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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

A comparative analysis of weight to height and waist to hip circumference indices as indicators of the presence of cardiovascular disease risk factors. Canadian Heart Health Surveys Research Group.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the mathematic formula for weight, height and waist and hip circumference that is most closely correlated to cardiovascular disease risk factors. DESIGN: Population-based, cross-sectional surveys. SETTING: Five Canadian provinces, between 1990 and 1992. PARTICIPANTS: A probability sample of 16,007 men and women aged 18 to 74 years was selected using health insurance registration files in each province. Anthropometry was performed on 10,054 (63%) of these adults. OUTCOME MEASURES: The power of height in the body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and of hip circumference in the ratio of waist to hip circumference (WC/HC) was varied from 0 to 3. Simple linear regression analysis for each age-sex group was used to examine the relation of each index to systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides (TRIG) and the ratio of TC to HDL. Values for the coefficient of determination (r2) were used to compare the fits of the models. RESULTS: The r2 values were generally low (< 0.27), but were greatest in the younger age groups (18-24 and 35-54 years) and in women. Waist circumference alone (WC/HC0) showed the best fit with SBP and DBP, whereas WC/HC0.5 was most closely related to HDL, TC/HDL and TRIG. None of the indices was closely associated with TC or LDL. Whatever the power of height used, the weight-height ratios showed weaker associations with the risk factors than the waist-hip ratios. CONCLUSIONS: WC and BMI correlate most closely with blood pressure and plasma lipid and may be the best simple anthropometric indices to include in the routine clinical examination of adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Tonsillectomy: indications for referral by family physicians versus indications for surgery by otolaryngologists.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare reasons for family physician (FP) referral of children for tonsillectomy to the indications for this surgery used by otolaryngologists practising in the same region. METHOD: A checklist-type survey was sent to a random sample of 300 FPs and all of the practising otolaryngologists in Nova Scotia in the spring of 1995. RESULTS: There were significant differences between reasons for referral and indications for treatment in many areas, the most important of which was that over 60% of FPs referred cases because of parental insistence, while no surgeons operated for this reason. If inappropriate referrals are taken to be those for which no specialist intervention occurs, it appears that there is a significant number of referrals. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that both FPs and parents require information about these common paediatric problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Fluorescent metal ion indicators based on benzoannelated crown systems: a green fluorescent indicator for intracellular sodium ions.

The synthesis and metal binding properties of cation-sensitive fluorescent indicators intended for biological applications are described. The increase of the crown ether ring size enhances the affinity for larger cations, but weakens the fluorescent response and selectivity. A compound having a 15-crown-5 chelator directly attached to a 2,7-difluoroxanthenone fluorophore loads into live cells and responds to sodium ion concentration changes with large fluorescence increases in the visible wavelength range.

Benzoates↗
PubMed2000

Risk-adjusted clinical quality indicators: indices for measuring and monitoring rates of mortality, complications, and readmissions.

This article describes a risk-adjusted approach for profiling hospitals and physicians on clinical quality indicators using readily available administrative data. By comparing risk-adjusted rates of mortality, complications, and readmissions to peers, national norms, and benchmarks, this approach enables purchasers and providers to identify both favorable and adverse outcomes performance.

Benchmarking↗
PubMed1979

Evaluation of nutritional indices as prognostic indicators in the cancer patient.

The nutritional and immunological status of 140 malnourished cancer patients who were to receive intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH) were evaluated prior to treatment with IVH and chemotherapy (CMX), surgery or radiation therapy (XRT). Subsequently, these indices were correlated with responses to treatment. Cell-mediated immunocompetent (CMI+) patients (41%) had lost an average weight of 10 +/- 2.2 lbs., while cell-mediated immunoincompetent (CMI-) patients (59%) had lost an average weight of 31 +/- 2.5 lbs. (p less that 0.05). Total lymphocyte count (TLC) averaged 1290 +/- 250 cells/mm3 in CMI+ patients and 900 +/- 140 cells/mm" in CMI- patients (p less than 0.05). Serum albumin concentration (SA) was 3.6 +/- 0.06 g/dl in CMI+ patients and 3.3 +/- 0.05 g/dl in CMI- patients (p less than 0.05). In the CMI+ group, 49% had a positive response to CMX, whereas only 27% of the CMI-group responded to CMX (p less than 0.01). In the surgery group, 88% of the CMI+ patients, but only 65% of CMI- patients, had uncomplicated postoperative recovery periods. Although nutritional repletion with IVH was undertaken in all patients, those patients with initial CMI- responses had greater body weight loss, lower SA and TLC and either a decreased response to CMX or an increase in postoperative morbidity and mortality when compared with patients who initially had CMI+ responses.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Age change of power in weight/height(p) indices used as indicators of adiposity in Japanese.

Data from the Statistical Report on School Health and Hygiene were used to identify the entire process of the power of height p in the weight-for-height index W/H(p). The appropriate power of height p was determined by clarifying the allometric relationship, giving an index of relative weight, which is highly correlated with weight but uncorrelated with height for age. The procedure is equivalent to fitting a straight line on a log-log scale to the tabulated weights by height in different age groups. The p values show directional changes from 5 to 17 years of age in both sexes. The optimal p value is approximately 2 in preschool children but increases gradually to over 3 at 10 years in males and 11 years in females, and then falls back to 2 after puberty. The largest p value occurs 18 months earlier in females than in males, and the pattern is the same in the present samples and American samples. Because there are remarkable changes between 12 to 14 years in females and 14 to 16 years in males, the general weight-for-height indices with the precise power of height are preferable at these ages. A fixed power 3.0 is suggested for children between 3 and 12 years irrespective of sex or race.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Indications for hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma - what stage of the disease is the best indication for surgery?

To determine the clinical and tumor stage of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that is the best indication for surgery, the postoperative long-term outcomes of patients who underwent hepatic resection were examined retrospectively. Of 975 patients with HCC who underwent regional therapy, 384 patients (39%) received hepatic resection (HR), 534 (55%) had transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), and the remaining 57 (6%) received percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) into the tumor. The criteria defined by liver Cancer Study Group of Japan was used for staging and liver functional reserve (i.e., clinical staging). In the 133 patients with stage I HCC, there were no significant differences among the survivals of the HR, TACE, and PEI groups. In the 314 patients with stage II HCC, the 5- and 7-year survival rates were 51% and 46% in the HR group, 23% and 10% in the TACE group, and 0% and 0% in the PEI group. The survival of the HR group was significantly better than the survivals of the TACE and PEI groups (P < 0.001). The 5- and 10-year survivals of the stage II HCC patients who had HR were 64% and 47% in the clinical stage I (i.e., good liver function) group, significantly better than the 5; and 10-year survivals (32% and 23%) in the clinical stage II (i.e., bad liver function) group (P < 0.0001). Patients with good liver function in stage II are expected to have better survival and are considered to be the most suitable for HR.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Adolescents with learning disorders have atypical EEG correlation indices. I. Correlation indices during visual discrimination.

OBJECTIVE: To find out whether 14-16-year-old pupils with visual perception disabilities have atypical EEG activation patterns during visual discrimination. METHODS: EEG correlation indices (EEGCIs), based on the waveform characteristics of two EEG signals, were used as measures of slow joint activation of cortical regions during visual discrimination in pupils with visual perception disabilities. RESULTS: During visual discrimination low EEGCIs were seen between the left temporal and both parieto-occipital EEG channels in pupils with visual perception disabilities and in pupils with a poor occupational outcome. The pupils with low performance intelligence and those with difficulties in the visual discrimination task had low EEGCIs within the left hemisphere. The left hemispheric dominance of the findings is suggested to reflect the psychophysiology of the task since visual discrimination demands attention to details (local processing) and is thus supposed to be more strongly represented in the left hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS: During visual discrimination, low EEGCIs were seen in the posterior and left hemispheric regions of pupils with disabilities in visual perception and visual discrimination and with a poor occupational outcome. SIGNIFICANCE: Low EEGCIs in posterior and left hemispheric regions during visual discrimination can to some extent be seen as neurophysiological markers for visual perception disabilities and a poor occupational outcome and imply an increased need for adjustment of the educational curriculum and a need for occupational guidance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Adolescents with learning disorders have atypical EEG correlation indices. II. Correlation indices during reading.

OBJECTIVE: To find out whether 14-16 year old reading and writing impaired pupils have atypical EEG activation patterns during reading. METHODS: EEG correlation indices (EEGCIs), based on the waveform characteristics of two EEG signals, were used as measurers of slow joint activation of cortical regions during reading in pupils with reading and writing impairment. RESULTS: Reading was associated with high EEGCIs within the right hemisphere in reading and writing impaired pupils. The finding is analogous to the results of an earlier study [Byring, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 63 (1986) 1] in boys with spelling disabilities. The activation in the right hemisphere might represent a compensation for a left hemisphere dysfunction in pupils with reading and writing impairment during reading, as suggested by a number of functional neuroimaging studies. This interpretation was corroborated by high EEGCIs especially in those impaired pupils who had a good occupational outcome. CONCLUSIONS: EEGCIs during reading are high within the right hemisphere in pupils with reading and writing impairment. SIGNIFICANCE: High EEGCIs within the right hemisphere during reading might be considered neurophysiological markers for reading and writing impairment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Tonic and phasic inhibition indices are constant among nights: new indices for evaluating the degree of the two types of motor inhibition during REM sleep.

BACKGROUND: Tonic inhibition index (TII) and phasic inhibition index (PII) were proposed as indices for evaluating the degree of two types of motor inhibition activity during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. METHODS: In the present study, therefore, six healthy men underwent two consecutive all-night polysomnography, and reproducibility of TII and PII was evaluated. RESULTS: TII was 0.85+/-0.07 (mean+/-SD) on the first night and 0.88+/-0.08 on the second; and PII was 3.4+/-2.1 on the first night and 4.9+/-1.8 on the second. Neither TII nor PII was significantly different between the two nights. CONCLUSION: One night sleep study is considered sufficient for using TII and PII as a tool for evaluating motor inhibition activity during REM sleep in adults.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Cycler adequacy and prescription data in a national cohort sample: the 1997 core indicators report. Health Care Financing Administration Peritoneal Dialysis Core Indicators Study Group.

BACKGROUND: The Health Care Financing Administration Peritoneal Dialysis Core Indicator Project obtains data yearly in four areas of patient care: dialysis adequacy, anemia, blood pressure, and nutrition. METHODS: Adequacy and dialysis prescription data were obtained using a standardized data abstraction form from a random sample of adult U.S. peritoneal dialysis patients who were alive on December 31, 1996. RESULTS: For the cohort receiving cycler dialysis, 22% were unable to meet the National Kidney Foundation Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiatives (NKF-DOQI) dialysis adequacy guidelines because they did not have at least one adequacy measure during the six-month period of observation. Thirty-six percent of patients met NKF-DOQI guidelines for weekly Kt/V urea, 33% met guidelines for weekly creatinine clearance (CCr), and 24% met guidelines for both urea and creatinine clearances. The mean weekly adequacy values were 2.24 +/- 0.56 for Kt/V urea and 67.5 +/- 24.4 liter/1.73 m2 for CCr, and the median values were 2.20 and 62.25 liter/1.73 m2, respectively. The mean prescribed 24-hour volume was 12,040 +/- 3255 ml, and the median prescribed volume was 11,783 ml. Only 60% of patients were prescribed at least one daytime dwell. By logistic regression analysis, risk factors for an inadequate dose of dialysis included being in the highest quartile of body surface area (odds ratio = 3.3 for CCr and 3.4 for Kt/V urea) and a duration of dialysis greater than two years (odds ratio = 4.2 for CCr and 2.1 for Kt/V urea). CONCLUSION: There is much room for improvement in providing an adequate dose of dialysis to cycler patients. Practitioners should be more aggressive in increasing dwell volumes, adding daytime dwells, and adjusting nighttime dwell times in order to compensate for the loss of residual renal function over time. These changes can only be accomplished if practitioners measure periodically the dose of dialysis as outlined in the NKF-DOQI guidelines.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Indications for studying evoked potentials in childhood. Methods--indications--value].

Evoked potentials (EP) represent a valuable addition to currently applied diagnostic methods in neuropediatrics. Profound knowledge of the neurophysiological conditions producing EP-alterations allows basic conclusions, that cannot be gained or replaced by other investigations. EP-investigation demonstrate the existence but not the nature of a lesion in the CNS. Further diagnostic work-up usually will be necessary. Proved EP-alterations produce reproducible diagnostic results and give clues regarding its localization. Evoked potentials can be used as a screening-method for neuropediatric diseases. By follow-up examinations it is possible to show, wether there is progression or not. Testing for evoked potentials is indicated in suspected cerebral palsy in infants, in all cases of psychomotor retardation of unknown origin, impairment of vision or hearing, in cases of brain trauma or in suspected brainstem process, lesions of N. opticus or visual projective systems, neurometabolic or degenerative CNS disease, phacomatosis, progressive myoclonic epilepsy, ceroidlipofuscinosis Jansky-Bielschowski, benign partial epilepsy with extreme somatosensory evoked potentials, Ramsey-Hunt-Syndrome and aplasia of the corpus callosum.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1999

Validity of the body mass index as an indicator of the risk and presence of overweight in adolescents.

The validity of the body mass index (BMI) as an indicator of the risk of becoming overweight and of the presence of overweight was evaluated in 6 groups of adolescents comprising several ethnic groups (n = 1570, aged 9-19 y). With use of triceps skinfold thickness and estimated percentage body fat as the criteria for adiposity, BMI had high specificities (86.1-98.8% for risk of overweight and 96.3-100% for presence of overweight) and lower but variable sensitivities (4.3-75.0% for risk of overweight and 14.3-60% for presence of overweight). Thus, almost all adolescents who were not at risk for overweight or who were not overweight were classified correctly. In contrast, many adolescents who were at risk of overweight or who were overweight were not correctly identified as measured by BMI. Partial correlations, controlling for age, between BMI and the triceps skinfold thickness and estimated percentage body fat were generally moderate to moderately high, whereas BMI and triceps skinfold thickness appeared to be equally related to estimated total body fatness and percentage body fat in Mexican American and Austrian white males. BMI was better correlated with trunk skinfold thicknesses, but when relative subcutaneous fat distribu-tion was statistically controlled, the trunk-extremity contrast in the correlations was no longer apparent.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Long-term outcome in children with temporal lobe seizures. V: Indications and contra-indications for neurosurgery.

One hundred unselected children with temporal lobe epilepsy were followed up between 1948 and 1982. The series was a personal one. None was lost to observation. For 42 patients, contra-indications for surgery had emerged before the end of their schooldays. 29 cases were considered for surgery. 16 were rejected on technical grounds, and none of these made an epileptic, social, psychiatric or personality recovery. 13 patients were operated on, none of whom continued to have habitual epilepsy: all their biographies were remarkably improved, though several years postoperative care sometimes was needed. The authors conclude that surgery plays a major rôle in the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy of childhood, and those who would benefit usually can be recognised before leaving school.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Examining time-invariance in reliability in multi-wave, multi-indicator models: a covariance structure analysis approach accounting for indicator specificity.

A covariance structure analysis method for testing time-invariance in reliability in multiwave, multiple-indicator models in outlined. The approach accounts for observed variable specificity and permits, in addition, estimation of reliability in terms of 'pure' measurement error variance. The proposed procedure is developed within a confirmatory factor analysis framework and illustrated with data from a cognitive intervention study.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The problem of therapeutic efficacy indices. 2. Description of the indices].

The four indices for a binary outcome or therapeutic objective are: the odds ratio, the relative risk, the absolute benefit and the number of patients to treat. For a continuous outcome, the effect size is the best choice. The odds ratio approximates the relative risk. The difference may be large in some instances. The number of patients to treat is the reciprocal of the absolute benefit. Although they are built on the same two quantities, they are not interchangeable and should not be considered in the same way. Moreover, their meaning is not straightforward and they can be misused.

Clinical Protocols↗