Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “HOGS”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Pathogenesis of classical swine fever: B-lymphocyte deficiency caused by hog cholera virus.

Hog cholera, also known as classical or European swine fever, is caused by hog cholera virus, a member of the genus Pestivirus. It is shown here that the end stage of lethal infection in the natural host is associated with a dramatic depletion preferentially of B lymphocytes in the circulatory system as well as in lymphoid tissues. Already at the onset of disease, viral replication in lymphoid tissues demarcates the germinal centers, and the viral genome remains localized to that site as the disease progresses even after morphologic disintegration of the follicular structure. A block in B-lymphocyte maturation by infection and destruction of germinal centers is discussed as a key event in the pathogenesis of acute, lethal hog cholera.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Hog barn dust extract stimulates IL-8 and IL-6 release in human bronchial epithelial cells via PKC activation.

Hog barn workers have an increased incidence of respiratory tract symptoms and demonstrate an increase in lung inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6. Utilizing direct kinase assays for protein kinase C (PKC) activation, we demonstrated that dust from hog confinement facilities, or hog dust extract (HDE), augments PKC activity of human airway epithelial cells in vitro. A 5% dilution of HDE typically stimulates an approximately twofold increase in human bronchial epithelial cell (HBEC) PKC activity compared with control medium-treated cells. This increase in PKC is observed with 15 min of HDE treatment, and kinase activity reaches peak activity by 1-2 h of HDE treatment before returning to baseline PKC levels between 6 and 24 h. The classic PKC inhibitor, calphostin C, blocks HDE-stimulated PKC activity and associated IL-8 and IL-6 release. Desensitization to HDE stimulation of PKC activation does not appear to occur because subsequent exposures to HDE after an initial exposure result in further augmentation of PKC. Detoxification of HDE with polymyxin B to remove endotoxin did not change PKC activation or IL-8 release, suggesting that endotoxin is not solely responsible for HDE augmentation of PKC. These data support the hypothesis that HDE exposure augments HBEC IL-8 and IL-6 release via a PKC-dependent pathway.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1978

Lack of inhibition of hog renin by heparin.

These experiments were performed to test if heparin inhibits the production of angiotensin I from rat renin substrate acted upon by either rat or hog renin. Substrate was prepared from the plasma of nephrectomized rats; commercially prepared hog renin and heparin (0-50 units/ml, final concentration) were added and angiotensin I production was measured by radioimmunoassay following incubation of the mixture at 37-38 degrees C for 30 min. Heparin had no effect on the radioimmunoassay for angiotensin I, nor on the Vmax nor the Km of the renin-renin substrate reaction. Heparin (0 and 50 units/ml, final concentration) was added to rat plasma which contained renin and renin substrate. No effect of heparin on the rate of production of angiotensin I was observed in this system. In conclusion, rat and hog renin are not inhibited by heparin within the range of concentrations used.

Angiotensin I↗
PubMed1976

Partial purification of a high molecular weight renin from hog kidney.

Previous investigators have reported finding a high molecular weight (HMW) renin in various species which is activated by acidification. Two laboratories have reported that a decrease in molecular weight of the renin accompanies the acidification step. This report describes the partial purification of an HMW renin from hog kidney extracts which had previously been acidified to pH 2.5. The HMW renin, with a molecular weight of 57,000-59,000, constitutes only a small, relatively constant fraction of the total renin isolated. Omission of the acidification step or initial acidification to pH 1.6 does not change the amount of HMW renin significantly. The HMW renin attacks the protein substrate to produce angiotensin at about one-fourth the rate expected, based upon the rate at which it cleaves the tetradecapeptide substrate or a model nonapeptide substrate. It is inactivated by antiserum to hog kidney renin prepared in dogs. It is less stable than hog renin when stored at 0 degrees C. The HMW renin has a pH optimum between 6.5 and 7.0. It is not activated by acidification to pH 3, nor by tryptic or peptic digestion. We have been unable to activate HMW renin or to change its molecular weight by procedures reported by other investigators and therefore conclude that the HMW renin differs from material previously reported and may be an isoenzyme of renin.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1984

Ocular and orbital cysticercosis in hogs.

The prevalence of cysticercosis in hog muscles was correlated with oculo-orbital prevalence, and histologic characteristics of changes in the parasite and hog were observed. The orbital contents, globe, and eyelids of 39 hogs affected with Cysticercus cellulosae were examined. Thirty-seven parasites were found: 35 within the orbit and two intraocular. Twenty parasites with adjacent host tissue were studied histologically. Inflammatory infiltrates ranging from diffuse lymphoplasmacytic to dense granulomas were seen in 16 cysticerci. The scolex was unaltered in all specimens.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

From pigsties to hog heaven?

In the continuing transformation of U.S. agriculture, North Carolina finds itself on the front edge of change. Between 1989 and 1998, the number of hogs in the state's pork industry quintupled---and so has the amount of hog waste that must be disposed of. Now the state has engaged private and public resources in a rapid search for better ways for handling hog waste. A technology review panel has approved the first round of proposals for a number of novel technologies to be developed through funds from a government-industry agreement. A second batch of proposals is expected to be approved by late summer.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2003

A toxicity identification evaluation approach to studying estrogenic substances in hog manure and agricultural runoff.

Spreading liquid manure on agricultural fields is a routine way of disposing of animal manure and optimizing the use of nutrients for crops. Limited studies suggest that these wastes may contain a variety of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) that may be released into aquatic environments through runoff. The purpose of this study was to apply a toxicity identification and evaluation approach to isolate and identify estrogenic compounds in hog manure. A recombinant yeast estrogen screen bioassay was used to detect estrogenicity of high-performance liquid chromatography--separated hog manure fractions. Further analytical analyses of the fractions and comparison to authentic standards resulted in the identification of the endogenous estrogens 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone, and the phytoestrogen metabolite, equol. High levels of equol (6.9-16.6 ppm) were found to be present in manure that was stored for several months. The endocrine-disrupting potential of equol was characterized further by using fish hormone estrogen receptor (ER), sex hormone binding protein (SSBP), and goldfish androgen receptor (AR) radioligand binding assays. Equol was found to be approximately 1,000- and 200-fold less potent that E2 in competing for binding sites of the SSBP and ER, respectively. Equol's potency was 2,200-fold less than testosterone for the AR. Additional studies confirmed the presence of compounds with estrogenic activity in tile drain water after application of hog manure to an agriculture field. In this case, the contribution of equol to the total estrogenicity of the tile drain water was minimal relative to that of natural estrogens. Overall, this study indicates that further work is warranted to assess the impact that EDCs that originate from agricultural runoff may have on the ecology or physiology of exposed biota.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1993

Application of a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serological monitoring of hog cholera (classical swine fever) in Poland.

Between 1990 and 1992, serum samples from 55,478 domestic swine were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of hog cholera virus (HCV) antibodies. The amount of antibody in the sera was expressed as the mean percentage inhibition (PI). For diagnosis, the tested sera were diluted 1:2 and considered positive if the PI was less than 25%. Sera giving PI values in the range of 25-50% were retested against HCV and bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV), by neutralising peroxidase-linked assay. Comparison of the serum titres obtained was used for serological diagnosis of hog cholera; the tested sera were considered negative for hog cholera if the titre for BVDV was higher than that obtained for HCV. All sera with a PI higher than 50% were considered negative for HCV and BVDV. All sera were found to be free of antibodies to HCV. BVDV antibodies were demonstrated in 0.40% of the sera tested in 1990, in 1.80% in 1991 and 1.06% in 1992.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Comparative economic analysis of recombinant porcine somatotropin (pST) for the hog-pork industry.

A multisector model was formulated to simulate the effects of recombinant porcine somatotropin (pST) on the U.S. hog-pork industry. A producer sector submodel was specified for nine hog-producing states, and a retail-wholesale sector was specified on a national level. Four pST adoption scenarios were tested; these differed in the extent of feed cost reduction (15 vs 25%) with or without premium pricing ($3 per animal). Simulation results show that, in general, national producer and retail prices will fall and pork consumption and production will increase due to pST use during the 5 yr of adoption. Responses to pST in terms of percentage of sows farrowing among states differed; states that produce more pork responded less than states that produce less. Downward price adjustments occurred and began stabilizing in the 4th yr; hog farmers will need to use pST to remain competitive.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2004

Odor from industrial hog farming operations and mucosal immune function in neighbors.

The authors evaluated whether exposure to malodor from industrial hog farming operations has a psychophysiologically mediated immunosuppressive effect on secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in neighbors. Fifteen adults living within 2.4 km (1.5 mi) of at least one hog farming operation rated odor intensity on a 9-point scale and provided saliva samples twice daily for two weeks. The authors used hierarchical regression to model the association between reported odor and sIgA; study participants were their own controls. The natural log of slgA concentration and secretion rate declined, on average, 0.058 (0.032) and 0.116 (0.103), respectively, for each incremental 1-unit increase in reported odor from 4 to 9, adjusted for time of day, suggesting reduced levels of sIgA in response to moderate or high odor. Findings support the hypothesized immunosuppressive effect of malodor on mucosal immunity and provide preliminary data useful in understanding health effects related to malodor from industrial hog farming operations.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcass samples from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario.

The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella organisms, especially Salmonella Typhimurium DT104, has been reported in many countries, including the United States and Canada. The purposes of this study were to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcasses from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario and to determine the agreement between the agar dilution method and the microbroth dilution method for measurement of antimicrobial resistance of the isolates. Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolates from hogs (n = 71), beef (n = 24), and chicken (n = 295) to amikacin, ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline was determined using the two methods. None of the 390 isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin at levels of 0.125 microg/ml. All chicken and hog isolates were sensitive to amikacin, whereas all beef isolates were sensitive to both amikacin and gentamicin. Multiple antimicrobial resistance (resistance to more than one antimicrobial) was found in 29% of bovine isolates and 42% of porcine isolates using both methods for testing and in 42% by the agar dilution and 33% by the microbroth dilution methods in the chicken isolates. Overall, there was good agreement between the two test methods for resistance to most of the antimicrobials, with disagreement found in the results in 1.3% of the isolates for ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole, 8.2% for streptomycin, 5.6% for cephalothin, and 1.0% of the isolates for tetracycline. The lack of agreement between the two test methods was found mostly among the chicken isolates.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed2002

[Cloning of the major antigen region of E2 gene of hog cholera virus and expression in Escherichia coli].

The major antigen region of E2 gene of Hog Cholera Prevalent Strain (Guangxi Yuling Strain) and Chinese Hog Cholera Lapinised Virus (C-strain) derived from hog and rabbit spleen tissue, was amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and the nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR). After the amplified fragments were cloned into the expression vector pPROEX-HTb, the recombinant plasmids pPROEX-GXYL and pPROEX-C were obtained. The insert position, the size and the reading frame were right by PCR, restriction digestion and the sequence analysis. SDS-PAGE indicated that both of the reciepient germs transducted and induced by the recombinant plasmids pPROEX-GXYL and pPROEX-C could express the major antigen region of E2 gene. Western-blot indicated that the expressed antigen protein could be recognized by the positive serum of CSFV.

Blotting, Western↗
PubMed1977

Pure Renin. Isolation from hog kidney and characterization.

The pressor enzyme renin (EC 3.4.99.19) was isolated in a pure and stable form from hog kidney by affinity chromatography on a pepstatin/agarose gel followed by three additional steps of conventional chromatography. Destruction of the enzyme by proteolysis during isolation was prevented by chemically eliminating proteases in extracts. The pure preparation was used for the characterization of this enzyme. Renin was found to be a glycoprotein containing glucosamine and possessing binding affinity to concanavalin A. Contrary to previous reports, pure renin is stable at neutral pH either at 4 or -20 degrees for 3 to 8 weeks. It has a molecular weight of 36,400 as determined by equilibrium ultracentrifugation, an isoelectric point of 5.2 and E1%1cm (280 nm) of 9.1. In contrast to crude preparations, the enzyme activity has a broad pH optimum between pH 5.5 and 7.0 for both hog angiotensinogen and the synthetic octapeptide substrate benzyloxycarbonyl-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-Ser-beta-naphthylamide. The rate of formation of angiotensin I from hog angiotensinogen at pH 6.0 and 37 degrees was 267 microng/h/microng of renin, or 2000 Goldblatt units/mg of renin. For the synthetic fluorogenic octapeptide substrate benzyloxycarbonyl-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-Ser-beta-naphthylamide, a Km of 33 micronM and a Vmax of 0.94 micronmol/h/mg of enzyme were obtained at pH 6.5 and 37 degrees.

Angiotensinogen↗
PubMed1977

Tween 80: a marker for differentiation of hog cholera and bovine viral diarrhea viruses.

Markers for differentiating hog cholera and bovine viral diarrhea viruses were studied using Tween 80, chloroform, trichlorotrifluoroethane and tri (n-butyl) phosphate. Attenuated A and virulent Ames strains of hog cholera virus were employed. Moreover, the NADL PK-15 cell culture adopted strain and low cell culture passaged Purdue strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus were used. These viruses were reacted with 2,500 micrograms/ml of Tween 80 for one hour at 37 degrees C. When attenuated A and virulent Ames strains of hog cholera virus with titers greater than 10(6) and 10(5) plaque forming units respectively, were reacted with Tween 80 the titer of each strains was reduced by approximately 10(4) plaque forming units of virus. When either strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus was reacted with Tween 80, virus was not detected.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Differences in pathogenicity and antigenicity among hog cholera virus strains.

Using antiserum against a particular strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus, the strains of hog cholera virus were divided into two groups, H and B, on the basis of the difference in the degree of neutralization. Group H consisted of strains reacting poorly in neutralization, and group B Consisted of strains reacting well with bovine viral diarrhea antiserum. Most of the strains of group H induced a typical clinical form of hog cholera in experimentally infected pigs. Inoculation of pigs with a strain of group B, however, resulted in a chronic type of illness. When immunized with bovine viral diarrhea virus, pigs succumbed to challenge with group H virus after showing clinical signs of hog cholera, but survived challenge with group B virus without manifesting any clinical sign.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Characterization of hog kidney renin-binding protein: interconversion between monomeric and dimeric forms.

A radioimmunoassay for hog kidney renin-binding protein (RnBP) was developed. Using this assay method, we investigated the properties of hog kidney RnBP. The lower limit of detection was 24 fmol RnBP. The molecular weight of RnBP in hog kidney extract, as well as the purified RnBP, was estimated to be 65,000 by gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA 44. When the purified RnBP was treated with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) or 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), the molecular weight was reduced to 38,000. DTNB-treated RnBP was reconverted to the 65,000-dalton species with dithiothreitol. Cross-linked high molecular weight species of RnBP were produced by the reaction of native RnBP with dimethyl suberimidate, but formation of such species was much less with NEM-treated RnBP. These results suggest that the native RnBP exists as a dimeric form and dissociates to a monomeric form by sulfhydryl-alkylating or -oxidizing reagent. It was shown from analysis of amino acid composition of S-carboxymethylated RnBP and titration of sulfhydryl groups of native and NEM-treated RnBP with DTNB that native RnBP contained twelve cysteine residues and that three cysteine residues were alkylated by NEM under the conditions employed.

Alkylation↗
PubMed1977

Evidence that pancreatic proteases enhance vitamin B12 absorption by acting on curde preparations of hog gastric intrinsic factor and human gastric juice.

Crude preparations of hog gastric intrinsic factor or their own previously collected gastric juices administered with labeled vitamin B12 did not enhance vitamin B12 absorption in patients with vitamin B12 malabsorption secondary to pancreatic insufficiency. However, when these sources of gastric intrinsic factor were incubated with three times crystallized preparations of insolubilized bovine trypsin or chymotrypsin, the proteolytic enzymes were removed by centrifugation, and the preparations of gastric intrinsic factor were readministered to these patients, the absorption of vitamin B12 was markedly enhanced. Studies of hog gastric intrinsic factor before and after exposure to proteolytic enzymes failed to show any difference on Sephadex chromatography or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or on its affinity for vitamin B12 or the ileal receptor in guinea pigs. These investigations demonstrate that: (1) gastric intrinsic factor as secreted by subjects with pancreatic insufficiency or obtained from hog pyloric mucosal extracts is ineffective in promoting vitamin B12 absorption in patients with pancreatic insufficiency, (2) incubation of crude preparations of gastric intrinsic factor with insolubilized pancreatic proteases modified these preparations of gastric intrinsic factor in an as yet undefined manner, allowing them to enhance vitamin B12 absorption, and (3) in vitro studies using gut sacs or brush border preparations do not reflect the abnormality in vitamin B12 absorption associated with pancreatic dysfunction.

Anemia, Pernicious↗
PubMed1966

The transmission of hog cholera virus by Trichinella spiralis larvae.

Studies have been carried out to determine (a) the possible role of T. spiralis larvae in the transmission of hog cholera virus and (b) to determine the effect of elevated swine temperature on the viability of trichinae. Trichina larvae from hog cholera infected swine were freed from diaphragmatic tissue by artificial digestion. Washed and disinfected larvae transmitted hog cholera virus while the supernatant digestive fluid did not transmit the virus. Infectivity of the virus was lost when the larvae were transmitted through albino rats before administration to swine. Temperature elevation of the swine did not affect the viability of the trichinae.

Animals↗