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PubMed2002

Pesticide soil contamination mainly affects earthworm male reproductive parameters.

AIM: To explore the effect of exposure to commercial Parathion (Pc) on the reproductive parameters (sperm and cocoon production and genotoxicity on male germ cells), the survival, the body weight and the gross anatomical changes in Eisenia foetida. METHODS: Three doses of Pc (1478, 739 and 444 mg/kg of soil) and three time intervals of exposure (5, 15 and 30 days) were used. RESULTS: All treated animals were affected. An acute genotoxic effect, revealed by DNA fragmentation (comet assay), was seen by 5 days. Alterations in reproductive parameters were conspicuous in regard to the number of sperm, cocoons and worms born, and the histological observation of the gonads and seminal receptacles. In addition, the body weight and survival rate were decreased. Neuromuscular function was also affected. CONCLUSION: Earthworms are suitable bioindicators of chemical contamination of the soil, their advantage being their easy and economical handling.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Experience of tubal surgery for infertility at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

The magnitude of fallopian tube disease and their contribution to infertility in Nigeria and in Africa are gross among the cohorts of women presenting with difficulty in childbearing. The objective of the study is to assess the trend and pattern of tubal disease in infertility and pregnancy rate among patients undergoing tubal surgery at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex. A descriptive retrospective study of all cases of tubal disease in infertility who admitted for surgery between January 1st 1993 and December 31st, 2000 at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex. There were 6144 infertile women among 29,011 females of reproductive age group attending the hospital during the study period giving an overall incidence of infertility of 21.2%. Among this group, 1352(22%) were due to tubal disease. One hundred and twenty five (125) of these patients showed up for surgery and thirteen pregnancies were recorded giving an overall pregnancy rate of 10.8%. About one in four of these patients had had previous tubal surgery for infertility. Salopingolysis had the best pregnancy rate with about 19.3% success. Tubal disease is a common cause of infertility in South Western Nigeria and success rates following surgery are low. We advocate the establishment of regional fertility centres as a cost effective way of improving access to modern assisted conception techniques.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Reproductive studies in the iron-deficient rat.

Severe iron-deficient anemia was produced in the rat by diet. Controls consisted of animals raised on the same diet but injected with iron intraperitoneally. The deficient rats were bred and found to have normal numbers of corpora leutea of pregnancy and implantation sites. Resorptions were very common, and only about 25% of the deficient fetuses were viable on day 20. The peak mortality occurred on about day 12 of gestation. The viable fetuses were smaller than the controls, and a predominance of females was found. More eye defects occurred in the deficient groups, but a significantly increased gross defect rate over controls did not occur. The deficient maternal hemoglobins dropped during pregnancy, and the maternal and fetal hemoglobins on day 20 of gestation averaged 4.5 and 4.7 gm/dl, respectively. Partial treatment of the deficient animals by iron injection on days 0 and 7, or on day 7, prevented embryonic and fetal loss and partially corrected both fetal and maternal hemoglobin concentrations.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Long-term evaluation of the diethylstilbestrol (DES) syndrome in adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

This study was designed to examine the transplacental effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Nineteen pregnant females received an approximate human therapeutic dose of 1 mg/day DES beginning on gestational day 21 (Group I), day 100 (Group II), or day 130 (Group III) until term. Colposcopic examination and vaginal biopsies were performed in eight female offspring at 6- and 12-month intervals beginning at 3.5 years of age until death between 5 and 12 years of age. Gross and histological evidence of vaginal adenosis was observed in five of eight (62.5%) females. Adenosis, which occurred in all treatment groups, did not develop into neoplasia; rather, it underwent metaplasia and reversion to squamous epithelium, a frequent observation in human DES cases. The vaginal ridging and/or cervical hooding characteristic of the human syndrome was observed in all exposed females. Although menstrual cyclicity was not impaired, there appeared to be a lower pregnancy rate in treated animals compared to age-matched controls. This long-term evaluation of reproductive morphology and function in the rhesus monkey has provided a useful model for studying the history of benign vaginocervical abnormalities induced by prenatal DES treatment.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2000

Common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) mortality at the National Zoological Park: implications for clinical management.

Six out of seven cuttlefish acquired by the Smithsonian National Zoological Park in July 1998 died before 1 November 1998. Postmortem examinations showed mantle ulcers, secondary bacterial infections, inanition, and cuttlebone fractures. The surviving cuttlefish developed a progressive focal mantle ulcer, was treated with oral chloramphenicol intermittently for 9 wk, and maintained a normal appetite and growth rate until death at 7 mo of age. The National Zoological Park pathology database showed signalments, histories, and causes of mortality of 186 common cuttlefish, each 1-14 mo old, that received gross and histologic examinations; for example, the largest group of cuttlefish of known sex, age, and body weight at postmortem were 7-9 mo old and weighed an average of 376.2 g (males, n = 18) and 299.0 g (females, n = 15). Many cuttlefish had multiple pathologic diagnoses. Significant diseases included inflammation and secondary bacterial infections, especially gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory, reproductive, and ophthalmic, and septicemia due to Vibrio spp. or other gram-negative bacteria. Mantle lesions, including ulceration/dermatitis, abscess/granuloma, necrosis/fibrosis/cellulitis, and laceration/abrasion/erosion, were also identified, along with inanition, cuttlebone lesions, and trauma. Mantle lesions were associated with secondary bacterial infections and death. On the basis of this information, if captive cuttlefish behavior creates risk for development of mantle lesions, administration of antibiotics effective against gram-negative bacteria may delay or halt disease progression. Cuttlefish exhibits require proper design, husbandry, economic resources, and staffing to minimize disease syndromes and mortality.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1996

Two-generation reproduction study of erythritol in rats.

Erythritol was fed at dietary concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5, or 10% to Crl:(WI) WU BR rats of both sexes through two successive generations (F0 and F1). Twenty-four rats of each sex were mated in each group. For each generation one litter was reared until the pups were 21 days old. In the 10% erythritol group, food consumption among F0-males and -females was initially significantly reduced until the animals adapted to the erythritol diet during the first week of the study. Thereafter, food intake was higher than in controls. A consistently increased food intake also was seen in F1-males and-females of this dose group. This effect was considered to result from the caloric dilution of the food by erythritol, which has a low physiological energy value. The lower body weight and weight gain of the F0-animals of the 10% erythritol group were attributed to the initially reduced food consumption and occurrence of transient diarrhea until the animals had adapted to the erythritol intake. In the F1-animals of the 10% erythritol group, which were adapted to the treatment from weaning, the rate of body weight gain did not differ from controls. The F1-males and -females of this dose group did, however, have a reduced body weight from weaning, which was attributed to a reduced energy intake among the corresponding F0-dams during Weeks 2 and 3 of lactation. This effect was not seen in the F2-generation. It is concluded that under the conditions of this experiment, the intake of erythritol had no adverse effect on fertility and reproductive performance of parent rats or on the development of their progeny. Gross necropsy and microscopic examination of the parenteral reproductive organs also did not reveal treatment-related changes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Vitellogenin detection and chick pathology are useful endpoints to evaluate endocrine-disrupting effects in avian one-generation reproduction study.

To investigate additional endpoints for screening of endocrine disruptors in birds, effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) on one-generation reproduction in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were assessed. Pairs of the 10-week-old Japanese quail were fed a low-phytoestrogen diet containing E2 at 0 (control), 10, 100, and 1,000 ppm for six weeks. In the E2 100- and 1,000-ppm groups, the parental quail represented marked toxic changes including high mortality, decreased food consumption, decreased gonad weights, gross and histologic toxic changes in the reproductive and other organs, and inhibition of the reproduction. However, no adverse effects were observed in the parental quail from the E2 10-ppm group. In the parental males, serum vitellogenin (VTG) concentrations were increased significantly in the E2 10-ppm group, disclosing that serum VTG concentration is one of the highly sensitive endpoints for evaluating estrogenic endocrine activities. In the E2 10-ppm group, number of eggs laid, number of eggs with abnormalities, eggshell strength and thickness, fertility, early and late viabilities of embryos, normal hatchling rate, and clinical signs, mortality, viability, and body weight of chicks at 14 d of age were not affected. However, histopathology of the chicks in the E2 10-ppm group revealed meaningful morphological changes in the reproductive organs, such as cystic dilatation of seminiferous tubules, increased interstitial cells in the testis, and decreased theca cells in the ovary. The present study suggests that serum VTG concentration in the parental quail and histopathology of reproductive organs in the offspring are sensitive endpoints and are useful as additional endpoints in the avian one-generation reproduction test using the Japanese quail for evaluating estrogenic endocrine-disrupting effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Investigation of deaths in marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) on Galapagos.

Large numbers of marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus Bell) died on the Galapagos between December 1982 and August 1983. Gross and histopathological examination of five of these animals and comparison with three 1984 individuals indicated that the former had died of starvation. This was attributed to an inability to digest new species of algae which had flourished in the sea because of a rise in temperature associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation event in 1982 to 83. In 1984 to 85, after El Niño, conditions on the islands returned to normal; the original algal flora began to predominate and the iguana population showed a marked recovery, with increased rates of growth, survival and reproduction.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

Long-term and multigeneration toxicity studies with cyclohexylamine hydrochloride.

Cyclohexylamine (CHA), the metabolite of cyclamate produced in varying degree by gastrointestinal microorganisms, was subjected to a 2-year multi-generation feeding study in rats, at dosages of 15, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg/d. Observations included growth, feed efficiency, clinical and hematological tests, reproduction, teratology, mortality and gross and microscopic pathology. Rats from the first litters of each generation from F0 through F4 were mated to produce the next succeeding generation. Those from the second litters of F1 through F4 were also mated, half the dams being delivered by hysterotomy for teratological examination, while litters from the other half were raised to maturity. Except for some non-progressive growth retardation in the higher dosage groups, due to lower food consumption, the physical and clinical observations in the test groups fell substantially within normal limits and were not significantly different from the untreated controls. Reproduction rates were normal in all groups but at the higher dosages the size of the litters and their weaning weights were slightly reduced. At the 150 mg/kg level, histopathological examination revealed mucosal thickening of the bladder walls and evidence of renal calcification; however, no bladder tumors were seen, such as occurred in the chronic feeding study in which rats received 2500 mg/kg of a cyclamate: saccharin (10 : 1) mixture. A significantly higher incidence of testicular atrophy, characteristic of aged rats, was observed in the F0 group at the highest dosage level; however, these males continued to be fertile, in two cases up to 6 consecutive matings.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Partial hepatectomy for metastases from noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To define perioperative and long-term outcome and prognostic factors in patients undergoing hepatectomy for liver metastases arising from noncolorectal and nonneuroendocrine (NCNN) carcinoma. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Hepatic resection is a well-established therapy for patients with liver metastases from colorectal or neuroendocrine carcinoma. However, for patients with liver metastases from other carcinomas, the value of resection is incompletely defined and still debated. METHODS: Between April 1981 and April 2002, 141 patients underwent hepatic resection for liver metastases from NCNN carcinoma. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment, and postoperative outcome were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-day postoperative mortality was 0% and 46 of 141 (33%) patients developed postoperative complications. The median follow up was 26 months (interquartile range [IQR]) 10-49 months); the median follow up for survivors was 35 months (IQR 11-68 months). There have been 24 actual 5-year survivors so far. The actuarial 3-year relapse-free survival rate was 30% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21-39%) with a median of 17 months. The actuarial 3-year cancer-specific survival rate was 57% (95% CI, 48-67%) with a median of 42 months. Primary tumor type and length of disease-free interval from the primary tumor were significant independent prognostic factors for relapse-free and cancer-specific survival. Margin status was significant for cancer-specific survival and showed a strong trend for relapse-free survival. CONCLUSIONS: Hepatic resection for metastases from NCNN carcinoma is safe and can offer long-term survival in selected patients. Hepatic resection should be considered if all gross disease can be removed, especially in patients with metastases from reproductive tract tumors or a disease-free interval greater than 2 years.

Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms↗
PubMed2003

TNF-alpha acts to prevent occurrence of malformed fetuses in diabetic mice.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Activation of apoptosis in embryos is thought to be a key event in the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced embryopathies such as early embryonic death and inborn structural anomalies. TNF-alpha can activate apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signalling cascades, indicating its ability to contribute to and counteract diabetes-induced maldevelopment. To investigate how TNF-alpha regulates the response of embryos to diabetes-induced embryopathic stress, we used streptozotocin-induced diabetic TNF-alpha knockout mice. MATERIALS: To evaluate the reproductive performance, mated diabetic female mice were examined on days 4 and 8 of pregnancy for the presence of blastocysts or embryos in uterine horns. To evaluate the teratogenic effect, the female mice were killed on day 18 of pregnancy and fetuses were examined for gross external anomalies. In addition, apoptotic nuclei were localised by the TUNEL assay and DNA-binding activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay in 10- and 11-day-old embryos respectively. RESULTS: Severely diabetic TNF-alpha(+/+) female mice had a much greater decrease in pregnancy rate but a lower incidence of malformed fetuses in litters than severely diabetic TNF-alpha(-/-) female mice. Also, the intensity of excessive apoptosis was higher, but the amount of active NF-kappaB complexes was lower in malformed TNF-alpha(-/-) embryos than in TNF-alpha(+/+) embryos. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: TNF-alpha contributes to death of peri-implantation embryos and possibly protects postimplantation embryos exposed to diabetes-induced teratogenic stimuli via activation of NF-kappaB-mediated anti-apoptotic signalling. It seems that TNF-alpha prevents the birth of malformed offspring in severely diabetic mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Safety study of a beef-based chewable tablet formulation of ivermectin and pyrantel pamoate in growing dogs, pups, and breeding adult dogs.

To determine the safety of a new combination of ivermectin and pyrantel (as pamoate salt) in a novel beef-based chewable tablet formulation, 3 tolerance trials were conducted and included growing dogs, pups, and breeding adult dogs. Growing dogs, given the combination orally for 5 consecutive days at recommended dosages (5 mg of pyrantel/kg of body weight, 6 micrograms of ivermectin/kg) or at twice the pyrantel dosage in combination with the recommended dosage of ivermectin, had no adverse effects. The combination also was administered to 6-week-old pups at 1, 3, and 5 times the recommended dose on 3 successive days for 3 times in 1 month. Compared with age-matched controls, treatment had no effect on clinical status, growth rate, or gross or histologic features. Breeding male and female dogs given the combination at 3 times the recommended dose for extended periods had no adverse effects, and prevalence of abnormalities in the offspring was not greater than that in nonmedicated controls.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1984

Use effectiveness of the Prentif cervical cap in private practice: a prospective study.

Of two-hundred-sixty women seeking cervical cap contraception, exactly half subsequently used the Prentif cavity rim cap as their sole method of contraception. The one year continuation rate for these exclusive cap users was 56.7 per hundred. No major side effects related to the use of the Prentif cap were observed in the course of this study, involving 918 women-months in year 1. Pregnancy and dislodgement of the cap during use were the principal reasons for discontinuation of exclusive use, with gross rates of 19.1 and 12.9 per 100 at one year, respectively.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Maternal methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency and low dietary folate lead to adverse reproductive outcomes and congenital heart defects in mice.

BACKGROUND: Genetic or nutritional disturbances in folate metabolism may affect embryonic development because of the critical role of folate in nucleotide synthesis and methylation reactions. The possible role of a mild deficiency in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and low dietary folate in pregnancy outcomes and heart morphogenesis requires further investigation. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effect of mild MTHFR deficiency, low dietary folate, or both on resorption rates, on length and weight, and on the incidence of heart malformations in murine embryos. DESIGN: Female Mthfr +/+ and +/- mice were fed a control diet (CD) or a folic acid-deficient diet (FADD) before mating with male Mthfr +/- mice. On gestational day 14.5, implantation and resorption sites were recorded and viable embryos were examined for gross malformations, growth delay, and congenital heart defects. RESULTS: Plasma homocysteine in Mthfr +/- dams and in FADD-treated dams was significantly higher than that in Mthfr +/+ dams and CD-treated dams, respectively. A significantly higher rate of resorption and greater developmental delay were observed in hyperhomocysteinemic mice than in CD-treated +/+ dams. Heart defects were identified in 4 of 11, 5 of 10, and 4 of 10 litters from CD-treated +/-, FADD-treated +/+, and FADD-treated +/- dams, respectively, but not in any of those from CD-treated +/+ dams (0/11 litters). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that mild MTHFR deficiency, low dietary folate, or both in the dams increase the incidence of fetal loss, intrauterine growth retardation, and heart defects. These data support the benefit of folic acid supplementation in pregnant women, particularly in those with MTHFR deficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Prostaglandin secretion by endometrium of pregnant and cyclic cattle at day 17 after oestrus in response to in-vitro heat stress.

Bilateral perifusion devices were utilized to measure prostaglandin F-2 alpha (PGF) secretion by bovine endometrium in response to in-vitro heat stress. Tissues were collected at Day 17 after oestrus from cyclic (N = 4) and pregnant (N = 5) cows, placed into 3 perifusion devices, perifused (3 ml/10 min, Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate [KRB]) for 5 h, and fractions were collected every 10 min. Endometrial tissues within each device were subjected to a different temperature and oxytocin (1 i.u./ml KRB) treatment sequence: (1) control-oxytocin: 1 h at 39 degrees C; 2 h at 39 degrees C, 0.5 h at 39 degrees C with oxytocin, 0.5 h at 39 degrees C and 1 h at 39 degrees C; (2) heat-oxytocin: 1 h at 39 degrees C, 2 h at 42 degrees C, 0.5 h at 42 degrees C with oxytocin, 0.5 h at 42 degrees C and 1 h at 39 degrees C; (3) heat-KRB: 1 h at 39 degrees C, 2 h at 42 degrees C, 0.5 h at 42 degrees C, 0.5 h at 42 degrees C and 1 h at 39 degrees C. Regardless of reproductive status, heat stress induced a rapid increase (P less than 0.01) in PGF secretion rates. Oxytocin induced an increase (P less than 0.01) in PGF secretion for endometrium from cyclic cows regardless of temperature. Endometria from pregnant cows did not respond to oxytocin when perifused at 39 degrees C. However, PGF secretion rates from endometrium of pregnant cows increased (P less than 0.01) in response to oxytocin when perifused under heat stress conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of an agent inducing dominant lethals on rat sperm--examination with ethyl methanesulfonate.

Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), an alkylating agent which induces dominant lethals, was administered in oral doses of 100 mg/kg to Crj:CD(SD)IGS male rats for 5 consecutive days. At the termination of treatment and after a 28-day withdrawal, mating with untreated females and sperm analysis (motion, number, and morphology) were performed. The copulated females were sacrificed at 20 days of gestation. At the termination of treatment, no clinical signs related to EMS were observed except for a decrease in body weight. Gross pathology and sperm analysis revealed no abnormalities in treated males. However, females mated at the termination of treatment had a clearly higher fetal mortality. Females mated after the 28-day withdrawal exhibited lower fetal mortality than females mated at the termination of treatment. On the other hand, females mated after the 28-day withdrawal exhibited a lower implantation rate that was not observed in females mated at the termination of treatment. For males after a 28-day withdrawal, sperm analysis revealed both a decrease in sperm motion and number and an increase in morphological change. These findings indicate that two types of male reproductive toxicity induced by EMS can be distinguished. One induces a low implantation rate that can be detected by sperm analysis, while the other induces fetal lethals that could not be detected by sperm analysis in this study.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Plasma corticosterone concentrations associated with acute captivity stress in wild loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta).

Plasma corticosterone concentrations were measured in wild loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in response to acute captivity (capture, serial bleeding, and restraint up to 6 hr). In general, concentrations of corticosterone dramatically increased 1 hr after capture, peaked at 3 hr, and decreased by 6 hr. Initial corticosterone concentrations were significantly lower in animals captured by tangle net than in those captured by trawl and were thought to more closely represent baseline levels. Significant effects of season and size class on corticosterone concentrations were found for turtles captured by trawl. Corticosterone concentrations of small turtles captured in summer were higher than those of large turtles captured in the same season and of all turtles captured during winter. In winter, corticosterone concentrations for small turtles were higher than those for large turtles at 3 hr after capture. Large turtles captured during winter experienced the slowest rate of increase in plasma corticosterone and a decline at 3 hr after capture. Although cloacal temperatures were significantly higher in summer samples, corticosterone concentrations of large turtles did not differ between seasons until 1 hr after capture. In addition, several large turtles during summer did not experience an increase in corticosterone concentrations 1 hr after capture. It is possible that the lower corticosterone response of large turtles captured during summer may be associated with reproductive condition.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

A diet supplement for captive wild ruminants.

Nutritional husbandry of captive wild ruminants often requires feeding these animals a supplemental diet to enhance their health, reproductive performance, and productivity. Although supplemental diets for wild ruminants are commercially available, few have been evaluated in controlled intake and digestion trials. Voluntary intake, digestive efficiency, nitrogen retention, and gross energy utilization of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis), mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), and wapiti (Cervus elaphus) consuming a high-energy, high-protein pelleted supplement were compared. Voluntary intake of dry matter, energy, and nitrogen were similar (P > 0.34) between mountain goats and mountain sheep and consistently lower (P < 0.03) for these species than for pronghorn, mule deer, and wapiti. Differences in digestive efficiency among species were inversely related to dry matter intake rates. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and neutral-detergent fiber was 10-20% higher for mountain goats and mountain sheep than for the other species (P < 0.04). Although these findings suggest a superior digestive efficiency for mountain goats and mountain sheep, species comparisons are inconclusive because of the confounding effects of season and ambient temperature on voluntary intake and digestion. Under the conditions of this experiment, the diet tested was safe, nutritious, and highly palatable. Protein and energy concentrations appear to be sufficient to meet or exceed known nutritional requirements of captive wild ruminants.

Animal Feed↗