preliminary premature scale. Orienting responses in 6 infants tested after 44 weeks because of prolonged illness were less than optimal with a single exception. This suggests that behavioral capacity, not age, should define where the Brazelton scale is not applicable. Perinatal factors including birth weight, gestational age, and age that weight gain began, predicted some motoric and state control responses. Whether this predictive capacity will persist or change with time awaits results of follow-up of these infants.
Adult↗
Individual differences in biobehavioral organization during problem-solving in toddlers: the influence of maternal behavior, infant-mother attachment, and behavioral inhibition on the attachment-exploration balance.
The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of maternal behavior, infant-mother attachment, and behavioral inhibition on the biobehavioral organization of toddlers during a primary non-attachment-related challenging context. In a sample of 76 toddlers, quality of attachment (secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized) was assessed at 12 months. At 22 months, the subjects were observed in a challenging task according to [Matas et al. (1978) Child Development 49: 547-556], and salivary cortisol was assessed before and afterwards. Behavioral analyses included child task orientation and exploration, help seeking, proximity seeking, and attachment-exploration-balance as well as maternal supportive presence and quality of assistance. Behavioral inhibition was assessed from maternal reports. Findings from concurrent analyses indicate relations between toddler behavior and adrenocortical function and the importance of concurrent maternal support for toddler behavior. Longitudinal analyses showed that quality of attachment predicted task orientation, help seeking behavior, and the quality of the attachment-exploration-balance, while behavioral inhibition was related to approach to the task. In line with previous findings, adrenocortical activation was found only in insecure infants with high behavioral inhibition indicating the function of attachment security as a social buffer against less adaptive temperamental dispositions. Finally, within-group analyses indicated a social regulation pattern in secure toddlers while the behavior of insecure ones was additionally linked to behavioral inhibition and physiological reactivity.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
[A phenomenological study on mother-infant interacting behavior patterns relating to newborn infant feeding in Korea].
The purpose of this study was to describe mother-infant interacting behavior patterns related to newborn infant feeding and to explore the mother's cultural belief about their infant. The data collection was conducted by observation and interview. Twenty-five mothers and their newborn infants who were normally delivered and were also planned to breastfeed were comprised as the subjects of this study. All subjects were interviewed and observed individually at 1 to 5 days after the delivery at the hospital, mid-wife's clinic, Maternal Child Health Center and their home throughout the country from remote area to big city. The observation data were recorded with symbolic letter on a recording sheet newly developed as a result of preliminary study. The interview data were tape recorded and then recorded in narrative form. Mother-infant interaction behaviors in early-feeding period were analyzed based on 19 analytic sub-categories and their composing elements. Unit of analysis were mother, infant and mother-infant dyad. 8 analytic categories draw from the data. Each were preparation, instrument, interaction inducing, evaluation referred to mother's behavior, preparation, instrument, interaction inducing referred to infant's behavior and synchronic behaviors referred to mother-infant dyad. Frequencies of behavior items based on the categories were converted to percent. The result showed that in mother's preparation behavior, the breast condition of Korean mother can be an affecting factor for mother-infant interaction during feeding, and vocalization behavior was observed most frequently in interaction inducing behavior while the least frequent behavior observed was contacting. Subcultural characteristics of mother-infant interaction behaviors were analyzed for their relationships between groups of mothers who have lived in remote area vs urban area, and who were multipara vs primipara. Using a chi-square test, there were statistically significant relationships in the activity of psychological readiness in preparation behavior and the movement of extremities for the position of instrumental behavior in both groups. However, interaction inducing behaviors were not related with statistical significance in any set of groups. Accomplishment of marriage, bonding and emotional mediation of family members were the categories related to mother's cultural belief about the infant in aspect of functional values. Infant at birth is considered little more than a biological organism without social capabilities. Although the newborn infant is still be attached to his mother, he makes his mother extend her territoriality. The mother's interacting behavior toward her infant based on those beliefs appeared task oriented, separative behavioral series.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Breast Feeding↗
The information and support needs of mothers of premature infants.
This research was a descriptive study that surveyed the support needs of a nonrandom convenience sample of 56 mothers of high-risk premature infants. The results indicated that these mothers' received information similar to that given to mothers of healthy full-term newborns and information that they wanted on the "colicky" or crying infant, noisy breathing, "spitting up," infant behavior, infant illness, and prematurity was not given to them. Mothers who reported that they needed more information and did not receive it were more anxious and less confident in caring for their infant. The majority of the mothers felt well-supported, although many of the mothers found the infant's first postdischarge week difficult.
Communication↗
[Infant psychiatry. Behavior and psychopathology of infants: recent data].
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Child Behavior↗
Maternal sensitivity behavior and infant crying, fussing and contented behavior: the effects of mother's experienced social support.
Maternal sensitivity behavior, mother's experienced difficulties, experienced social support, and the amount of infant's crying, fussing and contented behavior were studied when the infants were 3 and 12 months of age. Fifty-seven Finnish low-risk mothers' sensitivity behavior was assessed by the Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment method. Infant's crying behavior was assessed by the Baby's Day Record and by the Crying Patterns Questionnaire. The Social Support Questionnaires (SSQ 1 and 2) were used to evaluate mother's experienced difficulties and support. The infants of More Sensitive (MS) mothers were more contented than those with Less Sensitive (LS) mothers. The MS mothers experienced fewer difficulties with their infants and experienced more support from their best friend and their husband than LS mothers. In addition, some gender differences were found concerning infant behavior.
Crying↗
Attachment interaction behavior between young teenage mothers and their infants.
Behavioral interaction between teenage mothers and their infants was explored. Twenty-six (low income level) Hispanic teenage mothers (mean age 15 years) and their infants (mean age 13.5 months) were compared with an older control group of 30 mothers (mean age 26 years) and their infants (mean age 14.0 months). Infant attachment, exploration, and stress-adaptation behaviors and maternal ability to contact, encourage, and comfort the infant were evaluated. Twenty-six percent of the control infants showed limited ability to cope with stress compared to 47% of infants of teenage mothers. Control mothers differed significantly from teenage mothers in effective eye, verbal, physical contact, and smiling behaviors. These findings suggest that limited teenage maternal behaviors may potentially have a negative psychologic effect for both infants and their young mothers.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Methodologic issues in studying behavioral effects of infant iron-deficiency anemia.
Methodologic challenges proving that iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) adversely affects infant behavior and development are examined. This community-based study in Costa Rica included 191 infants aged 12-23 mo with varying degrees of iron deficiency. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development were administered before and both 1 wk and 3 mo after intramuscular or oral administration of iron. Appropriate placebo-treatment control infants were also tested. Infants with IDA showed significantly lower mental and motor test scores, even after factors relating to birth, nutrition, family background, parental IQ, and the home environment were considered. The methodologic issues raised by the study point to the need to assess behavioral effects in a prospective, randomized trial of measures to prevent iron-deficiency anemia in infancy.
Anemia, Hypochromic↗
The role of animal models in understanding feeding behavior in infants.
The common evolutionary history humans share with mammals provides us with a solid basis for understanding normal oropharyngeal anatomy and functions. Physiologically, feeding is a cycle of neurophysiologic activity, where sensory input travels to the CNS which sends motor signals out to the periphery. Research with animal models is valuable because it is possible to disrupt this cycle, and develop predictive models on the causal basis of deviation from normal. Based on work with animal models, normal mammalian infant feeding behavior consists of the tongue functioning as a pump. First, the tongue assists in acquisition of milk from the nipple into the oral cavity, and then it pumps milk from the oral cavity into the valleculae prior to the pharyngeal swallow. Starting with this basic model, feeding in infant pigs was manipulated to determine the impact of variation in sensory input on behavioral output. One set of experiments suggested that chemo- or liquid sensation, in the form of milk is necessary to elicit continuing rhythmic activity. However, the rates of rhythmic suckling are intrinsic to an animal, and variation in rate cannot be entrained. Another set showed that initiation of the swallow does not purely depend on the volume of milk delivered, but also on the sensory stimulation at the mouth. These results support the idea that feeding behavior involves complex sensory integration.
Animals↗
Patterns of physiologic and behavioral response of intermediate care preterm infants to intervention.
PURPOSE: To determine the safety of a developmental intervention for use with preterm infants and feasibility of a time sampling procedure. METHODOLOGY: An experimental design was used to test an intervention with clinically stable 33-34-week postconceptional age infants over a 4-day period. Repeated outcome measures included pulse rate, oxygen saturation levels, and infant behavioral state. FINDINGS: The intervention resulted in significant differences in infant behavioral state with the experimental group achieving more alertness. Physiologic parameters remained within normal limits both during and after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The protocol was found to be safe for implementation with clinically stable preterm infants. Behavioral state findings suggest the potential for the intervention to promote alertness. Results suggest that changes in oxygen saturation and pulse rate were dependent upon changes in behavioral state.
Analysis of Variance↗
A Rorschach investigation of mothers of behaviorally disturbed infants.
This investigation focuses on one facet of the interactional family, parent-child, mother-infant matrix of behaviorally disturbed infants: the personality of mother as primary caregiver. Rorschach test behavior of mothers (N = 30) of behaviorally disturbed infants were compared with two normative samples. The Rorschach test was found to indicate certain atypical psychological patterns among these mothers. Differences emerged in intellectual sphere variables: number of responses (R), common detail responses (D), rare detail responses (Dd), number of accurate form percepts (F+), percentage of form percepts that are accurate (F+%), percentage of responses with animal content (A%), and popular percepts (P). Other response trends emerged in the affective sphere: percentage of pure form responses (F%) and in the interpersonal sphere: whole human content (H) and the ratio of the whole human content to human detail content (H:Hd), as well as to the test as a whole. Based on these results, hypotheses are generated for further investigation, particularly of traits in the areas of cognitive processing and the capacity for interpersonal relations.
Adolescent↗
Relations between behavioral characteristics of infants, their mothers' behaviors, and performance on the Bayley Mental and Motor Scales.
Bayley Mental scores were significantly related to several concurrent ratings of infant and maternal testroom behavior when firstborn black male infants were 14 months (N equals 49), 18 months (N equals 34), and 22 months of age ( equals 32). With increasing age, social responsiveness played a relatively less important role in successful performance, while object responsiveness became increasingly important. Bayley Motor scores were related to many fewer ratings than the Mental scores. Gross Muscle Coordination was related to performance at all three ages, and Energy ratings at two of the three ages. For both the Mental and Motor scores, fewer relationships were observed at the 18-month testings as compared to the 14 and 22-month testings. By 22 months, infants scoring higher on the Bayley Mental scale had mothers who were more highly involved with their child's achievement as judged by testroom behaviors.
Black or African American↗