Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Hydrofluoric Acid”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Emergency management of major hydrofluoric acid exposures.

Exposures of as little as 2.5 per cent of the body surface to concentrated hydrofluoric acid (HF) may be fatal. Survival after major HF exposures is facilitated by aggressive emergency management which, we feel, includes wound irrigation, subeschar injection of calcium gluconate, monitored supplementation of serum calcium, and prompt wound excision carried out as an emergency procedure. The following case reports and literature review illustrate the important differences between exposures to concentrated HF of as little as 2 per cent of the body surface and smaller exposures to concentrated HF or exposure to dilute HF.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1998

[The influence of different concentrations of hydrofluoric acid on blood calcium level in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of different concentration of hydrofluoric acid (HF) on local skin and calcium level of serum. METHODS: SD rats were divided into two groups which were wounded by 20% and 40% percent of HF respectively. Samples of blood and wound tissue were harvested at different postburn time for the analysis of the calcium level of the serum and histological study. RESULTS: It was found that twenty percent of HF was enough to cause a skin damage, and might bring about fatal hypocalcemia after a prolonged contact. High concentration of HF (40%) could cause deep tissue necrosis within a short time, and result in a fatal hypocalcemia within 24 hour even in the case of a small area injury. CONCLUSION: It is important to treat the patient with HF injury as early as possible. Sufficient calcium must be applied guided by laboratory study in order to prevent the fatal hypocalcemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Hydrofluoric acid injuries: pathogenesis and treatment].

On the basis of two case histories, the most recent literature concerning hydrofluoric acid injuries is reviewed with particular attention to the pathogenesis and the therapeutic possibilities. It is concluded that washing with water is the primary and most important treatment. Depending upon the extent of the injury, surface treatment with 2.5% calcium gluconate solution or gel may then be employed and/or infiltration treatment with a 5-10% calcium solution. Possibly combined with local analgesia and hyaluronic acid. Intravenous or intra-arterial infusion of calcium compounds and surgical excision may be considered as specialist treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Hydrofluoric acid dermal exposure.

A retrospective review of 237 consecutive cases of dermal exposure to dilute (6-11%) hydrofluoric acid (HF)- containing rust stain remover consumer products reported to the Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center during 1986 was done to evaluate the toxicity of these agents and the efficacy of topical treatment with calcium gluconate gel. In 148 cases (62%), failure to follow manufacturers' recommended safety procedures was the likely cause of exposure. 219 patients developed the following symptoms: dermal swelling, redness, or both (131, 55%); blistering (12, 5%); black discoloration under fingernails (12, 5%); or pain without reported dermal changes (64, 27%). Local complications were noted in 7 cases (3%) (infection, 4 cases; fingertip dermal necrosis, 3 cases). No systemic toxicity was noted. 116 patients (49%) received treatment with topical calcium gluconate gel; 53 were followed until complete resolution of symptoms. There appeared to be a relationship between earlier initial gel application and more rapid resolution of signs and symptoms. Some degree of dermal injury may be quite common following exposure to dilute (6-11%) HF-containing rust stain remover consumer products. Failure to follow manufacturers' recommended safety procedures may be responsible for many exposures. Treatment with topical calcium gluconate gel may be effective, and more rapid resolution of signs and symptoms may occur with earlier initiation of this therapy.

Calcium Gluconate↗
PubMed1992

Serum fluoride as an indicator of occupational hydrofluoric acid exposure.

To define the relationship between ionic fluoride concentration in the serum of workers and the amount of hydrofluoric acid (HF) in the work environment, pre-and postshift serum and urine samples of 142 HF workers and 270 unexposed workers were examined. The maximum and minimum concentrations of HF in the air in each workshop varied from the mean by less than 30%. The preexposure levels of serum and urinary fluoride in HF workers were higher (P < 0.001) than the control values. This suggests that fluoride excretion from the body continues for at least 12h. The postshift serum and urinary fluoride concentrations of these workers were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the preshift concentrations. A good correlation (r = 0.64) was obtained between postshift serum fluoride and postshift urine fluoride. There was a linear relationship between mean serum fluoride concentration and HF concentration in the workshop. A mean fluoride concentration of 82.3 micrograms/l with a lower fiducial limit (95%, P = 0.05) of 57.9 micrograms/l was estimated to correspond to an atmospheric HF concentration of 3 ppm. This is the maximum allowable environmental concentration recommended by the Japanese Association of Industrial Health, and it is also the threshold limit value suggested by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. The results demonstrate that exposure to HF can be monitored by determining the serum fluoride concentration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Regional intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate for hydrofluoric acid burns of the upper extremity.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe regional intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate as a therapy for hydrofluoric acid (HF) burns of the forearm, hand, or digits. METHODS: This study describes seven patients with HF burns. Calcium gluconate, 10 mL of 10% solution with 30 to 40 mL normal saline solution, was injected intravenously into the affected limb using a Bier block technique. Ischemia was maintained for 20 to 25 minutes. Therapy was considered successful if significant reduction of pain and tenderness was noted after tourniquet release. RESULTS: Seven patients were treated. HF concentration varied from 5% to 49%. Exposure sites included the forearm (two cases), thenar eminence and digits (two cases), or digits only (three cases). Complete pain resolution occurred on tourniquet release in four patients (two with burns to the forearm, two with burns to digits only). One patient had partial relief (thenar but not digital exposure site), and two had no relief of symptoms. Intraarterial calcium gluconate perfusion was subsequently administered to the three patients with persistent subungual and pulp, or thenar pain. Recovery was complete in all cases. No adverse effects were noted. CONCLUSION: Regional intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate should be considered a therapeutic option in HF burns of the forearm, hand, or digits when topical therapy fails.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acute health effects in a community after a release of hydrofluoric acid.

Approximately 3,000 persons were evacuated from a Texas community after 24,036 kg (53,000 lb) of caustic hydrofluoric acid (HF) were released from a nearby petrochemical plant. Emergency room and hospital records of 939 persons who were seen at two area hospitals were reviewed. Most persons who presented at the emergency rooms were female (56%) or black (60%), and their mean age was 33.9 y. The most frequently reported symptoms were eye irritation (41.5%), burning throat (21%), headache (20.6%), and shortness of breath (19.4%). Physical examination results were normal for 49% of the cases; however, irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, skin, and lungs were noted on other exams. Decreased pulmonary function was demonstrated by pulmonary function tests (forced expiratory volume in the first second, less than 80% of predicted value, 42.3%); hypoxemia (pO2 less than 80 mm Hg, 17.4%) and hypocalcemia (less than 8.5 mg/dl, 16.3%) were also noted. Ninety-four (10%) of the cases were hospitalized, and more than 83% of all cases were discharged with a primary diagnosis of "HF exposure." There are several reports of individuals who are acutely and chronically exposed to HF; however, we are unaware of other published reports that describe exposure of a community to HF. This incident represented a unique opportunity to study the immediate health impact on a community of residents who were exposed to a hazardous materials release. Results of this analysis suggest that (a) initial health problems should be followed up, (b) any long-term health effects of HF exposure must be assessed, and (c) the health impact on the population at risk should be determined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Successful treatments of lung injury and skin burn due to hydrofluoric acid exposure.

Recent growth in the electronics and chemical industries has brought about a progressive increase in the use of hydrofluoric acid (HF), along with the concomitant risk of acute poisoning among HF workers. We report severe cases of inhalation exposure and skin injury which were successfully treated by administering a 5% calcium gluconate solution with a nebulizer and applying 2.5% calcium gluconate jelly, respectively. Case 1: A 52-year old worker used HF for surface treatment after welding stainless steel, and was hospitalized with rapid onset of severe dyspnea. On admission to the critical care medical center he had widespread wheezing and crackles in his lungs. Chest radiograph showed a fine diffuse veiling over both lower pulmonary fields. Severe hypocalcemia with high concentrations of F in serum and urine were disclosed. He was immediately given 5% calcium gluconate solution by intermittent positive-pressure breathing (IPPB), utilizing a nebulizer. On the 21st hospital day, chest film and CT scan did not demonstrate any abnormality. He was discharged very much improved on the 22nd hospital day. Case 2: A 35-year old worker at an electronics factory was admitted to his local hospital with severe skin burn on his face and neck after exposure to 100% HF. Treatment began with immediate copious washing with water for 20 min. Calcium gluconate 2.5% gel (HF burn jelly) was applied to the area as a first-aid measure. Persistent high concentrations of serum and urinary F were disclosed for 2 weeks. After treatment with applications of HF burn jelly, he was confirmed as being completely recovered. The present cases and a review of published data suggest that an adequate method of emergency treatment for accidental HF poisoning is necessary.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1982

[Recent aspects of the treatment of local hydrofluoric acid erosion].

In experimental studies we compared the intraarterial injection of calcium to local infiltration of calcium as treatment of local hydrofluoric acid burns. We showed that intraarterial injection of calcium is the superior therapy in terms of earlier and more effective arrest of destruction. The results are better the earlier the injection is given. There were no local or systemic disturbances due to the intraarterial injection of calcium.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

7 cases of hydrofluoric acid burn in which calcium gluconate was effective for relief of severe pain.

We report 7 cases of chemical burns due to hydrofluoric acid (HF). The patients suffered from severe pain. However, the pain was relieved after treatment with calcium gluconate. 6 out of the 7 cases were men. At the accidental exposures, all the patients had been engaged in washing or cleaning work and received burns on their hands and/or fingers. In one case, the forearm was also involved. During such work, all the patients had used rubber gloves, but the gloves had pinholes. For the treatments, 4% calcium gluconate jelly was applied in 5 cases and 4 of 7 were subcutaneously injected with 8.5% calcium gluconate. The involved nails were removed in 5 cases. It is concluded that physicians should provide calcium gluconate jelly and subcutaneous injections to treat an HF burn and should not hesitate to remove the involved nails. To prevent chemical burn due to HF, education and reeducation of workers regarding the hazard of this chemical are necessary.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1993

Urine, serum and hair monitoring of hydrofluoric acid workers.

To define the relationship between fluoride (F) concentration in the serum, urine and hair of workers and the concentration of hydrofluoric acid (HF) in the work environment, pre- and postshift serum and urine samples of 142 HF exposed workers and 237 unexposed workers were examined. Hair specimens were also collected for the determination of F. To determine whether external contamination influences hair analysis, the control hair samples were kept in the work environment for one week. The pre-exposure levels in serum and urinary F in HF workers were higher (P < 0.01) than the control values. This suggests that F excretion from the body continues for at least 12 hours. The postshift serum and urinary F concentrations of these workers were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the preshift concentrations. The levels of F in the hair of HF workers were also higher than in the control subjects. The concentrations of F in postshift serum and urine, and hair were in good correlation to each other. There was a linear relationship between mean serum and urinary F concentrations and HF concentration in the workplace. A mean F concentration of 82.3 micrograms/l in serum and 4 mg/l in urine with a lower fiducial limit (95%, P = 0.05) of 57.9 micrograms/l in serum and 2 mg in urine were estimated to correspond to an atmospheric HF concentration of 3 ppm, which is the maximum allowable concentration recommended by Japan Association of Industrial Health and also the threshold limit value suggested by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Studies on the treatment of hydrofluoric acid burn.

Changes in serum and tissue and urinary levels of fluoride, calcium and other biochemical consequences were investigated in rats after experimental hydrofluoric acid (HF) burns, to obtain adequate method of emergency treatment for the injury. Increases in ionized fluoride and decreases in total and ionized calcium, in the sera were observed after contact with HF. Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia were observed over a 24 hour period. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were elevated in the sera taken within 24 hours after burn and fell to reference range once the calcium concentration had been raised. Electrocardiographic changes including severe bradycardia were observed. These results indicate that an HF skin burn results in systemic fluoride poisoning followed by hypocalcemia, hypersecretion of PTH, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia and other electrolytes imbalance. Flushing with running water was effective for HF burns. By applying 2.5% calcium gluconate jelly, concentrations of fluoride in the urine and the tissues surrounding the injured region were reduced. Thus, the present results proved that the irrigation with running water and the jelly applications was evaluated as the most effective therapy among various methods tested for the HF burn.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Intra-arterial calcium infusion for hydrofluoric acid burns.

Between March 3, 1987 and Sept. 8, 1989, intra-arterial calcium infusions were used to treat 28 patients (38 extremities) suffering hydrofluoric acid (HF) exposures that failed to respond to topical treatments. Although 18 of the injuries occurred at work, only 1 patient was using HF in a concentration greater than 12%. Many of these products were available over the counter. Most patients did not wear protective equipment and had no concept of the danger of injury from the product. Onset of symptoms (pain, erythema and edema) was delayed from 1 to 6 h after exposure. Arterial catheters were placed and the patient was begun on a protocol using 10 ml of 10% calcium chloride diluted with 40 ml normal saline and infused over a 4-h period. Each patient was allowed a 4-8 h rest period before assessing the need for additional infusions. Blood calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, PT, and PTT were monitored. Infusions were repeated until there was no tenderness. Using tenderness as an end-point increased the number of infusions compared to previous reports. The mean number of infusions was 4.1 (range, 1-10). Success (complete healing) was 100%. There was a significant rise in serum calcium, but not to dangerous levels (range 9.3-12.8). There was also a significant fall in magnesium, which reached levels requiring magnesium intravenously. There were no significant changes in phosphorus, PT, and PTT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Death due to hydrofluoric acid.

A case of death caused by an acid attack is presented. The victim, a young woman, was attacked by a person who threw acid onto her face. She reached the casualty department of a hospital where she died, a few hours later, from acute respiratory insufficiency due to the inhalation of acid vapors. The autopsy revealed severe chemical burns of her skin and lungs, with intense pulmonary hemorrhagic edema caused by the acid and its vapor. The subsequent chemical-toxicological analysis and the police investigation confirmed that death was due to hydrofluoric acid.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

Therapeutic effect of topical calcium gluconate for hydrofluoric acid burn--time limit for the start of the treatment.

BACKGROUND: There are few studies regarding the time-dependent effectiveness of topical calcium gluconate treatment for the experimental hydrofluoric acid (HF) burn. METHODS: For producing a HF-burn, a drop of 46% or 23% HF solution was put on the back of rats for 3 minutes followed by washing with tap water. Calcium gluconate jelly or ointment was then applied to the burn area at various time intervals. The ointment was applied once a day thereafter. RESULTS: The topical calcium gluconate treatment was much more effective if the application was started within 3 hours. On the other hand, if the application was started after 6 hours or more, there was no difference between the groups and the non-treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that practitioners should be ready to prepare quickly the calcium gluconate ointment to treat a HF burn, since the calcium gluconate ointment is not commercially available in Japan.

Administration, Topical↗