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PubMedDate not supplied

Feasibility and consequences of response to intervention: examination of the issues and scientific evidence as a model for the identification of individuals with learning disabilities.

This paper provides a response to the thoughtful paper presented by Gerber in this issue and at the National Research Center on Learning Disabilities Responsiveness-to-Intervention Symposium in Kansas City with guidance from five major questions posed by the organizers of the symposium. Gerber's paper provides interesting perspectives regarding the alternative approach to identification of learning disabilities (LD) or the "response to intervention" (RTI). Gerber raises questions and concerns about the theoretical and practical aspects of a response-to-intervention model on either a small- or large-scale basis. Guiding questions for this response include an examination of (a) changing roles of teachers and diagnosticians; (b) responsibility for fidelity of treatment implementation; (c) applications in secondary settings; (d) consistency of implementation from local to state to national levels; and (e) differentiation of LD from other disabilities. An alternative to both RTI and present procedures is proposed. Conclusions are discussed with respect to existing research-based evidence.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Early identification of individuals at risk for antisocial personality disorder.

BACKGROUND: Antisocial personality disorder is usually preceded by serious and persistent conduct problems starting in early childhood, and so there is little difficulty in identifying an at-risk group. AIMS: To address six key areas concerning the relationship between early conduct problems and antisocial personality disorder. METHOD: Review of recent research into early identification of and intervention in child conduct problems, following up to possible adult antisocial behaviour. RESULTS: Conduct problems are predictive of antisocial personality disorder independently of the associated adverse family and social factors. Prediction could be aided through identification of subtypes of conduct problems. There is limited evidence on which children have problems that are likely to persist and which will improve; children who desist from early conduct problems and those with onset in adolescence are also vulnerable as adults. CONCLUSIONS: The predictive power of the childhood precursors of antisocial personality disorder provides ample justification for early intervention. Greater understanding of subgroups within the broad category of antisocial children and adults should assist with devising and targeting interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Application of DNA fingerprinting in the Hokkaido brown bear (Ursus arctos yesoensis).

DNA fingerprinting employing a minisatellite Myo probe was used for individual identification and paternity determination in Hokkaido brown bears (Ursus arctos yesoensis). We used two restriction enzymes, HinfI and HaeIII to make DNA fingerprints. Band patterns obtained from randomly selected bears were compared with each other, and the probability x that fragment in an individual was also present in the other was 0.69 for HinfI and 0.83 for HaeIII. The value for HinfI (0.69) was similar to that obtained from other species, such as dog and domestic animals, and the mean probability of all fragments was calculated to be 2.5 x 10(-2). The results suggest that DNA fingerprinting applying the combination of HinfI and Myo is available for individual identification. On the other hand, the ability to determine paternity seemed to be insufficient owing to the lack of paternal fragments, although the band patterns reflected the correct relationships between child and father.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Blood group A cross-reacting epitope defined by monoclonal antibodies NCC-LU-35 and -81 expressed in cancer of blood group O or B individuals: its identification as Tn antigen.

Two monoclonal antibodies, NCC-LU-35 and NCC-LU-81, have been established after immunization of mice with membrane preparations of human lung cancer Lu65 tumor xenograft cells grown in vivo and intact cells cultured in vitro, respectively. These two antibodies react specifically with a majority of human adenocarcinomas, irrespective of the host's blood group ABO status, as well as with normal tissues and erythrocytes of blood group A individuals. The antigenicity is associated with a high molecular weight mucin-like glycoprotein separated by gel filtration of Lu65 tumor extracts. The epitope of the mucin-like glycoprotein has been identified as alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyl residue directly linked O-glycosidically to serine or threonine residues of polypeptides. This epitope was serologically detected several years ago and given the name Tn. Our identification of the epitope is based on the following results: The antigen is sensitive to alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, but not to sialidase or alpha-fucosidase. Various mono- and difucosyl A determinants, either type 1 or type 2 chain, cross-react with both antibodies. The reactivity with both antibodies can be created by treatment of glycophorin A of normal erythrocytes with sialidase followed by beta-galactosidase. N-[3H]acetylgalactosamine can be released by galactose oxidase/NaB3H4 treatment from the Lu65 mucin-like glycoprotein but not from the mucin-like glycoprotein of normal colonic mucosa upon reductive beta-elimination (alkaline borohydride treatment). The antigen may be one of the tumor-associated A cross-reacting antigens occurring in a wide variety of human adenocarcinomas of hosts belonging to all ABO blood groups.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1994

DNA variability and parentage testing in captive Waldrapp ibises.

The Waldrapp ibis (Geronticus eremita) is one of the most endangered birds in the wild. The only real hope for its survival seems to rest with captive propagation, which has fortunately proved straightforward. Preservation of genetic diversity for maintaining viable populations is a major goal in any species conservation programme. Therefore sensitive tools have to be developed for the detection and regular monitoring of population variability. Individual identity has to be verified and each individual's pedigree defined in order to enable effective selective breeding. In this study, extensive DNA fingerprinting technology was applied to a group of 39 captive Waldrapp ibises. Five minisatellite probes were used. Despite the fact that the colony was founded by only six birds and that some of the founders were apparently related, highly polymorphic banding patterns were obtained. The human- and pig-derived probes MS1, MS31, p lambda g3 and pCMS12 each detected multiple distinct loci suitable for individual identification and resolution of parentage. Probe MS51 was locus-specific and revealed six different alleles. In addition, MS31 and p lambda g3 co-detected a band present in all females but none of the males and thus could be used for sex determination. For all but four individuals both parents could be identified unambiguously. The exceptions were offspring derived from a full sib mating in which DNA results allowed no distinction between the parents and the grandparents. Comparison of the parentage assigned by DNA analysis and by observation of breeding behaviour, respectively, showed agreement in all but five instances. Here, DNA data uncovered interchange of individuals in the stud book. Application of these minisatellite probes therefore offers an extremely sensitive means for individual identification and verification and completion of pedigree records.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

A new method for simultaneous immunodetection and morphologic identification of individual sources of pollen allergens.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to outdoor allergens has commonly been estimated by collecting airborne particles with a Hirst-type spore trap and then using morphologic criteria to identify the intact pollen grains and fungal spores that are recognized as allergen sources. Several antibody-based blotting or fixation methods have also been developed that enable the counting of amorphous airborne particles carrying allergen, but none of these methods allow the ready association of the released allergen with the morphologically identifiable particle of origin. A method has been developed that uses pressure-sensitive adhesive tape to sample the airborne particles and then allows the immunoidentification of the specific particles that are the allergen sources. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to visualize and immunostain the particles carrying pollen allergen that are collected with a volumetric spore trap. METHODS: A Burkard sampler was used to collect airborne particles onto pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes. The particles were permanently fixed between the tape and a protein-binding membrane when the tape was laminated with the membrane. Allergens that elute from the particles onto the membrane were detected with a range of antibodies. Both the particle and associated immunostained allergen were viewed through the transparent tape for final microscopic identification. RESULTS: Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and IgE from allergic patients stained allergens in the periphery of particles collected on the tapes. Individual pollen grains and paucimicronic particles were seen with halos of immunostained allergen surrounding them. When IgE was used, the density of immunostaining in the halo surrounding Lolium perenne pollen grains was found to be proportional to the level of Lolium-specific IgE. The method is highly sensitive and can be used to detect different airborne particles that carry allergen. Both the particle and the immunostaining can be subjected to a range of simple measurement techniques. CONCLUSION: Individual particles carrying allergens and antigens were visualized. These particles included intact pollen grains, paucimicronic particles, and fungal spores.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism markers for the genetic analysis of a Galloway cattle population.

Highly informative genetic markers are essential for efficient management of cattle populations, as well as for food safety. After a decade of domination by microsatellite markers, a new type of genetic marker, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), has recently appeared on the scene. In the present study, the exclusion power of both kinds of markers with regards to individual identification and parental analysis was directly compared in a Galloway cattle population. Seventeen bovine microsatellites were distributed in three incremental marker sets (10, 14 and 17 microsatellite markers) and used for cattle genotyping. A set of 43 bovine SNP was used for genotyping the same cattle population. The accuracy of both kinds of markers in individual identification was evaluated using probability of identity estimations. These were 2.4 x 10(-8) for the 10 microsatellite set, 2.3 x 10(-11) for the 14 microsatellite set, and 1.4 x 10(-13) for the 17 microsatellite marker set. For the 43 SNP markers, the estimated probability of identity was 5.3 x 10(-11). The exclusion power of both kinds of markers in parental analysis was evaluated using paternity exclusion estimations, and, in addition to this, by estimation of the parental exclusion probability in 18 Galloway family trios. Paternity exclusion was estimated to be over 99% for microsatellites, and approx. 98% for SNP. Both, microsatellite and SNP sets of markers showed similar parental exclusion probabilities.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Identification of individuals susceptible to high-altitude pulmonary oedema at low altitude.

Individuals susceptible to high-altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE) are characterised by an abnormal increase of pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) in hypoxia and during normoxic exercise, reduced hypoxic ventilatory response, and smaller lung volume. In 37 mountaineers with well-documented altitude tolerance, it was investigated whether any combination of these noninvasive measurements, including exercise in hypoxia, could improve the identification of HAPE-susceptible subjects at low altitude. HAPE-susceptible subjects showed a significant higher increase of PASP during hypoxia at rest (48+/-10 mmHg) compared with controls (38+/-3 mmHg), as well as during normoxic exercise (57+/-14 versus 38+/-7 mmHg) and hypoxic exercise (69+/-13 versus 49+/-8 mmHg). PASP could not be assessed in three and eight subjects during normoxic or hypoxic exercise, respectively, due to insufficient Doppler profiles or systemic arterial hypertension. Sensitivity (77-94%) and specificity (76-93%) were not significantly different between the various testing conditions. Additional assessment of hypoxic ventilatory response and lung function parameters did not improve identification of HAPE-susceptible subjects in a multivariate analysis. Due to the greater number of missing values in pulmonary artery systolic pressure measurements during hypoxic exercise, it was concluded that pulmonary artery systolic pressure measurements at rest during hypoxia or exercise in normoxia are most feasible for the identification of high-altitude pulmonary oedema-susceptible subjects.

Altitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The use of the teeth in genetic fingerprinting].

Blood, hairs and sperm are tissues currently used in forensic science to carry out DNA fingerprints in the field of individual identification. Our study aims at showing that dental pulp can also be an exploitable DNA source. A quantitative and qualitative DNA investigation on a yield gel with sizing extracted from this tissue shows that the molecule appears to be in a great quantity and of a high molecular weight. The last characteristic allows the use of the restriction fragments length polymorphic technique to make DNA fingerprints, based on the individual variations of the restriction sites disposition, within the DNA molecule, for a given enzyme. Thus, for an enzyme, the length of the restriction fragments obtained and revealed by a probe, is visualized by autoradiograph. According to this technique, we compared the DNA fingerprints obtained on 8 persons with the probe MS43A, from both pulpal and nucleated blood cells. During the extraction of the third molar of each sample, a small quantity of blood was taken in the tooth socket. In the same time DNA was recovered. For a same person, the autoradiograph showed the same pattern for both blood and tooth sample. The DNA profile similitude confirms the possibility of using the tooth for genetic analysis. The interest in using dental tissues as a DNA source of individual identification falls within the particular character of resistance of this organ towards physical or chemical exterior aggressions. The tooth which until now was used in Anthropology and Forensic Science for its morphological aspects could be used this way for genetic study.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed2005

Use of microsatellite instability and immunohistochemistry testing for the identification of individuals at risk for Lynch syndrome.

It is now generally recognized that a specific subset of those patients clinically defined as having hereditary non polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) have germline mutations in any one of several genes involved in DNA mismatch repair (MMR). This important subset of HNPCC families is now defined as having Lynch syndrome. A considerable amount of data has shown that tumors from patients with Lynch syndrome have characteristic features resulting from the underlying molecular involvement of defective MMR, that is, the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) and the absence of MMR protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). As a result, identifying patients with Lynch syndrome can now be accomplished by testing tumors for these tumor-related changes. Together, MSI and IHC are powerful tools that help identify individuals at risk for having Lynch syndrome and to distinguish these cases from HNPCC cases with other hereditary gene defects. Furthermore, IHC analysis provides valuable clues as to which MMR gene is mutated, allowing for comprehensive mutational analyses of that gene. Here, we discuss the current and historical perspectives regarding MSI and IHC analyses in tumors from sporadic colon cancer and from patients with Lynch syndrome. Given this background, we also provide a testing strategy for the identification of patients at risk for Lynch syndrome and subsequent gene testing.

Base Pair Mismatch↗
PubMed1999

Does the uncertainty of commonly performed glucose measurements allow identification of individuals at high risk for diabetes?

Revised recommendations for diagnosis of diabetes introduce the intermediary risk group of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), defined as individuals with a fasting blood-glucose concentration between 5.6 and 6.0 mmol/l. We apply the concept of uncertainty to identifiable steps of sampling and measuring blood-glucose. Since many instruments in primary health care measure plasma-glucose and report results as blood-glucose and vice versa, factors affecting the transformation are also considered. The study identifies the measurement procedure as the major source of uncertainty, closely followed by preanalytical sources. The estimated uncertainties indicate that the presently available procedures do not allow identification of IFG by a single investigation. The approach to establish an uncertainty budget can be used to evaluate the clinical usefulness of measurements.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2000

Genetic polymorphism and clinical outcome: identification of individuals at risk of a poor clinical outcome.

Susceptibility and outcome in complex disorders such as asthma and cancer appear to be determined, at least in part, by genetic polymorphism. However, while our ability to identify new allelic variants and study them in case and control populations has greatly improved, considerable difficulties remain in elucidating how many genes determine particular clinical phenotypes. This is because most studies have concentrated on study of single genes in relatively small study groups. The important issues of gene-gene interactions (epistasis) and high-risk subgroups have not yet been adequately addressed. We now describe a general approach, using patients with head and neck cancers as an example. Our purpose is to demonstrate candidate gene selection, statistical approaches, and identification of patient subgroups.

Genetic Predisposition to Disease↗
PubMed1992

Identification of individual prokaryotic cells by using enzyme-labeled, rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes.

A method to microscopically detect and identify individual cells of members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea is presented. rRNA-targeted oligonucleotides were 5' end labeled with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase and used for whole-cell hybridization. Specifically bound probe was visualized by the enzymatic formation of an intracellular precipitate from the substrate diaminobenzidine. Permeation of the enzyme-labeled probe into whole fixed cells of gram-negative bacteria required their pretreatment with lysozyme-EDTA, whereas permeability of some archaebacterial cells was improved by addition of detergent to the hybridization buffer. Hitherto we had not achieved penetration of enzyme-labeled probe into gram-positive bacteria and yeast cells. This method should be a valuable tool for identification of suitable prokaryotic cells in environments with elevated background fluorescence or in situations in which an epifluorescence microscope is not available.

Archaea↗
PubMed2006

Parentage testing of Thoroughbred horse in Korea using microsatellite DNA typing.

The present study was to construct a parentage testing system for Thoroughbred (TB) horse. A total number of 1,285 TB horse samples including 962 foals for parentage testing, 9 sires and 314 dams for individual identification were genotyped. Genomic DNA was extracted from 5 hair roots and genotyped by using 14 microsatellite markers (AHT4, AHT5, ASB2, ASB17, ASB23, CA425, HMS1, HMS3, HMS6, HMS7, HTG4, HTG10, LEX3 and VHL20). This method consisted of multiplexing PCR procedure and showed reasonable amplification of all PCR products. Genotypes were determined by genetic analyzer. The number of alleles per locus varied from 3 to 9 with a mean value of 6.36 in TB horse. The expected heterozygosity was ranged from 0.548 to 0.831 (mean 0.699), and the total exclusion probability of 14 microstellite loci was 0.9998. Of the 14 markers, ASB2, ASB17, ASB23, HMS7 and HTG10 loci have relatively high PIC value (> 0.7). Of the 962 foals, 960 foals were qualified by compatibility according to the Mendelism. These results suggest that the DNA typing method has high potential for parentage verification and individual identification of TB horses.

Alleles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Microsatellite polymorphism in closely related dogs.

The effectiveness of microsatellites in parentage testing and individual identification has been proven in many species, including dogs. However, the use of these markers has not been extended to control for pedigrees in large populations of closely related animals. We have analyzed polymorphism in a set of 10 microsatellites over three generations of 360 pedigree rottweilers. Results were compared with two pure-bred populations of unrelated animals and with one population constituted by unrelated dogs of mixed breeds to measure polymorphism variation. We optimized this set of microsatellites to be analyzed by a semiautomated capillary electrophoresis method after amplification in two multiplex polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). The mean polymorphism information content (PIC) value in the rottweiler pedigree is 0.401 and the combined paternity exclusion probability (CPE) is 95.6%. These values are similar to those obtained in pure-bred populations of unrelated animals, and although polymorphism is reduced in relation to the pool population, we solved all paternity exclusions. In only a few cases did we have to use two additional microsatellites to solve individual identification of full-sib dogs.

Alleles↗
PubMed2001

Unusual polypeptide synthesis in the kinetoplast-mitochondria from Leishmania tarentolae. Identification of individual de novo translation products.

The de novo synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase subunits I, II (COI and COII), and apocytochrome b (Cyb) was investigated in kinetoplast-mitochondria of Leishmania. The organelles were isolated after breaking whole cells with nitrogen cavitation. Individual COI, COII, and Cyb polypeptides were identified by fractionation of the kinetoplast membranes, labeled with [(35)S]methionine and cysteine, using two-dimensional (9 versus 14% and 20 versus 11%) denaturing gel electrophoresis. The reaction did not require exogenous energy sources or amino acids. On the contrary, the presence of amino acids other than methionine somewhat inhibited the labeling reaction probably by competing with the uptake of labeled amino acids. The synthesis reaction was insensitive to 100 microg/ml chloramphenicol, gentamycin, paromomycin, lincomycin, hygromycin, and tetracycline, as well as cycloheximide. The process showed a linear increase in the amount of synthesized polypeptides during the first 2 h of incubation, followed by a slower accumulation of products for up to 4 h. The de novo synthesized polypeptides were stable for several additional hours. Their assembly into respiratory complexes, investigated using two-dimensional Blue Native/N-[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]glycine-SDS gels, began early during the incubation and continued throughout the course of the synthesis. This work represents the first unequivocal identification of the polypeptide synthesis in kinetoplasts.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1997

Molecular identification of individuals at high risk for lung cancer.

The objective of the work reviewed herein was to evaluate whether a cancerization field-consisting of cells with genetic alterations can be detected within normal-appearing bronchial epithelium. By using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for trisomy 7, cancerization fields were detected in the majority of cancer patients and also in significant percentages of cancer-free tobacco smokers and former uranium miners. These results suggest that molecular analyses may enhance the power of detecting premalignant changes in bronchial epithelium and may ultimately lead to identifying persons at greatest risk for developing lung cancer.

Bronchi↗