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PubMed1992

Professional DOC (PDOC): a software environment for authoring and consulting of electronic documentation. INTERACTIVE DIAGNOSIS and THERAPY: a medical application.

Professional DOC (PDOC) is a software environment for electronic documentation authoring and consulting based on the Hypermedia technology. It allows to manage different kinds of information (pictures, sounds, texts, graphics, video) organized according to hyperstructures. The user-friendliness and effectiveness of its man-machine interface, and its availability on the most common hardware platforms makes it a suitable product for a very broad category of users. INTERACTIVE DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY is an electronic medical book designed to help general practitioners to make diagnosis and treat patients in their daily clinic practice.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗

PubMed2002

Multimedia technologies in education.

In general multimedia is the combination of visual and audio representations. These representations could include elements of texts, graphic arts, sound, animation, and video. However, multimedia is restricted in such systems where information is digitalized and is processed by a computer. Interactive multimedia and hypermedia consist of multimedia applications that the user has more active role. Education is perhaps the most useful destination for multimedia and the place where multimedia has the most effective applications, as it enriches the learning process. Multimedia both in nursing education and in medical informatics education has several applications as well. A multimedia project can be developed even as a "stand alone" application (on CD-ROM), or on World Wide Web pages on Internet. However several technical constraints exist for developing multimedia applications on Internet. For developing multimedia projects we need hardware and software, talent and skill. The software requirements for multimedia development consist of one or more authoring systems and various editing applications for text, images, sounds and video. In this chapter different software tools for creating multimedia applications are presented. In the last part of this chapter, two examples of multimedia educational training programs are discussed. Both are "stand alone" applications (CD-ROMs). The first, examines several aspects of the electronic patient record by using videos, audio descriptions, lectures and glossary, while the second one presents several topics regarding epidemiology and epidemiological research by using graphics, sound and animation.

CD-ROM↗

PubMed1992

Annotated bibliography of hypertext/hypermedia in the health sciences.

Hypertext and hypermedia are important new methods of learning and instruction for the health sciences. Articles cited in this bibliography deal with the creation, development, and implementation of hypertext/hypermedia programs in both academic and clinical environments.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗

PubMed1992

Database technology for medical records.

Paper truncation may be the first goal that comes to mind when people think of computerized medical records, but this is probably the least realistic goal at present. Structuring a medical records system to improve record quality and to open the door to data analysis are two more realistic goals. Of the many significant barriers to computerized medical records, the most serious is the lack of agreement in the medical community regarding what should go into a medical record. Even small steps in that area should bring major improvements in available medical records software. Choosing a database for medical records requires familiarity with database principles and a detailed understanding of data needs. The safe choice is an SQL-based relational database, but a smaller system will suffice if present and future medical records challenges are small enough. The rate of change in the computer world is increasing all the time. Emerging and maturing technologies that can have a significant impact on medical records software include data entry tools such as the mouse, pen, and voice; better data retrieval tools such as GUIs and 4GLs; and software tools that use rules, pattern-matching, hypermedia links, and fuzzy logic to create systems that seem to think like humans. While computerized medical records systems are not yet comparable with medical office management systems, they should be someday. In the meantime, smart physicians will begin exploring possibilities on their own in order to reap some benefits at an early stage and to be better prepared when the tide finally turns.

Databases, Factual↗

PubMed2005

Combining advanced networked technology and pedagogical methods to improve collaborative distance learning.

Making educational material be available on a network cannot be reduced to merely implementing hypermedia and interactive resources on a server. A pedagogical schema has to be defined to guide students for learning and to provide teachers with guidelines to prepare valuable and upgradeable resources. Components of a learning environment, as well as interactions between students and other roles such as author, tutor and manager, can be deduced from cognitive foundations of learning, such as the constructivist approach. Scripting the way a student will to navigate among information nodes and interact with tools to build his/her own knowledge can be a good way of deducing the features of the graphic interface related to the management of the objects. We defined a typology of pedagogical resources, their data model and their logic of use. We implemented a generic and web-based authoring and publishing platform (called J@LON for Join And Learn On the Net) within an object-oriented and open-source programming environment (called Zope) embedding a content management system (called Plone). Workflow features have been used to mark the progress of students and to trace the life cycle of resources shared by the teaching staff. The platform integrated advanced on line authoring features to create interactive exercises and support live courses diffusion. The platform engine has been generalized to the whole curriculum of medical studies in our faculty; it also supports an international master of risk management in health care and will be extent to all other continuous training diploma.

Cooperative Behavior↗

PubMed1991

ZOOM: a generic personal computer-based teaching program for public health and its application in schistosomiasis control.

Schistosomiasis, a group of parasitic diseases caused by Schistosoma parasites, is associated with water resources development and affects more than 200 million people in 76 countries. Depending on the species of parasite involved, disease of the liver, spleen, gastrointestinal or urinary tract, or kidneys may result. A computer-assisted teaching package has been developed by WHO for use in the training of public health workers involved in schistosomiasis control. The package consists of the software, ZOOM, and a schistosomiasis information file, Dr Schisto, and uses hypermedia technology to link pictures and text. ZOOM runs on the IBM-PC and IBM-compatible computers, is user-friendly, requires a minimal hardware configuration, and can interact with the user in English, French, Spanish or Portuguese. The information files for ZOOM can be created or modified by the instructor using a word processor, and thus can be designed to suit the need of students. No programming knowledge is required to create the stacks.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗

PubMed1991

NMINT--introductory courseware for nuclear medicine: database design.

Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI) provides a dynamic and self-paced learning experience to the medical trainee. Microcomputer based hypermedia systems integrate text, graphics, and image information. We present the design of an introductory CAI course for nuclear medicine called NMINT and elaborate on the underlying relational database that contains clinically relevant information and links to local or remote image storage over high speed networks. The IBM PS/2 Windows system uses Toolbook software augmented by C language modules for image and image-overlay database access. The current implementation stores text, graphical lesson material, and image index information on microcomputer magnetic disk; image data are stored on the attached optical disk. The storage architecture is described in detail. We emphasize its multi-access methods and its expandability into department-wide image networks.

Computer Graphics↗

PubMed1991

Incorporating client-server database architecture and graphical user interface into outpatient medical records.

Computerized medical record systems require structured database architectures for information processing. However, the data must be able to be transferred across heterogeneous platform and software systems. Client-Server architecture allows for distributive processing of information among networked computers and provides the flexibility needed to link diverse systems together effectively. We have incorporated this client-server model with a graphical user interface into an outpatient medical record system, known as SuperChart, for the Department of Family Medicine at SUNY Health Science Center at Syracuse. SuperChart was developed using SuperCard and Oracle SuperCard uses modern object-oriented programming to support a hypermedia environment. Oracle is a powerful relational database management system that incorporates a client-server architecture. This provides both a distributed database and distributed processing which improves performance.

Ambulatory Care Information Systems↗

PubMed1991

HistoLogical, a computer atlas and drill of histology.

An educational program has been developed to aid the instruction of Histology, a required course for the first year medical student. The program was developed using SuperCard on an Apple Macintosh IIci computer. It incorporates high quality color images with a hypermedia format, i.e. the student can jump from topic to topic as he/she wishes. The program has an "atlas," which provides information about each image and topic being discussed, and a "drill," which presents to the student a question about an image and provides feedback tailored to the student's answer. In the drill, the student is asked to type in responses to the questions; the answer is judged by text recognition. For each question, feedback is written for the correct answer, incorrect answer, and up to 10 "accessory answers" (answers which might be expected although they are not correct). The faculty of the UMMS Histology course has encouraged the use of this program in this years' course, and evaluation received from faculty and students has been quite positive.

Computer Graphics↗

PubMed1990

The integration of knowledge through interactive Computer-Enhanced Learning in medicine.

Rapid advances in Information Technology in recent years have provided powerful computers and software that can be innovatively applied to create powerful pedagogical courseware that go beyond what precursors like the PLATO project could do on the mainframes of yesteryear. This article focusses on the research and development that we have carried out which is applicable to the whole area of education (including medical education). It introduces the elements of hypertext, hypermedia and the pedagogical user interface. It illustrates the principles necessary for the communication of conceptual, functional and structural knowledge. It emphasises the key aspect of mastery of Information Technology necessary for a new dimension in Computer-Enhanced Learning that will be of relevance to the Information Society of the 21st century.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗

PubMed1989

New media in medical education.

In 1984 the American Association of Medical Colleges' Panel on the General Professional Education of the Physician challenged the medical community to take a leadership position in the effective application of information science and computer technology to medical education. The medical education community has risen to that challenge through the use of microcomputer technology and optical disc media including the recently developed fully integrated Hypermedia environment to enhance the learning environment.

Audiovisual Aids↗

PubMed1994

The role of object representation in the design of the intelligent radiology workstation.

The paper describes the design of the Intelligent Radiology Workstation (IRW) that is intended to handle heterogeneous radiologic data (text, image, video) and radiologic knowledge in such a way that it is easy to store, access, use, and repurpose. An object-based structure is used to combine the relational database, hybrid knowledge base, and hypermedia within a common framework. Functions such as data entry and retrieval, browsing, and intelligent processing of data are available in the single environment. IRW open architecture allows radiologic digital resources to be used for clinical practice, diagnosis support, education, and research.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed1993

[Auto-training in radiology: the FORUM project applied to MRI of the uterus].

We describe the FORUM project which is a computer-assisted learning tool written with hypertext and hypermedia software emphasizing student interaction. This project is designed to allow the user to teach himself uterine Magnetic Resonance Imaging, which is a rapidly expanding technique with a wealth of specific findings. The program is currently available for Apple personal computers and is intended for beginners or confirmed radiologists and gynaecologists.

Computer User Training↗

PubMed1995

The interactive image tool: adding structure to images.

The interactive image format and tool were developed by the Stanford University Medical Media and Information Technologies (SUMMIT) group to allow medical educators to add interactive annotations and outlines to medical cross-sections, gross dissections, and clinical images. The interactive image tool (IIT) format offers a general specification for adding structural information to images. The IIT format has been used to create rich databases of image/structure information which are employed in educational software created at SUMMIT. These databases consist of information which is re-usable in other applications as well as a standalone image database. Future extensions to the IIT format will provide a means to organize information based on the structure of that information rather than on the arbitrary or haphazard links of current hypertext and hypermedia information networks.

Anatomy↗

PubMed1995

Participatory design of computer-supported organizational learning in health care: methods and experiences.

This paper outlines a Computer-Supported Co-operative Work (CSCW) system for primary care and presents from its participatory design process time consumption, costs, and experiences. The system integrates a hypermedia environment, a computerized patient record, and an electronicmessage system. It is developed to coordinate organizational learning in primary care from micro to macro levels by connecting strategic planning to monitoring of patient routines. Summing up design experiences, critical issues for making CSCW systems support cost-effectiveness of health care are discussed.

Community Health Centers↗

PubMed1995

Educational program on ophthalmology.

To minimize the learning problems, related to the present teaching method, we developed the Educational Program on Ophthalmology, that offers an interactive and self-controlled way of learning, through the multimedia and hypertext (hypermedia) resources to the students. The software has 200 images (pictures and photos), 40 minutes of digitized voice (.WAV), 50 minutes of video animation (.AVI) and more than 200 links. The first evaluation demonstrated a great interest from the medical graduated students, who feel motivated with the utilization of the software.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[Implementation of a server World Wide Web of radiology accessible by Internet].

Internet is an international computer network that uses standard communication protocols for the exchange of information. This facilitates the retrieval of multimedia data through a "web" of servers distributed in the whole world. Among Internet users, Radiologists are a potentially important segment, due to the inherent multimedia characteristics of the discipline, which requires a continuous international update of information. The Department of Radiology of the University of Pisa has an Internet access through the metropolitan area network which was installed in the framework of the CNR Telecomunicazioni Project. The Internet access allowed the implementation of a World Wide Web server made public on Internet in March, 1994, being the first European server specifically oriented to radiology. This server can be accessed at the following address: http:@www.rad.unipi.it:7080/IRMosaicHome.html . On the server, 3 hypermedia papers are present, a list of international servers containing radiological information, a questionnaire, and statistics concerning the number of users who accessed the server. In the first 18 months of public access through Internet (April 1, 1994-September 30, 1995) 16,166 users accessed the server, retrieving 127,349 documents, corresponding to 1,279.7 MByte of information. The mean amount of information retrieved in each access to the server in the considered quarters ranges from 72 to 85.8 kByte. The geographic distribution of the users who accessed the server is the following: United States, 7,158, Italy, 2,466; other European countries, 3,813; other extra-European countries, 2,729. The increasingly diffuse knowledge of Internet services had a substantial impact on the rise in number of the servers and of the users who can access them. It is likely that in the future this technology will be used with increasing interest by Radiologists, since it provides easier "navigation" through multimedia information, consisting of text and several images, without the inherent limitations of the printed paper.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMed1995

[The Internet for medical research].

In every scientific field, research is based on communication and information share: scientific journals and meetings meet this natural need. Recently, there was a growing development of a new tool enabling knowledge share in fast and efficient manner: the Internet computer network. Now, Internet connects the majority of world scientific organizations and the number of network users is more and more increasing. In particular, the information hypermedia connection called World Wide Web, is very useful for scientific purposes. In addition, as biomedical informations are also available on Internet, it becomes an important and irreplaceable resource on physician's desk.

Computer Communication Networks↗