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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Maternal mortality at twelve teaching hospitals in Indonesia-an epidemiologic analysis.

Records on 36,062 maternity cases admitted to 12 teaching hospitals throughout Indonesia between 1977 and 1980 were analyzed. A hospital maternal mortality rate of 37.4/10,000 cases (39.0/10,000 live births) was derived that was about ten times higher than rates reported from developed countries in the early seventies. Hemorrhage, infection and toxemia accounted for 91.2% of deaths resulting from direct obstetric causes and for 86,1% of total deaths. It is postulated that if all pregnant women received adequate antenatal care, and if all women wanting no additional children were sterilized, maternal mortality would be cut in half. It is recommended that maternal health services in Indonesia be integrated into its successful family planning program.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli as a cause of paediatric diarrhoea in Ujung Pandang, Indonesia.

The importance of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) as a cause of diarrhoea in eastern Indonesia was investigated in 74 children during the dry season in Ujung Pandang. Six of the children less than five years old with diarrhoea were infected with ETEC. One child was infected with tetracycline-resistant bacteria. The low prevalence of antibiotic resistance among ETEC in Indonesia is similar to that reported from Bangladesh, but very different from the situation in Thailand.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1995

Microbiology of chronic suppurative otitis media in children in Surabaya, Indonesia.

The aerobic and anaerobic microbiology of 38 children from Surabaya, Indonesia, who suffered from chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) was studied using strict microbiological methodology. A total of 106 isolates (49 anaerobic and 57 aerobic) were recovered. Aerobic organisms alone were isolated from 11 (29%), anaerobic bacteria only in 4 (11%) and mixed aerobic and anaerobic flora were present in 23 (60%). The predominant organisms were Peptostreptococcus sp., Prevotella sp., Bacteroides sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Fusobacterium sp. Thirty-nine beta-lactamase-producing bacteria were recovered from 22 (58%) patients. These findings demonstrate the role of penicillin resistant aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in the polymicrobial etiology of CSOM in children from Indonesia. Judicious use of antimicrobial therapy may prevent the development of antimicrobial resistance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Breast-feeding and health professionals: a study in hospitals in Indonesia.

This paper presents findings on knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding breast-feeding management in the modern health sector in Indonesia. The methodology applied was a survey which was carried out in teaching hospitals in major cities throughout Indonesia. The results showed that although the perinatal health care providers' attitudes toward breast-feeding were very positive, there were many areas in which knowledge was incomplete and in which wide variation existed or incorrect advice given to breast-feeding mothers. The content of advice on breast-feeding was not always sound. Many thought that a wide range of illnesses were a contraindication to breast-feeding, nearly one in five thought that breast-feeding should follow a fixed schedule rather than the baby's needs, and only 54% thought that breast-feeding should be initiated immediately after delivery. Most of the providers did not seem to have the knowledge to cope with the common problem of insufficient breast-milk supply syndrome. Similarly, although support for the concept of rooming-in was strong, about one-third of respondents did not think the mother and infant should be together for the full 24 hr implied by true rooming-in. Fears about the possibility of increased risk of infection with rooming-in were expressed These and other misconceptions about rooming-in imply that a consistent, well-designed training program needs to be carried out in the modern health sector which will provide the necessary information to health care providers about this important aspect of early infant care.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Management of pneumonia in India and Indonesia.

Although the death rates from neonatal tetanus have been lowered and the death rates from childhood diarrhoea are becoming lower in India and Indonesia, death rates from pneumonia have not yet begun to fall. Pneumonia has become the greatest killer of children and the most important cause of preventable death. The reason for this relative rise in significance may lie in the failure to realize that the majority of the most acute cases of respiratory illness are not viral but rather bacterial infections which rapidly respond to appropriate antibiotic therapy. This paper reviews recent research on the aetiology of pneumonia; it examines age distribution and regional variation in morbidity and mortality; and it concludes by suggesting appropriate pneumonia treatment and case management guidelines. The essential priority is to make procaine penicillin available to children presenting with cough and a respiratory rate over 50 breaths per minute. This alone would substantially reduce the number of child deaths in India and Indonesia.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Acute diarrhoeal disease in India and Indonesia.

Acute diarrhoea is still a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity, second only to pneumonia as a killer of children, in India and Indonesia. Untreated diarrhoea precipitates malnutrition and is often the underlying cause of marasmus and kwashiorkor. Shigella and salmonella dysenteries are responsible for about 60% of all cases in Indonesia and India. These bacillary agents respond well to trimethoprim. Amoebiasis responds well to metronidazole. Most cases can be managed in the home, even if the exact cause is unknown, by giving liquids or a simple rehydration drink. Diarrhoea can be prevented by improving communal sanitation and personal hygiene, and by giving breast as opposed to bottle feeding of infants. Earlier introduction of supplementary feeding could provide the child with higher energy reserves giving it a better chance of survival when diarrhoeal insults occur.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

Trypanosoma evansi infection in cattle, buffaloes and horses in Indonesia.

Cattle, buffaloes and horses in several areas of Indonesia were examined for evidence of infection with Trypanosoma evansi by the microhaematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to T. evansi. Evidence of infection was found in animals at each sampling site although differences were seen in prevalence rates between sites. Prevalence rates in buffalo were usually higher than in cattle in the same area while in horses they were much lower than in cattle or buffalo. An age-dependent prevalence rate was seen in buffalo and cattle with the highest rates seen in animals older than 2 years. These results concur with the view that T. evansi infection is widespread throughout most of the livestock-producing areas of Indonesia. The apparent lack of any obvious disease owing to T. evansi infection in the sampled animals suggests that a form of stability exists in most endemic areas which serves to ameliorate the effect of T. evansi infection and has an immunological basis linked to the parasite's limited antigenic diversity.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Serological and pathogenic characterization of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae isolates from tonsils of slaughter pigs in Indonesia.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from tonsils of 245 (35.7%) of 687 apparently healthy slaughter pigs in Indonesia during the period of June 1987 to February 1988. A total of 150 of the 245 E. rhusiopathiae isolated could be serotyped within the 22 recognized serotypes. Serotype 2 was most prevalent with 23.7%, followed by Serotypes 11, 12, 1a, 5 and 6 representing 7.3, 5.3, 4.9, 4.9 and 4.1% of the isolates, respectively. The nine other serotypes (Serotypes 1b, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 13, 19 and 22) combined to make up 11.0% of the isolates. Antibiotic-resistant strains were not found. Of 86 selected isolates belonging to various serotypes, 76 (88.4%) were highly virulent for mice (LD50 less than 10(3.0) colony-forming units). In swine, 40 (51.2%) of 78 isolates induced local or generalized urticarial lesions after intradermal inoculation, and the remaining 38 isolates induced no clinical signs. Of 76 isolates used for challenge in the cross-protection study, 29 (38.2%) killed greater than 40% of mice immunized with an erysipelas bacterin marketed in Indonesia. A tendency to be refractory to the bacterin-induced immunity was observed in some isolates of various serotypes, but this characteristic was not consistent.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Distribution of Jembrana disease in cattle in Indonesia.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect antibodies to Jembrana disease virus in sera of cattle in Indonesia. Antibodies were detected in cattle from Bali island and some districts of Lampung (Sumatra), West Sumatra and East Java provinces but not in other areas of Indonesia. Clinical Jembrana disease or Jembrana-like diseases have been reported to occur in Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) in all four areas where antibody was detected and not in the other areas where antibody was not detected. The results indicate there has been only limited spread of Jembrana disease from endemic areas to adjacent areas.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Depression, activities of daily living, and quality of life of community-dwelling elderly in three Asian countries: Indonesia, Vietnam, and Japan.

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of screening-based depression and the association of depression with activities of daily living (ADL) and quality of life (QOL) of community-dwelling elderly in the developing and developed countries. A total of 2,695 community-dwelling elderly subjects aged 60 years or older living in five rural Asian towns (Indonesia: 411, Vietnam: 379, Japan: 1,905) participated in this cross-sectional study. Depressive symptoms were assessed using a 15-item geriatric depression scale (GDS-15). ADL, higher daily activities, and medical and social history were assessed by interviews or self-report questionnaires. For the assessment of subjective QOL, a 100mm visual analogue scale was used. Using a cut-point of 5/6 for the GDS-15, 782 participants (29.0%) appeared to have depression (Indonesia: 33.8%, Vietnam: 17.2%, Japan: 30.3%). Subjects with depression had significantly lower scores for both ADL and QOL than those without depression in all the three countries. In all the three countries, 17.2-33.8% of community-dwelling elderly subjects had screening-based depression, which was commonly associated with both lower quantitative ADL and lower QOL.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

Specific accumulation of organochlorines in human breast milk from Indonesia: levels, distribution, accumulation kinetics and infant health risk.

This study determined concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine compound (OC) pesticides in the milk samples of women from the general population in four locations of Indonesia. The most prevalent residues of OCs were DDTs, PCBs and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs), whereas other OCs such as chlordane compounds (CHLs), tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane and hexachlorobenzene were lower. The levels of OCs varied between locations and individuals, with DDTs higher in suburban and rural areas than urban localities, may be due to the differences in food habits and sources between the individuals and locations. Data from Purwakarta site indicated continuing DDT exposure, which may confirm recent usage of DDT in Indonesia. A positive correlation was observed between concentration of OCs in human milk and age of mothers, primiparas women having higher OCs than multiparas, suggesting these parameters play an important role influencing the OC burdens in lactating women. Some individuals accumulated DDTs and HCHs in breast milk close to or even higher than the TDI (tolerable daily intake) guidelines proposed by Health Canada.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The place of people with intellectual disabilities in Bandung, Indonesia.

This report is an attempt to 'make visible' people with intellectual disabilities in Bandung, Indonesia, who have been rendered invisible due the stigmatization of disabled bodies in Indonesian society. The Western concept of deinstitutionalization is not appropriate to the contemporary culture of Indonesia. Returning to the 'special schools' following completion of secondary education resolves some of the problems of social exclusion, while reinforcing other exclusionary aspects of Indonesian society. Institutionalization is seen as a privilege in the Indonesian context, as only the better off can afford the cost of placing people with intellectual disabilities in institutions.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of cataract in rural Indonesia.

PURPOSE: To describe the prevalence of cataract in adults in rural Sumatra, Indonesia. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS: A random sample of all adults aged 21 years or older living in 3 rural villages in central Sumatra was assessed. Nine hundred nineteen of 1089 (84.4%) eligible adults participated. METHODS: A team of 7 ophthalmologists examined the anterior segment of both eyes using a portable slit lamp after pupil dilatation. Lens opacity was graded according to the Lens Opacities Classification System III (LOCS III). A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on education level and income. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cataract was defined as either a LOCS III nuclear region score of > or =4.0, cortical > or =4.0, or posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataract > or =2.0, in either eye. RESULTS: Two hundred one (21.9%) of 919 subjects were found to have cataract. The age-adjusted prevalence rate of cataract (including cataract surgery) was 23.0% (95% confidence interval, 20.8-25.2). The most common type of cataract for both genders (adjusted for age) was mixed (13%) followed by nuclear only (5.7%), and cortical only (4%). The prevalence rate of any cataract for adults aged 21 to 29 was 1.1%, increasing to 82.8% for those aged older than 60 years. Similar trends with age were noted for nuclear, cortical, and PSC cataract. Women had higher prevalence rates than men for all types of cataract except cortical. There was a trend of increasing prevalence of all types of cataract with decreasing education (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Cataract prevalence in adults aged 21 years and older in rural Indonesia is among the highest reported in Southeast Asia. Despite this, there are inadequate resources available to manage this treatable disease. Allocation of resources to tackle the present burden of cataract would likely have large personal, social, and economic benefits.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Introducing Vi polysaccharide typhoid fever vaccine to primary school children in North Jakarta, Indonesia, via an existent school-based vaccination platform.

OBJECTIVES: To report results on coverage, safety and logistics of a large-scale, school-based Vi polysaccharide immunization campaign in North Jakarta. METHODS: Of 443 primary schools in North Jakarta, Indonesia, 18 public schools were randomly selected for this study. Exclusion criteria were fever 37.5 degrees C or higher at the time of vaccination or a known history of hypersensitivity to any vaccine. Adverse events were monitored and recorded for 1 month after immunization. Because this was a pilot programme, resource use was tracked in detail. RESULTS: During the February 2004 vaccination campaign, 4828 students were immunized (91% of the target population); another 394 students (7%) were vaccinated during mop-up programmes. Informed consent was obtained for 98% of the target population. In all, 34 adverse events were reported, corresponding to seven events per 1000 doses injected; none was serious. The manufacturer recommended cold chain was maintained throughout the programme. CONCLUSIONS: This demonstration project in two sub-districts of North Jakarta shows that a large-scale, school-based typhoid fever Vi polysaccharide vaccination campaign is logistically feasible, safe and minimally disruptive to regular school activities, when used in the context of an existing successful immunization platform. The project had high parental acceptance. Nonetheless, policy-relevant questions still need to be answered before implementing a widespread Vi polysaccharide vaccine programme in Indonesia.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed2006

Four dengue virus serotypes found circulating during an outbreak of dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever in Jakarta, Indonesia, during 2004.

Periodic outbreaks of dengue have emerged in Indonesia since 1968, with the severity of resulting disease increasing in subsequent years. In early 2004, a purported dengue outbreak erupted across the archipelago, with over 50,000 cases and 603 deaths reported. To confirm the disease aetiology and to provide an epidemiological framework of this epidemic, an investigation was conducted in ten hospitals within the capital city of Jakarta. Clinical and laboratory findings were determined from a cohort of 272 hospitalised patients. Exposure to dengue virus was determined in 180 (66.2%) patients. When clinically assessed, 100 (55.6%) of the 180 patients were classified as having dengue fever (DF), 31 (17.2%) as DF with haemorrhagic manifestations and 49 (27.2%) as dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF). Evidence from haemagglutination inhibition assays suggested that 33/40 (82.5%) of those with DHF from which laboratory evidence was available suffered from a secondary dengue infection. All four dengue viruses were identified upon viral isolation, with DEN-3 being the most predominant serotype recovered, followed by DEN-4, DEN-2 and DEN-1. In summary, the 2004 outbreak of dengue in Jakarta, Indonesia, was characterised by the circulation of multiple virus serotypes and resulted in a relatively high percentage of a representative population of hospitalised patients developing DHF.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Environmental and economic analyses of waste disposal options for traditional markets in Indonesia.

Waste from traditional markets in Indonesia is the second largest stream of municipal solid waste after household waste. It has a higher organic fraction and may have greater potential to be managed on a business scale compared to household wastes. The attributed reason is that in general the wastes generated from traditional markets are more uniform, more concentrated and less hazardous than waste from other sources. This paper presents the results of environmental and economic assessments to compare the options available for traditional market waste disposal in Indonesia. The options compared were composting in labour intensive plants, composting in a centralised plant that utilised a simple wheel loader, centralised biogas production and landfill for electricity production. The current open dumping practice was included as the baseline case. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was used for environmental analysis. All options compared have lower environmental impacts than the current practice of open dumping. The biogas production option has the lowest environmental impacts. A cost-benefit analysis, which considered greenhouse gas savings, was used for the economic assessment. It was found that composting at a centralised plant is the most economically feasible option under the present Indonesian conditions. The approach reported in this study could be applied for 'a pre-feasibility first cut comparison' that includes environmental aspects in a decision-making framework for developing countries even though European emission factors were used.

Commerce↗
PubMed2002

Recent situation of schistosomiasis in Indonesia.

Schistosomiasis in Indonesia is limited to two very isolated areas, the Napu and Lindu valleys, in the province of Central Sulawesi. The disease was initially found in 1937 in the village of Tomado. In 1940, a study on schistosomiasis in the Lake Lindu area was initiated and an infection rate of 56% among the people in the three villages of Anca, Tomado and Langko was found. Before a comprehensive control programme was initiated, the infection rate among the population of approximately 4000 people in the Napu valley was very high, e.g. 72% in the village of Winowanga. In 1982, more coordinated and intensive schistosomiasis control measures in the Napu and Lindu valleys were initiated. The average infection rate after control measures were greatly decreased-in Napu valley it was 1.83%, while in Lindu valley it was 0.46%, in 1999. The control approaches can be described over five phases, from 1982 to 1986, up to 1998 to present. In 1998, an agreement between the Government of Indonesia and the Asian Development Bank was signed to develop the schistosomiasis endemic areas of Central Sulawesi into a better socio-economic condition. The objectives of the project are not only to control schistosomiasis, but mainly to protect the National Park which is located between the Lindu and Napu valleys. It is an integrated project named 'Central Sulawesi Integrated Area Development and Conservation Project' and many relevant sectors have been involved in the implementation of this project for the development of the area, including control of schistosomiasis. The implementation of the integrated project started in 1999.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

10-year follow-up of women who elected quinacrine sterilization (QS) in Wonosobo, Central Java, Indonesia.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of quinacrine sterilization (QS) in Indonesia. METHODS: During the period, August 1992 to October 1993, 200 women who had requested surgical sterilization volunteered for QS at the Wonosobo Regency Hospital, Central Java Province, Indonesia. The protocol called for transcervical insertion of 252 mg of quinacrine in the form of 7 cylindrical pellets and 55.5 mg of ibuprofen with a CuT-IUD (Kimia Farma) inserter during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. A second procedure was done 4 weeks later. The technique used is essentially the same as inserting a CuT-IUD. Follow-up was scheduled at 6, 12, 24 and 48 months after the last insertion. In March 2003 additional monitoring was completed. RESULTS: The 10-year cumulative pregnancy rate was 4.3 per 100 women with a follow-up rate of 93%. No pregnancies had occurred among these women since the 4-year follow-up. No long-term side effects or complications were reported. CONCLUSIONS: After 10 years of use, QS was found to be safe and reasonably effective.

Adult↗