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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

Is vitamin B12 malabsorption in bile fistula rats due to bacterial overgrowth? A study of bacterial metabolic activity in the small bowel.

To investigate whether vitamin B12 malabsorption in rats with choledochocolic fistulae is caused by bacterial overgrowth, we studied intestinal bacterial metabolic activity in choledochocolic fistula-operated rats, self-filling blind-loop-operated rats, and sham-operated rats. Fistula-operated rats had a moderate indicanuria compared with sham-operated ones, whereas the faecal excretion of nitrogen was unchanged. There was no difference in the amounts of radioactivity recovered in sediments of intestinal contents after an oral dose of 57CoB12, indicating unaltered bacterial uptake of vitamin B12 in fistula rats. The 14C-xylose breath test showed bacterial overgrowth in blind-loop rats only. Neomycin treatment of fistula rats diminished the excretion of indican but did not alter the absorption of vitamin B12. The results suggest moderately increased activity of indole-producing bacteria in fistula rats, but they do not support the hypothesis that vitamin B12 malabsorption is caused by bacterial overgrowth.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Intestinal absorption of L-tryptophan in scleroderma.

The purpose of this investigation was to study the intestinal absorption of L-tryptophan and to assess the absorptive function of the intestine in scleroderma. The oral L-tryptophan loading test was performed in 31 cases of systemic scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis, PSS) and 3 cases of localized scleroderma. Serum levels of tryptophan and urinary excretion of indole-acetic acid (IAA) and indican (IS) were determined in order to assess intestinal absorption of tryptophan. In 10 cases the D-xylose test and in 4 cases Schilling's test was also performed. Furthermore, in vitro binding of L-tryptophan by plasma proteins in PSS and in other skin diseases as controls was studied. The normal increase in serum tryptophan after loading was noted in 17 cases (in 14 cases of PSS with a mild, slow progression in 3 cases of PSS with a severe, rapidly progressing course). In 10 of these cases, urinary excretion of IAA was higher than normal and in normal and in 3 cases excretion of urinary IS was also above normal. On the other hand, in 14 cases of severe, rapidly progressing PSS and in 2 of 3 cases of widespread linear scleroderma, serum levels of tryptophan were markedly depressed after loading, while urinary excretion of IAA and IS was normal. In all 4 cases studied, Schilling's test was normal, and only in 2 of 10 cases of PSS was the D-xylose test abnormal. It is concluded that in the majority of cases of PSS, intestinal absorpiton of tryptophan is normal as also is the absorptive function of the intestine. The slight rise in serum tryptophan after loading in some cases of PSS may be a result of increased binding of tryptophan by albumin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

The ageing gut: a study of intestinal absorption in relation to nutrition in the elderly.

This study was designed to assess the functional efficiency of the ageing small intestine and the possible role of malabsorption in old people with nutritional deficiencies. Fifty subjects aged 65 to 92 years were studied, of whom 33 presented with anaemia, chronic diarrhoea or bone pains, and 17 were apparently healthy 'controls' with no relevant symptoms. Tests of intestinal function included blood xylose and iron absorption curves, a double isotope Schilling test, faecal fat, urinary indican and small bowel radiology, with duodenal aspiration and jejunal biopsy in some cases. On the basis either of steatorrhoea or at least two other abnormal parameters of absorption, there were 15 cases of malabsorption. Thirteen of these had symptoms but two were 'controls'. Four of these had duodenal diverticulosis, two had the post-gastrectomy syndrome, and one had calcific pancreatitis. Malabsorption in the remaining eight cases was not fully explained. The age range of this last group was 72--86 years; one of them had a contaminated small bowel and two showed some evidence of pancreatic insufficiency. Malabsorption emerged as a significant cause of low levels of serum iron, haemoglobin and calcium. The blood xylose test is a useful screening procedure for intestinal malabsorption in old age, but full evaluation calls for investigation of pancreatic function.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Indoxyl-beta-D-glucuronide and 3-indoxyl sulfate in plasma of hemodialysis patients.

The content of indoxyl-beta-D-glucuronide, which has been found in patients' plasma as a new indicator of renal failure, logarithmically correlated with that of 3-indoxyl sulfate (indican) in the plasma of hemodialysis patients, showing another weak correlation with beta(2)-microglobulin content. The content ratio of indoxyl-beta-D-glucuronide to 3-indoxyl sulfate (IG/IS) gradually increased depending on the duration of hemodialysis treatment. Indoxyl-beta-D-glucuronide could be easily dialyzed in the hemodialysis treatment, in contrast to hardly dialyzable 3-indoxyl sulfate which bound to plasma proteins. Therefore, glucuronide conjugation in indole excretion is favorable for hemodialysis patients in that it eliminates indoxyl compounds in blood by hemodialysis.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1979

Intestinal bacterial metabolism of protein and bile acids: role in pathogenesis of hepatic disease after jejuno-ileal bypass surgery.

Jejunal bacterial colonization and intestinal metabolism of bile acids and protein by bacteria have been investigated in 12 patients with abnormal liver histology following jeujno-ileal bypass surgery for obesity. Aerobic and/or anaerobic colonic flora was present in jejunal aspirates from 8 of 12 bypass patients, but in none of the controls. Intestinal protein metabolism and bile acid deconjugation (measured by urinary indican excretion and 14C-glycocholic acid breath test) was significantly enhanced in bypass patients. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth, with abnormal intestinal metabolism by bacteria of ingested nutrients and bile acids, could contribute to hepatic disease after bypass surgery via the production of endogenous hepatotoxins.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The elusive indigo precursors in woad (Isatis tinctoria L.)--identification of the major indigo precursor, isatan A, and a structure revision of isatan B.

A metabolite-profiling study of shock-frozen leaves of Isatis tinctoria L., an old indigo dye plant and medicinal herb, revealed a complex pattern of indigo-forming compounds with higher polarities than the known indigo precursors isatan B and indican. These highly unstable compounds underwent rapid post-harvest transformation and were not detected in air-dried leaves. The major indigo precursor, named isatan A (4), was isolated by rapid normal-phase and gel chromatography, along with isatan B (3). A full spectral data set of 3 showed that the previous structure assignment as 'indoxyl-5-ketogluconate' has to be revised to 1H-indol-3-yl beta-D-ribohex-3-ulopyranoside. Isatan A (4) was identified as 1H-indol-3-yl 6'-O-(carboxyacetyl)-beta-D-ribohex-3'-ulopyranoside. In aqueous solution, glycosides 3 and 4 occur as hydrates and undergo rapid hydrolysis under very mild acidic or basic conditions.

Glycosides↗
PubMed1991

The protein encoded by the rolB plant oncogene hydrolyses indole glucosides.

The rolB gene of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, whose expression stimulates the formation of roots by transformed plant tissues and other growth alterations in transgenic plants, codes for a beta-glucosidase able to hydrolyse indole-beta-glucosides. Indeed, we show that extracts of bacteria and/or plant tissue expressing the rolB protein hydrolyse indoxyl-beta-glucoside (plant indican). Because of the structural similarity between indoxyl-beta-glucoside and indole-3-acetyl-beta-glucoside (IAA-beta-glucoside), we propose that the physiological and developmental alterations in transgenic plants expressing the rolB gene could be the result of an increased intracellular auxin activity caused by the release of active auxins from inactive beta-glucosides. Thus two of the oncogenes carried by the T-DNA of the plant pathogen Agrobacterium rhizogenes (rolB and rolC) perturb plant growth and development by coding for beta-glucosidases with distinct specificities. Whereas the rolC beta-glucosidase releases cytokinins from their glucoside conjugates, the rolB encoded protein hydrolyses indole-beta-glucosides. The combined action of these two genes therefore is expected to modulate the intracellular concentration of two of the main growth factors active in plants.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Identification of indigoid dyes in natural organic pigments used in historical art objects by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Pigments are among the most important components of historical paintings and textiles and their nature provides the unique character of color. They can be divided into two main groups: inorganic and organic, extracted from plants or animals. Their identification is a necessary stage in the conservation of art objects. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and UV/visible spectrophotometric methods were elaborated for the identification of indigoid (indigo, indirubin, isoindigo, isoindirubin) color components of natural dyestuffs and their natural or synthetic precursors (indican, isatin, indoxyl, 2-indolinone). ES-MS offers detection limits in the range 0.03-5.00 microg ml(-1) for the color compounds examined. The method developed made it possible to identify indigo and its isomers in genuine Indian indigo, indigo from woad and Tyrian Purple. It was applied to the identification of natural dyes on fiber from a 19th century Japanese tapestry, 'Cranes in the landscape'. A procedure based on freezing and grinding of a sample before the extraction of dyes from the textile was developed. The components of the extract obtained were identified after acidic hydrolysis as indigotin and methylene blue.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1993

Metabolism of 3-indolylacetic acid during percutaneous absorption in human skin.

This study assessed the in vitro percutaneous absorption and metabolism of 3-indolylacetic acid after topical dosing to human skin from four sources. The metabolism of the compound during percutaneous absorption was assessed. The absorbed and metabolized chemicals were analyzed by radioactive scintillation counting and thin-layer chromatography: 1.2% +/- 0.04%, 1.4% +/- 0.07%, 3.0% +/- 1.0%, and 0.1% +/- 0.02% of the applied doses permeated through human skin samples from sources A to D, respectively, whereas 3.4% +/- 0.5% to 20.0% +/- 0.2% of the applied doses were retained by the skin. Of the absorbed dose, 2.1% +/- 1.0% to 12.1% +/- 3.5% was present as metabolites in the receptor fluid, and 2.2% +/- 0.5% to 5.2% +/- 0.1% was present as metabolites retained in the skin. Microsomal fractions were prepared from the skin samples, and the actions of these preparations on 3-indolylacetic acid were estimated. 5'-Hydroxyl-3-indolylacetic acid, 5',6'-dihydroxy-3-indolylacetic acid, and 5,6-dihydroxyindole were formed both during percutaneous absorption and by skin microsomal preparations. In addition, the skin samples biotransformed the acid to metabolic indican (3-indoxylsulfuric acid) and to the glucuronide conjugate of indole. The possible functional significance of the metabolism is discussed.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2003

HPLC profiling of Trp-related metabolites in humans.

Screening for metabolic abnormalities of Trp has been introduced using SPE pre-treatment, TLC and/or two HPLC procedures. The excretory pattern in urine (occasionally also plasma and CSF levels) has been followed in a group of 390 children showing various symptoms of a metabolic defect and in 195 patients with skin diseases, namely those associated with photosensitivity, such as porphyria, vitiligo, alopecia, psoriasis, erythematodes, and others. Excretory abnormalities of either indican, kynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid or indolylacryloylglycine have been occasionally combined with myopathy, seizures, liver and intestinal symptoms. Several indoles and kynurenine derivatives present changes in the alopecia group and the vitiliginous patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Effect of 4G-beta-D-galactosylsucrose (lactosucrose) on fecal microflora in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease.

Metabolic interaction between the intestinal microflora and the host has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Elemental or low-fat, low-residual diets in patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis are reported to decrease anaerobic bacteria and to change the composition of the intestinal microflora. We examined the effect of an indigestible agent, 4G-beta-D-galactosylsucrose (lactosucrose), which is selectively utilized by intestinal Bifidobacterium, on the composition of the intestinal microflora. After the administration of lactosucrose to two patients with Crohn's disease and five patients with ulcerative colitis for 2 weeks, significant induction of the growth of Bifidobacterium was observed, and significant reduction in the population level of Bacteroidaceae was seen. Bowel movements improved in four patients. The intestinal environment, estimated by measuring fecal pH, fecal levels of short-chain fatty acids and putrid products, and the urinary secretion of indican, also improved in these patients. These results suggest that lactosucrose may be useful for patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The effects of high dietary concentrations of sodium saccharin on in vivo metabolism of xenobiotics in rats.

The effect of feeding a diet containing 7.5% sodium saccharin on the conjugation of [14C]phenol has been studied during neonatal development in male and female rats using a two-generation protocol. Decreased formation of phenol sulphate was observed in the F1 saccharin-treated rats from 4 wk of age and this was compensated for by an increase in the formation of quinol glucuronide. This shift in the conjugation pattern of [14C]phenol, with an increase in oxidation, was not sex specific. The daily excretion of indican was significantly increased from 5 wk of age. Feeding a diet containing 7.5% sodium saccharin did not affect in vitro activities of the enzymes involved in the conjugation reactions, that is, aryl sulphotransferase and uridine-5'-diphosphate glucuronyltransferase. The incorporation of 5% cysteine into the diet of saccharin-treated rats for 1 wk prevented the change in conjugation of [14C]phenol observed in the saccharin-treated animals. Absorption of sodium [35S]sulphate from the gastro-intestinal tract was not appreciably affected by a high dietary concentration of sodium saccharin. A high dietary concentration of saccharin affected the conjugation of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid during neonatal development, possibly as a result of sulphate depletion.

3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid↗
PubMed1993

Effects of plant flavonoids and other allelochemicals on insect cytochrome P-450 dependent steroid hydroxylase activity.

The plant flavonoids flavone, chrysin, apigenin, kaempferol, morin, quercetin, myricetin and phloretin were found to inhibit in a dose-dependent manner the cytochrome P-450 dependent ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity associated with adult female Aedes aegypti, wandering stage larvae of Drosophila melanogaster, and fat body and midgut from prewandering and wandering stage last instar larvae of Manduca sexta. The concentrations of these flavonoids required to elicit a 50% inhibition of the steroid hydroxylase activity in all the insects ranged from ca 1 x 10(-5) to 1 x 10(-3) M. In addition, lower concentrations (1 x 10(-6) to 1 x 10(-5) M) of the flavonols kaempferol, morin, quercetin and myricetin significantly stimulated (50-100% above control) M. sexta fat body ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity. Other plant allelochemicals examined and found to significantly inhibit insect ecdysone 20-monooxygenase activity include corynanthine, quinidine, and quinine; whereas, indican and mimosine were found to significantly stimulate M. sexta fat body steroid hydroxylase activity. Several allelochemicals were without effect at all concentrations tested. Although none of the compounds tested in this study elicited effects at very low concentrations (1 x 10(-9) to 1 x 10(-8) M), the in vitro monooxygenase radioassay does hold considerable promise as a screening tool for the detection and identification of plant allelochemicals which may function as biopesticides affecting insect ecdysteroidogenesis.

Aedes↗
PubMed2001

Identification of an indigo precursor from leaves of Isatis tinctoria (Woad).

Indole is presumably a product of indole-3-glycerol phosphate catabolism in Isatis tinctoria. It is oxidized into indoxyl and stored in young leaves as indigo precursor. Further oxidation and dimerization of indoxyl produces indigoid pigments. In this work, we describe an HPLC method dedicated to the identification and quantification of indigoid pigments (indigo, indirubin, isoindigo and isoindirubin) and indigo precursors produced in I. tinctoria (Woad). This work, carried out with two cultivars of I. tinctoria, has confirmed that the quantity of indigo precursors is dependent on the species and the harvest period. In addition we have shown for the first time that young leaves of I. tinctoria, harvested in June contained a new indigo precursor in addition to isatan B (indoxyl-5-ketogluconate) and indican (indoxyl-beta-D-glucoside). We suggest the name "isatan C" for this new indigo precursor in I. tinctoria. Its chemical characteristics point to an dioxindole ester with PM of 395. We have shown that isatan C reacts with isatan B increasing the red pigment production.

Brassicaceae↗
PubMed2000

Indoxyl-UDPG-glucosyltransferase from Baphicacanthus cusia.

The enzyme catalyzing the transfer of glucose from uridine diphosphate glucose to indoxyl yielding the indoxyl glucoside indican was isolated from Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek (Acanthaceae). The indoxyl-uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG)-glucosyltransferase was purified to homogeneity in six chromatographic steps. The decisive step for the recovery of a homogeneous enzyme was the application of immobilized metal affinity chromatography yielding an 863-fold purified enzyme. From a total of 60 substances tested, in addition to the natural substrate 3-OH-indole (indoxyl), only 4-OH-, 5-OH-, 6-OH-, and 7-OH-indole were accepted as substrates by the glucosyltransferase. However, the latter substrates were metabolized to varying extent. The optimum pH of the enzyme was 8.5, the optimum temperature was 30 degrees C and the isoelectric point was pH 6.5. The M(r) of the enzyme was determined to be 60 +/- 2 x 10(3). Indoxyl as substrate yielded a K(m) of 1.2 mM, while a K(m) of 1.7 mM was found for UDPG.

Chromatography, Ion Exchange↗
PubMed1997

Inulin as the soluble fiber in liquid enteral nutrition.

Dietary fibers are a necessary part of human nutrition. Inulin is a fermentable fiber that improves bacterial ecology in the large bowel and is also a relevant substrate for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical effect of inulin, added as dietary fiber into the fiber-free enteral nutrition (Nutrition Standard). Inulin (30-35 g/d) was administered for 1 wk to a group of patients requiring the nutritional support of a liquid enteral diet. A significant increase in flatulence, an indication of rapid bacterial fermentation, was apparent during its infusion in comparison with a fiber-free enteral diet. Moreover, an increment in ability to dehydrate the cecal stream (stool consistency) was apparent in nearly half of patients. No changes in SCFA concentration in stool and indican output in urine were apparent after 1 wk of inulin administration. Intestinal permeability (51Cr-EDTA absorption test) was not influenced by either enteral nutrition or inulin and enteral nutrition administration. Because of good tolerance inulin seems to be a potential source of dietary fiber in clinical enteral nutrition.

Acetates↗
PubMed2002

Process balance and product quality in the production of natural indigo from Polygonum tinctorium Ait. applying low-technology methods.

Indigo is the most important blue component in the class of natural dyes for cellulose and protein fibres. In the moderate European climate Polygonum tinctorium Ait. could be an interesting source for natural indigo (Vat blue 1). Following a cultivation of the plant material a simple procedure for the extraction of the indigo precursor indican was investigated with regard to crop and quality of dye obtained. The dependence of the crop on the storage conditions of the harvested plant material was investigated. The results quantify the distinct sensitivity of the fresh material to the time of storage before extraction with regard to the amount of natural indigo obtained, the photometrically determined indigo content in the product and the shade and colour depth observed in standardised dyeing experiments. A basic set of data is presented, which describes the process in terms of consumption of energy, water and chemicals and organic waste released from the extraction step.

Color↗
PubMed1997

beta-Glucosidase in the indigo plant: intracellular localization and tissue specific expression in leaves.

beta-Glucosidase of indigo plant (Polygonum tinctorium) has a high substrate specificity for indican (indoxyl beta-D-glucoside). To examine the localization of this beta-glucosidase, we fractionated the cells of the leaves and analysed them immunocytochemically. Immunoelectron micrographs with specific antibodies against the beta-glucosidase clearly showed that the beta-glucosidase was localized in the stroma of the chloroplasts in mesophyll cells, but not in the thylakoid membrane. Chloroplasts were isolated from the crude homogenate of the fresh leaves by Percoll density gradient centrifugation and then subjected to suborganellar fractionation. beta-Glucosidase activity was specifically detected in the stromal fraction, but not in the thylakoid membrane. This was also supported by the result of an immunoblot of the fraction with anti-beta-glucosidase antibodies. The beta-glucosidase was immunocytochemically localized in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells, but not in any chloroplasts in marginal cells of the vascular bundle or epidermal cells; ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), a typical stromal protein, was observed in all chloroplasts in these cells. These results suggest that beta-glucosidase is tissue specific in its expression in the leaves of the indigo plant.

Plant Leaves↗