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Critical displacement of neural injuries in supracondylar humeral fractures in children.

To investigate a relation between the degree of initial fracture displacement and nerve complication, 53 consecutive acute extension-type supracondylar humeral fractures in children during 10 years were analyzed. From the initial roentgenographs, the direction and degree of displacement of each fracture were plotted on the coronal two-dimensional coordinates at the fracture site. The degree of displacement was represented by a diameter of the humeral shaft. Of 53 fractures, 42 were displaced. Six patients had nerve injuries, representing an 11.3% incidence of neurologic complication. Their displacements were >90% of the diameter of the shaft. Predictive negative and positive displacements of the median nerve were <90% of the diameter and >150% of that in posterolaterally displaced fractures, respectively. Those of radial nerve were <130% and >190% in posteromedially displaced fractures, respectively.

Adolescent↗

Displaced Proximal Humeral Fractures: Evaluation and Treatment.

Successful treatment of proximal humeral fractures relies on the surgeon's ability to make an accurate diagnosis. Treatment must be predicated on a thorough understanding of the complex shoulder anatomy, a precise radiographic evaluation, and use of a well-designed classification system. Appropriate and realistic goals must be established for each patient. The patient's general medical health, physiologic age, and ability to cooperate with intense and prolonged rehabilitation are all considerations when selecting the optimal treatment.

Journal Article↗

Treatment of severely displaced proximal humeral fractures in children with elastic stable intramedullary nailing.

We report on our 8-year experience of using elastic stable intramedullary nailing for severely displaced proximal humeral fractures in children. Fourteen patients (mean age 13.4 years) with seven epiphyseal and seven metaphyseal fractures underwent intramedullary nailing, using single nail fixation in 12 cases. Clinical and radiological healing was achieved at 2.4 and 3.2 months, respectively. Complications included temporary shoulder and elbow stiffness in one and four cases, respectively, one nail breakage at removal, two cases with minor humeral shortening, and two cases with minor varus deformity. At the final (14.6-month) follow up all patients had a symptom-free full range of motion. Elastic stable intramedullary nailing is a valid method of treating severely displaced proximal humeral fractures in children.

Adolescent↗

Open reduction and fixation of proximal humeral fractures and fracture-dislocations.

Open reduction and internal fixation was employed in the treatment of 25 severely displaced fractures and fracture-dislocations of the proximal humerus. Our aims were accurate reduction and stable fixation to allow early mobilisation and to achieve full functional recovery. In 15 fractures an AO T-plate was used and in 10 a bent semitubular plate was employed as a blade plate. Excellent or satisfactory results were obtained in all six patients with two-part fractures involving the surgical neck; in four of the five patients with three-part fractures involving the surgical neck and tuberosities; in nine of the 11 patients with fracture-dislocation; and in two of the three patients with split fractures of the humeral head. Overall results were good or satisfactory in 21 of the 25 cases. Unsatisfactory results were associated with rotator cuff damage.

Adult↗

Non-operative treatment versus tension-band osteosynthesis in three- and four-part proximal humeral fractures. A retrospective study of 34 fractures from two different trauma centers.

Thirty-four patients with three- and four-part proximal humeral fractures from two different trauma centres were studied retrospectively. Sixteen were treated without osteosynthesis and compared with 18 patients treated with tension-band fixation. Fracture classification and clinical examination were made by the same persons in both groups. Most of the three-part fractures healed with good pain relief and good function in daily life but often with a loss of motion. Four-part fractures often led to pain, loss of motion and of function. Conservative treatment seemed superior to tension-band fixation for three-part fractures. Four-part fractures healed with better function and range of motion after tension-band fixation.

Adult↗

Optimizing stability in distal humeral fracture fixation.

Restoration of painless and satisfactory elbow function after a fracture of the distal humerus requires anatomic reconstruction of the articular surface, restitution of the overall geometry of the distal humerus, and stable fixation of the fracture fragments to allow early and full rehabilitation. Although these goals are now widely accepted by the orthopaedic community, they may be technically difficult to achieve, especially in the presence of substantial osteoporosis or comminution. Failure, when it occurs, typically occurs at the supracondylar level through loss of fixation in the distal fragments. To prevent such failure and thereby maximize the potential for union and full elbow mobility after a severely fractured distal humerus, 2 principles must be satisfied: (1) fixation in the distal fragment must be maximized and (2) all fixation in distal fragments should contribute to stability between the distal fragments and the shaft. There are 8 technical objectives by which these principles are met: (1) every screw in the distal fragments should pass through a plate; (2) engage a fragment on the opposite side that is also fixed to a plate; (3) as many screws as possible should be placed in the distal fragments; (4) each screw should be as long as possible; (5) each screw should engage as many articular fragments as possible; (6) the screws in the distal fragments should lock together by interdigitation, creating a fixed-angle structure; (7) plates should be applied such that compression is achieved at the supracondylar level for both columns; and (8) the plates must be strong enough and stiff enough to resist breaking or bending before union occurs at the supracondylar level. These can be achieved with parallel plating. Severe metaphyseal comminution and bone loss are managed by supracondylar shortening. From the biomechanical data in the literature, 3 conclusions can be reached concerning fixation of distal humeral fractures. First, the concept that plates need to be placed perpendicular (90 degrees /90 degrees orientation) is unsubstantiated and incorrect. Second, parallel placement of 2 plates in the sagittal plane is as strong or stronger than the 90 degrees /90 degrees orientation. Finally, linking the plates together through the bone, thereby creating the architectural equivalent of an arch, offers the greatest biomechanical stability for comminuted distal humeral fractures. This can be done by interdigitating and locking the screws together as they pass through the distal fragments from the medial and lateral plates placed in the sagittal plane.

Bone Screws↗

Biomechanical evaluation of proximal humeral fracture fixation supplemented with calcium phosphate cement.

BACKGROUND: Proximal humeral fractures are common injuries, and numerous surgical methods have been described for their treatment. The biomechanical characteristics of various internal fixation devices that are used to treat these fractures have not been extensively studied, nor has the potential beneficial effect of calcium phosphate cement supplementation. METHODS: We used a cadaveric three-part proximal humeral osteotomy model to perform a biomechanical evaluation of three types of internal fixation devices: a cloverleaf plate, an angled blade-plate, and Kirschner wires. The effect of supplementing the fixation with SRS (Skeletal Repair System) calcium phosphate cement was evaluated as well. Eighteen pairs of fresh-frozen humeri were obtained, and the bone-mineral density of each specimen was measured. In each pair, one specimen was secured with internal fixation alone and the contralateral specimen was secured with internal fixation combined with calcium phosphate cement. The specimens were tested cyclically in abduction and in external rotation for 250 cycles to evaluate interfragmentary motion. The specimens were then loaded to failure in external rotation to measure torsional load to failure and torsional stiffness. RESULTS: Overall, there were no significant differences between the specimens treated with the blade and cloverleaf plates, whereas the specimens treated with Kirschner wires demonstrated more interfragmentary motion, less stiffness, and lower torque to failure. In general, supplementation with calcium phosphate cement led to significant improvements in the mechanical performance of all three forms of internal fixation as demonstrated by a significant decrease in interfragmentary motion, a significant increase in torque to failure, and a significant increase in torsional stiffness. The addition of calcium phosphate cement increased the stiffness of even the most osteoporotic specimens to levels that were higher than those of the most osteodense specimens that had been treated with internal fixation alone. CONCLUSION: The initial biomechanical properties of internal fixation as measured with use of a proximal humeral osteotomy model and three methods of fixation were significantly improved by the addition of calcium phosphate cement.

Aged↗

The use of elastic nails for intramedullary fixation of humeral fractures and nonunions.

From May 1993 to January 1997, a total of 130 humeral fractures and nonunions were treated using an "elastic" unreamed nail. The elastic nail consists of a cylindrical proximal component tapered for the application of the impactor-extractor, distally containing the proximal ends of four or five secondary nails preloaded to diverge and held together by a retaining system. The surgical approach is through the olecranic fossa apex. Once introduced, the proximal end of the nail locks automatically by diverging the secondary nails in the proximal humeral epiphysis. Distally, the elastic nail is locked with a crossbolt. The elastic nail enables stable fixation of fractures or nonunions and allows early rehabilitation.

Adult↗

Indications for prosthetic replacement in proximal humeral fractures.

Prosthetic replacement is a good treatment option in osteoporotic patients with four-part fractures, fracture-dislocations, head-split fractures with more than 40% articular surface involvement, anatomic neck fractures, dislocations present for longer than 6 months, and selected three-part fractures. Early prosthetic replacement of proximal humeral fractures has a better outcome than late reconstructive prosthetic management. Prosthetic design features specific forfracture care have led to a reduction in complications. Techniques will continue to improve as prosthetic design features specific for fractures evolve.

Adult↗

[The comparison of the results of treatment of displaced supracondylar humeral fractures by skeletal traction and percutaneous K-wire fixation in children].

The aim of the study was to compare of the results of treatment of displaced supracondylar humeral fractures by skeletal traction and percutaneous K-wire fixation in children. We assessed retrospectively the type and result of treatment of 23 children. We obtained very good results in all cases treated by closed reposition secured by percutaneous K-wire fixation. In the group treated by skeletal traction, in 5 cases reposition was inadequate with subsequent limitation of range of motion in the elbow joint. According to our results closed reposition and percutaneous fixation should be the method of choice in displaced supracondylar humeral fractures in children.

Adolescent↗

Neer arthroplasty for humeral fracture.

The Neer arthroplasty was performed in 10 patients with four-part proximal humeral fractures. The average follow-up was 2.5 years. No serious complications occurred. All but one became pain-free, but only four were classified as excellent or satisfactory. Videofluoroscopy revealed only minimal gleno-humeral movement in most cases.

Adult↗

Locked intramedullary nailing of humeral fractures.

Of 46 patients, 30 with fresh fractures of the humerus, nine with non-unions and seven with pathological fractures were treated with a new locked intramedullary nail. Of 30 patients with a fresh humeral fracture, three were lost to follow-up. All fresh fractures healed within 4 months. Functional results of the fresh fracture group were excellent in eighteen patients and satisfactory in three patients. Two patients with Neer type 6 fractures had unsatisfactory shoulder function; in the four other patients poor shoulder function resulted from a pre-existing condition. Out of nine non-unions, six united within 6 months. The three other patients with atrophic non-union required bone-grafting later, after which consolidation was obtained. The long functional recovery period of the non-union group was related to the pre-existing limited shoulder function. The seven patients with a pathological fracture died within 8 months of operation. While alive they were free from pain and could be nursed well.

Adolescent↗

Shoulder arthroplasty for late sequelae of proximal humeral fractures.

Twenty-eight patients with sequelae of proximal humeral fractures were treated with shoulder arthroplasty and were reviewed with a mean follow-up of 47 months. There were 8 malunions, 7 osteonecrosis, and 2 nonunions of the proximal humerus. Degenerative joint disease without any distortion of the tuberosities had developed in 11. We performed 8 total shoulder arthroplasties and 20 hemiarthroplasties. On the basis of the Neer criteria, the results were satisfactory in only 64%. Fifteen patients had superior migration of the implant. One patient had to be reoperated on because of deep infection. The prognosis was influenced positively by the integrity of the rotator cuff at surgery, whereas the need for greater tuberosity osteotomy worsened the final result. The data suggest that malunion of the greater tuberosity can be tolerated if it does not compromise acceptable positioning of the humeral component. However, if there is a malunion of the greater tuberosity with major displacement, an osteotomy must be performed, with unpredictable results.

Adult↗

Validity and reliability test of parent's satisfaction in children with closed totally displaced supracondylar humeral fracture.

OBJECTIVE: To construct a questionnaire with validity and reliability test of the parents' satisfaction in children with closed totally displaced supracondylar humeral fractures and to compare the satisfaction score between group A, closed reduction and pinning and group B,open reduction and pinning. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The questionnaire was developed in 19 items 5 dimensions 1. The deformity 2. The doctor and nursing care 3. The cosmetic results 4. The range of motion of the elbow 5. The complications. The content validity was approved by 5 experts. In item score. From 1996 to 2004, the parents of the children with fractures were included.Sixteen parents gave the satisfaction score 2 times by 1 month interval after 6 months from the initial injuries. Nine parents were in group A and 7 parents were in group B. The reliability test by Cronbach's alpha was done. The satisfaction score was compared between group A and group B. RESULTS: The average item score was 0.86 (0.6-1). The Cronbach's alpha was 0.6482 in group A and 0.8037 in group B. The mean parents satisfaction score were 81.4 in group A and 70.0 in group B with statistical significant difference (P = 0.008). CONCLUSION: The questionnaire had good validity and reliability and could be helpful in decision making for the choice of the treatment. The closed reduction should be done first from the parent's point of view.

Adult↗

Operative treatment of distal humeral fractures in the elderly.

We treated 49 patients at an average age of 80 years (75 to 90) with distal mostly intraarticular humeral fractures by open reduction. There were 8 class A, 13 class B and 28 class C fractures on Müller's classification. The patients were reviewed at a postoperative average of 18 months. The patients' assessment of the result was very good in 31%, good in 49%, fair in 15% and poor in 5%. The flexion-extension range was very good in 41%, good in 44% and fair in 15%. The incidence of implant failure, pseudarthrosis of the olecranon osteotomy and ulnar nerve lesion was no higher in these elderly patients than in younger patients. Old age is not a contraindication to open reduction and internal fixation; it is important to restore full function.

Age Factors↗

Minimally displaced proximal humeral fractures: epidemiology and outcome in 507 cases.

We analyzed 507 consecutive minimally displaced proximal humeral fractures and showed that, if the AO classification is used, there is variation in the incidence of minimally displaced fractures in the different AO sub-groups. Patients with Type A minimally displaced fractures are significantly younger than those with Type B or C fractures. 376 patients were followed for 1 year and 88% achieved excellent or good results with nonoperative management. Age was the main determinant of outcome, according to the Neer score and the time taken to return to activities of daily living. Subjectively, older patients felt that the results of treatment were better than the objective measurement of gleno-humeral function would indicate. Many patients with fair or poor results had co-morbidities that prevented a good result. The length of the physiotherapy course affected the outcome at 1 year.

Adolescent↗