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PubMed2004

Olfaction and the homing ability of pigeons raised in a tropical area in Brazil.

Several workers have investigated the effect of anosmia on pigeon navigation in different geographical locations because it has been suggested that homing behavior is based on different cues, such as olfactory cues, the Earth's magnetic field or infrasound, and that in the absence of one cue another would be used. In this situation, no cue is universally indispensable, including olfactory ones. In order to extend such observations to a novel biome, we observed the behaviour of 192 young inexperienced birds raised in southeastern Brazil, a tropical area where olfactory tests had never been run before. The birds were released from eight symmetrically distributed sites 17 to 44 km from the loft. Half of these birds (experimentals) had been made temporarily anosmic by washing their olfactory mucosae with 4% solution of ZnSO4 the day before release, while controls were treated with Ringer solution. The results of release tests showed that anosmia totally impaired the navigational performance of experimental birds, which were unable to home from sites at relatively short distances from home (34-44 km) and whose pooled initial bearings produced a (negative) homeward component not significantly different from 0. Homing performance of controls was significantly better, and their pooled vanishing bearings had a significant homeward component, in spite of much scatter in individual releases. We conclude that pigeon homing in the study area depends on olfactory information, even though local environmental conditions in the interior of the State of Sao Paulo, as in several other parts of the world, do not appear to be as favorable as Italy for the development of efficient olfactory navigation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The mother-infant relationship in single, cohabiting, and married families: a case for marriage?

Single-mother, cohabiting 2-parent, and married 2-parent families with infants were compared on maternal and infant behavior, Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) scores, and infant's security of attachment. Married mothers and their infants demonstrated more positive behavior and received higher HOME scores when the infant was 6 and 15 months old than did their cohabiting and single counterparts. Married families were also better off than single and cohabiting families on several demographic, parent personality, financial, and social context measures. Single and cohabiting families were similar across most measures. Selection variables (maternal age, ethnic group, and education) explained much, but not all, of the family structure differences in the mother-infant relationship and the HOME. Maternal psychological adjustment, attitudes about child rearing, income, and social support explained little of the family structure variation, suggesting that characteristics that preceded marriage and conception were important determinants of family structure differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Assessment and management of behavioral disturbances in nursing home patients with dementia.

Behavioral disturbances among nursing home patients with dementia are common and substantially affect patients and caregivers. Assessing the environmental, medical, and psychiatric causes of problematic behaviors and implementing a plan of behavioral, medical, and psychiatric management can reduce difficult target behaviors. This article presents a multifaceted approach to assessing patients with dementia who have behavioral problems, reviews medical and pharmacological management of these problems, and presents a multidisciplinary approach to developing treatment plans aimed at reducing such behaviors among nursing home patients with dementia.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in health-related quality of life and depression in heart transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: The intent of this study was to measure health-related quality of life and depression in 94 heart transplant recipients. METHODS: Changes in health-related quality of life and depression were examined by administering the Sickness Impact Profile and the Beck Depression Inventory before heart transplantation, as well as 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months after surgery. RESULTS: Sickness Impact Profile scores obtained before heart transplantation highlighted the greatest health-related quality of life dysfunction in work, sleep and rest, home management, and recreation and pastimes. Posttransplantation measures suggested improvement (p < 0.05) in emotional behavior, home management, mobility, ambulation, depression, eating behavior, social interaction, body care and movement, sleep and rest, recreation and pastimes, depression, and physical, overall, and psychosocial functioning. Continued improvement was noted up to 5 years after transplantation although patients continued to have marked work-related dysfunction. Age, medication regimen, rejection episodes, and a variety of preoperative medical variables were not related to health-related quality of life. Actuarial survival rates at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years were 89%, 87%, 80%, 79%, and 79%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that as early as 4 months after heart transplantation, patients show excellent functioning in most health-related quality of life areas. Survival rates are encouraging. Patients did not generally experience problems with depression within the first 4 months after heart transplantation. Notable problems remain after transplantation in rate of return to work where only 53% returned to work by 5 years after heart transplantation.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1997

HOME inventory and NCATS: relation to mother and child behaviors during naturalistic observations. Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment. Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships among the Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale (NCATS), the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) inventory, and interactive behaviors observed in the home for fifty-three 3-year-old, prematurely born children and their mothers. The total HOME score showed high internal consistency, with moderate subscale levels. NCATS total score showed high internal consistency, but low to moderate subscale consistency. Combining NCATS subscales into a mother subscale and child subscale improved internal consistency. The HOME and the NCATS mother subscale correlated with observed maternal behaviors, but the NCATS child subscale was unrelated to child behaviors. Relationships between observed behaviors and HOME scores did not differ for high- and low-education mothers or for Caucasians and African Americans, but only low-education mothers and African Americans exhibited correlations between NCATS scores and observed behaviors. These results show the HOME, NCATS, and naturalistic observations measure related, but not overlapping, aspects of the mother's contribution to her relationship with her child, but the NCATS child subscale should be used with caution with 3-year-olds.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Brief report: In-home family therapy for adolescents with poorly controlled diabetes: failure to maintain benefits at 6-month follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To examine 6-month follow-up data on the effectiveness of in-home Behavioral Family Systems Therapy (BFST) for adolescents with poorly controlled diabetes, using a pilot and feasibility study. METHODS: Eighteen adolescents with poorly controlled diabetes received ten 90-min sessions of in-home BFST. Diabetes-related functioning, general family functioning, and health status were assessed at baseline, immediately following treatment and 6-months after the treatment. RESULTS: Although the initial posttreatment follow-up evaluation indicated decreases in general family conflict, diabetes-related family conflict, and behavior problems, evaluation at a 6-month follow-up (N = 17) demonstrated that initial posttreatment improvements were no longer present for any of the variables assessed. Metabolic control remained unchanged from baseline to initial posttreatment as well as at 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: A plausible explanation for this finding is that participating families were experiencing distress that required longer-term treatment for enduring results, beyond what was employed in this study. Further research is necessary before in-home BFST can be considered an effective psychosocial intervention for adolescents with poorly controlled diabetes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Dampening of the cortisol response to handling at 3 months in human infants and its relation to sleep, circadian cortisol activity, and behavioral distress.

The decrease in responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) system is marked over the first months of life. Seventy-eight healthy infants (44 girls), 7 to 15 weeks old, were given a laboratory mock physical examination. Salivary cortisol samples were collected pre- and postexamination and at home. Behavioral state during the examination and home sleep/wake activity were measured. Subjects younger than 11 weeks showed an increase in pre- to postexamination cortisol, while older subjects did not. Further, there was no decrease in behavioral distress to the examination with age. Infants who showed an early- morning peak (EMP) in home cortisol levels were significantly older and were likely to be those who slept through the night. However, the presence of an EMP was not associated with a lack of cortisol response to the examination. The decrease in cortisol responsiveness witnessed around the age of 3 months is presumably due to other processes associated with age, and not with the expression of the day-night rhythm in basal cortisol.

Arousal↗
PubMed1978

Relationships between child-rearing styles and child behavior over time.

We investigate the hypothesis that "authoritarian" styles of child rearing will lead to more home and school problems than will "accommodative" styles. One hundred thirty-five children have been followed up from age 2 into first grade. Follow-up observations show no significant differences between groups on any of the scores indicating malfunctioning for boys or girls at home or school. However, the home behavior of boys being raised with accommodative styles was described in more positive terms by their mothers than those raised with authoritarian styles. The accommodatively raisded girls were described in more positive terms by their first grade teachers. We found no evidence in this study that the permissive style is producing large numbers of "spoiled brats" nor that the authoritarian styles are producing large numbers of overly aggressive or inhibited children. The way parents handle authority relationships is not sufficientyl predictive of later problems to warrant any widespread attempts by physicians to change them. The physician should respect individual differences in child-rearing syle and only intervene where there is substantial evidence that a particular approach is having a harmful effect.

Authoritarianism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of the occupational disruptiveness scale of the neuropsychiatric inventory-nursing home version to measure the impact of rivastigmine on the disruptive behavior of nursing home residents with Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVES: The Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Nursing Home Version (NPI-NH) was used to study the impact of rivastigmine (Exelon; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ), on occupational disruptiveness (OD), a proxy measure for professional caregiver burden. METHODS: The study was a prospective, multicenter, open-label, single-arm trial with NH residents prescribed rivastigmine (up to 6 mg bid) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. The NPI-NH was completed by NH staff caregivers at time of initiation of treatment with rivastigmine (T1), at treatment weeks 10 to 14 (T2), at treatment weeks 24 to 28 (T3), and at treatment weeks 50 to 54 (T4). RESULTS: Observations ranged from 173 at baseline to 73 at week 52. All but one patient had either moderate or severe dementia. Total OD score means were 4.7 +/- 6.1, 3.9 +/- 5.0, 4.19 +/- 5.6, and 2.79 +/- 2.8 at baseline, and weeks 12, 26, and 52 (T1-T4), respectively, with significant difference found between T1 and T4. Except for euphoria and disinhibition at T3 and T4, all correlations between OD scores and the domain scores of the NPI, were significant. Rivastigmine dose was an independent variable that affected OD change. CONCLUSION: Treatment with rivastigmine was associated with a reduction in the self-reported professional caregiver burden, as assessed by the NPI-NH OD scale.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Opiates and homing.

Beginning at 15 days of age. Long-Evans rat pups were trained to run toward their home cage in a T-maze task. Morphine (.5-1.0 mg/kg sc) slowed initial acquisition running times but did not change the number of trials required to learn the position habit. Morphine markedly impeded extinction of the homing behavior. Opiate-treated animals ran as accurately and as quickly toward home on the 12th day of extinction as on the first (10 trials given per day). Conversely, naloxone (1 mg/kg sc) reduced resistance to extinction. The morphine effect was not state-dependent since the drug also impeded extinction in animals that had acquired the task under saline. The morphine effect was blocked by naloxane, which indicates that the increased resistance to extinction was due to an opiate receptor effect. These results indicate that morphine has a strong capacity to sustain a social habit in the absence of reinforcement.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Impaired bone marrow homing of cytokine-activated CD34+ cells in the NOD/SCID model.

The reduced engraftment potential of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) after exposure to cytokines may be related to the impaired homing ability of actively cycling cells. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying the short-term homing of human adult CD34+ cells in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) animals. We show that the loss of engraftment ability of cytokine-activated CD34+ cells is associated with a reduction in homing of colony-forming cells (CFCs) to bone marrow (BM) at 24 hours after transplantation (from median 2.8% [range, 1.9%-6.1%] to 0.3% [0.0%-0.7%]; n = 3; P < .01), coincident with an increase in CFC accumulation in the lungs (P < .01). Impaired BM homing of cytokine-activated cells was not restored by using sorted cells in G0G1 or by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G1/S border. Blocking Fas ligation in vivo did not increase the BM homing of cultured cells. Finally, we tested cytokine combinations or culture conditions previously reported to restore the engraftment of cultured cells but did not find that any of these was able to reverse the changes in homing behavior of cytokine-exposed cells. We suggest that these changes in homing and, as a consequence, engraftment result from the increased migratory capacity of infused activated cells, leading to the loss of selectivity of the homing process.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Behavior problems at homes for the aged. An inventory of 6 homes for the aged and a comparison with various nursing homes].

An inventory of behavioural problems by means of the 'Beoordelingsschaal voor Oudere Patiënten' (BOP, Behaviour Rating Scale for Elderly Patients), was made in six residential homes. About half of the 673 residents made little social contact and showed depressive behaviour. Apathy and difficulties spending their time were found in 30% of the residents. Behaviour associated with cognitive dysfunctions was observed in 14%. Approximately 5% of the residents had very severe physical disabilities. Thus, in the residential homes we found a wide range of behavioural problems. These place high demands on the organisation and quality of the care. The BOP-scores of the subjects in the residential homes were compared with those sampled in the same period in a nursing home for patients suffering from physical disabilities (N = 152) and a psychogeriatric nursing home (N = 169). Highly significant differences between the inhabitants of the residential homes on the one hand and the nursing homes on the other, were found for the subscales dependency, social disturbance, physical disability, orientation/communication and apathy. Only depression-scores were the same in the three types of institutions. These results contradict the often-heard opinion that the problems of care and assistance in residential homes increasingly resemble those of nursing homes.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1977

Counseling parents of children with behavior problems: the use of extinction and time-out techniques.

The pediatrician is the professonal most frequently sought out for advice concerning disciplinary problems with children in the home. Behavioral psychologists have advocated the use of contingent ignoring and time-out procedures to help reduce problem behaviors; however, practicing pediatricians have found that these two procedures are often not successful. In fact, sometimes the two procedures seem to exacerbate inappropriate behavior. This paper documents the difficulties found in using the ignoring and/or time-out procedures in the home setting. Ptential pitfalls in the use of ignoring, including not specifying the target behavior, not taking a baseline, inadvertently, intermittently reinforcing the inappropriate behavior, response bursts, spontaneous recovery, and not reinforcing an appropriate alternative behavior, are described. In addition, several pitfalls in the use of the time-out procedure, including selection of isolation area, inappropriate selection of time intervals, interference from others in the family, and escape attempts on the part of the child are discussed. For each potential problem a remedy is suggested.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1990

Caregivers' perception of aggressive behavior in cognitively impaired nursing home residents.

Aggressive behaviors of nursing home residents represent a significant problem for caregivers and families. A guided interview format was used to collect data from 21 nurses and 20 nursing assistants in order to gather information on the characteristics of aggressive behavior and how it is managed in cognitively impaired nursing home residents. Sixty-eight percent of the caregivers stated the residents were physically aggressive, while 95% cited verbal aggression. Aggression occurred most commonly in the mornings while the caregiver was dressing the resident. Inadequate staffing and new staff were both seen as problems by the caregivers. Talking soothingly and assuring the resident were techniques initially used to comfort the residents. Reasoning with the resident was the most common follow-up procedure used by the caregivers.

Aggression↗
PubMed1986

Preparation for effective self-regulation: the development of generalized verbal control.

A correspondence training procedure was used to develop consistency between children's verbalizations and their subsequent behavior across increasingly remote settings and time. The interval of time between the verbalizations and the opportunity to engage in several target behaviors was systematically increased across four preschool settings. Probes of generalized verbal control of home behaviors were conducted throughout training and showed that generalization was obtained in the absence of any salient externally imposed contingencies after the children had reliably come under the control of verbalizations about preschool behaviors.

Child Behavior Disorders↗