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PubMed1997

The soil fungus Chaetomium in the human paranasal sinuses.

Chaetomium is a soil fungus of which more than 180 species are now known. Most species cause degradation of cellulose-rich substrates, such as components in soil, straw or wood. Growth of Chaetomium globosum is often stimulated in the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus, which excretes such compounds as sugar phosphates and phospho-glyceric acid. A 73-year-old woman, with long-standing pain and secretion from her left maxillary sinus, was admitted to hospital where an infundibulectomy was performed. Histological examination showed necrotic material with hyphae of A. fumigatus and perithecia of Chaetomium sp. The latter fungus is rarely pathogenic to man.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Molecular cloning and functional expression of enolase from Trichinella spiralis.

The cDNA library was constructed from muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis, and immunoscreened with sera from mice infected with T. spiralis. A cDNA clone, designated as TsENO, encoded 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase (enolase) that catalyzed a reversible conversion of 2-phospho-D-glyceric acid (2PGA) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in the glycolytic pathway. The recombinant TsENO protein was produced in an Escherichia coli expression system. The recombinant full-length TsENO protein had no activity in the conversion of 2PGA to PEP, but gained enolase activity after cutting off the signal peptide from the full-length protein. There was no meaningful difference in the expression level of TsENO gene at three distinct stages of T. spiralis. Also, antibody against the recombinant TsENO protein reacted with crude extract of muscle larvae, but not with the excretory and secretory products.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

A United States survey on diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of primary hyperoxaluria.

Primary hyperoxaluria (PH) is a heterogeneous disease with a variable age of onset and a variable progression into kidney failure. Early diagnosis is mandatory to avoid the damaging effects of systemic calcium oxalate deposition. In 1997, we initiated a nationwide survey of American nephrologists to ascertain epidemiological data and current practices. PH was reported in only 102 patients, with PH I in 79 and PH II in 9; 14 patients were not classified. Most patients were Caucasian (84%). Main symptoms at diagnosis were urolithiasis (54.4%) and nephrocalcinosis (30%). A significant delay of diagnosis was seen in 42% of patients and 30% of patients were diagnosed only at end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Diagnosis was usually based on history and urinary oxalate excretion. Glycolate and l-glyceric acid excretion were rarely determined. To determine the enzyme defect, a liver biopsy was performed in 40%. Even at ESRD, only 56% of patients received an adequate diagnostic work-up. Half of the patients showed 'good' or 'fair' pyridoxine sensitivity. In addition to B(6), most patients received either citrate or orthophosphate. Kidney transplantation (KTx) failed in 19 of 32 transplants ( n=27 patients) and was due to recurrent oxalosis in 8 transplants. Liver Tx was performed after KTx in 5 patients (1 patient died). Combined liver-kidney Tx in 21 patients (in 9 patients after failure of KTx) achieved good organ function in 13 patients; 7 patients, however, died shortly after transplantation. In conclusion, the time between first symptom and diagnosis of PH must be minimized, and the diagnostic procedures have to be improved. The cases of unclassified hyperoxaluria suggest the possibility of additional type(s) of PH. As isolated KTx failed in 59% of patients, combined liver-kidney Tx seems to be the better choice in place of isolated KTx as the primary transplant procedure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The stoichiometry of photorespiration during C3-photosynthesis is not fixed: evidence from combined physical and stereochemical methods.

The stoichiometry of photorespiration, S, is defined as the fraction of glycolate carbon photorespired. It is postulated that under steady-state conditions there are two determinants of the ratio of photorespiration to net photosynthesis: the partitioning of ribulose bisphosphate between oxidation and carboxylation, and the partitioning of glycolate between reactions leading to complete oxidation to CO2 (S = 100%) and those yielding CO2 plus serine (S = 25%). S may be calculated using two independent probes of the system. The physical probe, using an infrared gas analyzer, measured photorespiration and net photosynthesis, and hence their ratio PR/NPS = pn(phys). The metabolic probe employed tracer (3R)-D-[3-3H1,3-14C]glyceric acid to determine r, the fraction of 3H retained in the triose phosphates leaving the chloroplasts. It is deduced from the postulated model that S = pn(phys) . r/(1 - r). Experiments have been performed with illuminated tobacco leaf discs (inverted) under varying concentrations of O2 and CO2. Increasing O2 at constant CO2 increased pn(phys) and decreased r, whereas increasing CO2 at constant O2 had the opposite effect. S more than doubled at 32 degrees C on going from 16 to 40% O2 (340 microliters CO2/liter) and decreased 40% on going from 200 to 700 microliters CO2/liter (21% O2). For discs in normal air S was somewhat greater than 27%. It is suggested that net photosynthesis, and therefore crop yields, could be increased by selecting for crop plants with reduced photorespiration stoichiometry.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1994

Structure of the Acetobacter methanolicus MB 129 capsular polysaccharide, and of oligosaccharides resulting from degradation by bacteriophage Acm7.

The capsular polysaccharide of Acetobacter methanolicus MB 129 consists of D-Glc, D-Gal, L-Rha, and L-glyceric acid in the molar ratios 1:1:1:0.3. Periodate oxidation, methylation analysis, solvolysis with HF, and detailed 1H and 13C NMR analysis resulted in the structure of the repeating unit shown below. [formula: see text] Bacteriophage Acm7-associated end-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside hydrolase depolymerizes the CPS even in the presence of the O-acyl group, to give the respective hexa-, nona-, and dodeca-saccharides.

Acetobacter↗
PubMed1991

Lactate is not a major product of glucose metabolism in the respiring jejunum perfused in the recirculation mode in vitro.

Yields of lactate from glucose absorbed from the luminal medium and extracted concurrently from the vascular medium of the perfused rat jejunum in vitro were half those previously reported from comparable glucose concentrations in the recirculated perfusion media. These low yields were obtained by maintaining perfusion medium flow rates and pressures pharmacologically at values found in vivo; permitting normal peristalsis; and restoring the depleted glyceric acid-2,3-bisphosphate and reduced deformability of out-dated blood-bank erythrocytes to normal physiological values before they were added to the vascular perfusion medium and equilibrated at 37 degrees C with air/CO2. Respiration rates are recorded for the first time in each perfusion experiment. A substantial fraction of glucose consumed in this and all earlier recirculation perfusion experiments in vitro has still to be accounted for.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Order of enzymic incorporation of O-methyl groups into the O-methyl-D-glucose-containing polysaccharide of Mycobacterium smegmatis. A tritium-labelling study.

The order of enzymic incorporation of O-methyl groups into the O-methyl-D-glucose-containing polysaccharide (MGP) of Mycobacterium smegmatis, 3MG(J)----G(I)----G(H) ----G(G)----6MG(F)----(GMG)9(E)----[G(L)----G(D)]----G(C) ----[G(K)----G(B)]----G(A)----Ga, where G is D-glucose, 3MG is 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, 6MG is 6-O-methyl-D-glucose, and Ga is D-glyceric acid, was studied by incubating cultures of M. smegmatis with L-[3H-Me]methionine for various times. MGP was then extracted from the cells, and relative radioactivities of residues D, (E + F)average and J, or of D, E average, F, and J, were determined. Tritium-labelling of these residues increased in the reducing-to-nonreducing residue direction, the steepness of the gradient becoming more shallow with increasing incubation time. The results are consistent with a biosynthetic mechanism that involves sequential addition of O-methyl groups to residues of the pre-formed D-glucan, in the reducing-to-nonreducing residue direction.

3-O-Methylglucose↗
PubMed2005

Perturbation of yeast 3-phosphoglycerate kinase reaction mixtures with ADP: transient kinetics of formation of ATP from bound 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

3-Phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) is the first ATP-producing enzyme in glycolysis: ADP + 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (bPG) <--> ATP + 3-phosphoglycerate (PG). Whereas extensive studies have been carried out on its structure, there is less information about its reaction pathway, which is usually studied in the reverse direction because of the instability of bPG. We studied the transients of the PGK reaction by chemical sampling in a rapid quench flow apparatus, using [gamma-(32)P]ATP, in 30% methanol at 4 degrees C to decrease k(cat). There were two types of experiment, both at low PG concentrations to prevent bPG release. In the first, reaction mixtures were quenched in acid at different times (from 4 ms) and the bPG concentrations were determined. This type gave information about the ATP binding and phospho-transfer steps. In the second, PGK reaction mixtures at equilibrium were perturbed by the injection of ADP, the new mixtures aged for different times and quenched in acid, and the bPG concentrations were determined. This gave information about the kinetics of the binding of ADP to a PGK intermediate. The data from the two types of experiments were fitted to simple schemes and then treated together by a global fitting procedure using a five-step pathway, deduced from previous structural studies. Under our conditions, it appears that (1) a binary PGK.bPG complex is an important intermediate on the reaction pathway, i.e., that ADP is released before bPG, (2) ADP binds to a "closed" conformation in the PGK.bPG complex, and (3) the PGK reaction can be studied in the physiologically important direction without having to handle bPG.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed2006

Enzymatic approach to enantiomerically pure 5-alken-2,4-diols and 4-hydroxy-5-alken-2-ones: application to the synthesis of chiral synthons.

Enantiomerically pure 1,3-diols 1-3 were obtained by a chemoenzymatic approach (lipase PS from Burkholderia cepacia). These diols were converted into useful chiral synthons, which could be considered homologues of glyceraldehyde and glyceric acid acetonides. Applications of these synthons to the de novo synthesis of sugars and preparation of conagenin carboxylic moiety were shown. Hydroxy ketone 4 was chosen as a model system for another synthetic evolution: it was obtained in enantiomerically pure form by enzymatic resolution and converted into chiral tetrahydropyranes, such as the stereoisomers of the commercial fragrance Gyrane.

Alcohols↗
PubMed1991

The characterization of a new enzyme from rat liver mitochondria, oligophosphoglyceroyl-ATP 3'-phosphodiesterase.

By using an assay based on the precipitation of intact 14C-labelled substrate, an activity has been located in the mitochondrial fraction of rat liver which selectively hydrolyses the 3' ester link in the fairly recently discovered oligomeric tetraphosphate derivative of ATP and glyceric acid for which the structure 3-phospho[glyceroyl-gamma-triphospho-5'-adenosine-3'-3-phospho]n-glyceroyl- gamma-triphospho-5'-adenosine has been proposed [Hutchinson, Morris & Mowbray (1986) Biochem. J. 234, 623-627]. This enzyme activity (Mr 85,000) has been purified approx. 30-fold from washed mitochondria by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and f.p.l.c. The apparent Km for substrate (adenosine equivalents) is around 35 microM. The recovery of total activity is about 20%, and this, allied to the relatively low Vmax. found in contrast with the rapid turnover of oligomer seen in post-ischaemic tissues, suggests that some activating factors have been lost in purification. Percoll-gradient studies confirm that the activity is mitochondrial and not lysosomal or endoplasmic-reticular. The activity is latent in intact mitochondria; it is not, however, associated with intact inner-membrane vesicles but released during their preparation, implying an intermembrane-space location. The product of the enzyme is proposed to be the monomeric unit 3-phosphoglyceroyl-gamma-triphospho-5'-adenosine, from which digestion with snake-venom phosphodiesterase releases ADP.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Three-dimensional structure of moenomycin A--a potent inhibitor of penicillin-binding protein 1b.

The first three-dimensional structure of moenomycin A in aqueous solution based on NMR-derived distance constraints and molecular dynamics simulations is presented. The antibiotic moenomycin A was obtained from the FlavomycinR complex by ultrafiltration, chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose ion exchanger and reverse-phase chromatography in 98% purity. In contrast to the previously reported behaviour, the compound gave rise to well-resolved NMR spectra in standard solvents. Using several two-dimensional experiments, a complete assignment of proton and carbon chemical shifts was achieved in (CD3)2SO, CD3OD and H2O/D2O (9:1, pH 7.3). A total of 175 interproton distances were determined from 600-MHz rotating-frame NOE (ROE) spectra and were used as restraints in molecular dynamics calculations. These restraints included 84 ROEs between protons of the moenocinol part leading to a very well-defined structure of the lipid part of the molecule. The relative orientation of the subunits was determined by 66 ROEs among different sugar rings and between the sugar rings and moenocinol. As a result of the molecular dynamics calculation, rings D, E, and F as well as the moenocinol part are very well-defined (average rms deviation over all heavy atoms 0.48 A) whereas rings A, B and C display a higher degree of conformational flexibility which might be an artefact due to the lower number of ROEs in this part of the molecule. A three-dimensional pharmacophore hypothesis comprising functional groups of rings E and F and the carboxyl group of glyceric acid is presented on the basis of the degradation and derivatization studies of Welzel and coworkers [Welzel, P., Kunisch, F., Kruggel, F., Stein, H., Scherkenbeck, J., Hiltmann, A., Duddeck, H., Müller, D., Maggio, J. E., Fehlhaber, H.-W., Seibert, G., van Heijenoort, Y. & van Heijenoort, J. (1987) Moenomycin A: Minimum structural requirements for biological activity, Tetrahedron 43, 585-598; Welzel, P. (1993) Transglycosylase inhibition, in Antibiotics and antiviral compounds--Chemical synthesis and modifications (Krohn, K., Kirst, H. A. & Maag, H., eds) pp. 373-378, VCH Weinheim].

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1996

Glycation and glycoxidation of histones by ADP-ribose.

The reaction of long lived proteins with reducing sugars has been implicated in the pathophysiology of aging and age-related diseases. A likely intranuclear source of reducing sugar is ADP-ribose, which is generated following DNA damage from the turnover of ADP-ribose polymers. In this study, ADP-ribose has been shown to be a potent histone glycation and glycoxidation agent in vitro. Incubation of ADP-ribose with histones H1, H2A, H2B, and H4 at pH 7.5 resulted in the formation of ketoamine glycation conjugates. Incubation of histone H1 with ADP-ribose also rapidly resulted in the formation of protein carboxymethyllysine residues, protein-protein cross-links, and highly fluorescent products with properties similar to the advanced glycosylation end product pentosidine. The formation of glycoxidation products was related to the degradation of ketoamine glycation conjugates by two different pathways. One pathway resulted in the formation of protein carboxymethyllysine residues and release of an ADP moiety containing a glyceric acid fragment. A second pathway resulted in the release of ADP, and it is postulated that this pathway is involved in the formation of histone-histone cross-links and fluorescent advanced glycosylation end products.

Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose↗
PubMed2002

Orientation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate analogs bound to phosphoglycerate kinase.

We have previously reported dissociation constants for a range of bisphosphonate analogs of 1,3-bisphospho-D-glyceric acid binding to yeast phosphoglycerate kinase. Data for the unsymmetrical analogs were difficult to interpret because it was not clear in which of the two possible orientations these ligands bound. Here we report a novel NMR method for quantifying orientation preference based on relaxation effects induced by titration with CrADP, which is applied to these ligands. It is shown that all ligands can bind in both orientations but that the driving force for the orientational preference is to put the alpha,alpha-difluoromethanephosphonate group in the "basic patch" (nontransferable phosphate) position. The relevance to the design of phosphoglycerate kinase inhibitors is discussed.

Diphosphonates↗