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PubMed1992

Susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to tosufloxacin.

The in vitro activity of tosufloxacin against anaerobic cocci, Propionibacterium acnes, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides spp. and fusobacteria was determined by the agar dilution method. This activity was compared with that of ciprofloxacin, piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol. Tosufloxacin, imipenem, clindamycin, metronidazole and chloramphenicol were the most active agents tested. Tosufloxacin has an antibacterial activity that warrants investigation in clinical trials.

4-Quinolones↗
PubMed1993

In vitro activity of DMG-Mino and DMG-DM Dot, two new glycylcyclines, against anaerobic bacteria.

The in vitro activity of DMG-Mino and DMG-DM Dot against 350 anaerobic bacterial strains including anaerobic cocci, Propionibacterium acnes, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium difficile, Bacteroides fragilis, other Bacteroides species and fusobacteria was determined by the agar dilution method. Their activity was compared with that of minocycline, doxycycline, piperacillin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin and metronidazole. DMG-Mino and DMG-DM Dot and imipenem were the most active agents tested. DMG-Mino and DMG-DM Dot had in vitro activity superior to that of minocycline and doxycycline.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1980

Effect of tinidazole on the oral, throat, and colon microflora of man.

Tinidazole in capsules was given orally in doses of 150 mg twice per day for 7 days to ten subjects. Saliva, throat, and faecal specimens were taken up to 16 days after administration for cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and for assay of tinidazole. Mean peak serum levels of tinidazole varied between 3.3 microgram/ml to 5.4 microgram/ml. The saliva concentrations of tinidazole were between 2.9 microgram/ml to 5.9 microgram/ml. No concentration of tinidazole was detected in faeces. In saliva, a slight decrease in the numbers of fusobacteria was found, but no other changes in the oral, throat, or colon microflora were observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Comparative in vitro activity of the new oral cephalosporin Bay v 3522 against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.

The in vitro activity of the new oral cephalosporin Bay v 3522 against 229 aerobic and 330 anaerobic clinical isolates was determined using the agar dilution technique. For comparison, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefuroxime, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, co-trimoxazole, doxycycline, erythromycin and metronidazole (only anaerobic bacteria) were tested. Bay v 3522 was found to have high activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Branhamella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, anaerobic cocci, Propionibacterium acnes, Clostridium perfringens and fusobacteria. When tested against a higher inoculum or using the broth dilution technique, the activity of Bay v 3522 showed little dependence on inoculum size and the bactericidal activity was similar to inhibitory activity in most bacterial groups. Bay v 3522 may be useful in the treatment of skin, soft tissue and respiratory tract infections. Clinical studies are thus warranted.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed2000

[Pathogen and resistance spectrum in intraoral infections of the jaw-facial area with special reference to anaerobic bacteria].

The aim of the study was to obtain more knowledge about the aerobic and anaerobic species causing maxillofacial infections and their resistance patterns today. Samples of pus or infectious tissue obtained from 110 patients of maxillofacial surgery were investigated microbiologically by means of aerobic and anaerobic cultivation. After incubation, the cultivated species were isolated and identified. The resistance patterns of all bacteria to penicillin, doxycyclin, and clindamycin were determined. Additionally, the resistance of aerobic species to cefuroxim was documented, and the MICs of cefoxitin and metronidazole to the anaerobic species were assessed. The most frequent disease was periodontitis apicalis (70 patients). Aerobic species alone were found in 23% of the samples, 14% of the infections harbored only anaerobes, but 63% were mixed infections caused by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. In case of detection of aerobic species, streptococci were always identified. Five patients were infected by Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative aerobic rods were found in eight patients. Most of the anaerobic species were black pigmented prevotella species (62), nonpigmented prevotellae (56), and fusobacteria (37). Metronidazole and clindamycin were highly efficient to gram-negative anaerobic rods. Most of the oral species were resistant to penicillin and doxycyclin. The indication for applying antibiotics should always be noticed and these drugs should only be used after determination of the pathogenic microorganisms and their susceptibility to the antimicrobials.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗
PubMed1999

Comparative activity of eighteen antimicrobial agents against anaerobic bacteria isolated in South Africa.

The in vitro activity of 18 antimicrobial agents was determined against 378 anaerobic bacteria isolated in Bloemfontein, South Africa, during 1996/97. Against the gram-positive isolates, MICs of penicillin and cefoxitin were >0.5 microg/ml and >16 microg/ml, respectively, for five and three strains of non-perfringens Clostridium spp. Seventeen Peptostreptococcus anaerobius strains were resistant to penicillin (MIC > or = 2 microg/ml). All gram-positive anaerobes tested except one Peptostreptococcus sp. and one Clostridium sp. were susceptible to dalfopristin-quinupristin (MICs < or = 1 microg/ml). The carbapenems exhibited excellent activity against the gram-positive isolates and were effective against most gram-negative anaerobes, with the exception of the fusobacteria. Only seven strains exhibited decreased susceptibility to trovafloxacin (MICs > 2 microg/ml). In mixed anaerobic/aerobic infections, carbapenems and the fourth-generation quinolone trovafloxacin were the agents most suitable for us as broad-spectrum monotherapy.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1980

Serious infection with Leptotrichia buccalis. Report of a case and review of the literature.

Leptotrichia buccalis is an obligately anaerobic, gram-negative rod classified as a member of the family Bacteroidaceae. Organisms found in this family (Bacteroides and Fusobacteria) are frequent causes of severe infection in human beings. L. buccalis is a constituent of normal oral flora. Leptotrichia has rarely been recovered from mixed infections primarily of the head and neck. It has not previously been reported as a cause of serious infection in man. We report a case of cavitary pneumonia and septicemia caused by L. buccalis. The colonial morphology and gram stain of L. buccalis are characteristic. Definitive identification is made by gas-liquid chromatography. Leptotrichia have been shown to contain potent endotoxin. L. buccalis has the potential to be a virulent, pathogenic microorganism, especially in the compromised host.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1976

Fecal steroids and bacterial flora in patients with polyposis coli.

Fecal neutral and acid steroids and bacterial flora have been studied in a series of patients with polyposis coli and normal controls. The patients with polyposis coli showed a higher concentration of cholesterol and primary bile acids, which increased still more after ileorectostomy. The bacterial flora of the patients with polyposis coli showed an anaerobe/aerobe ratio of 2.7/1 with a relative increase in clostridia and bifidobacteria and decrease in eubacteria and bacteroides. After ileorectostomy clostridia disappear, as do rumenococcus, peptostreptococcus, and fusobacteria, whereas eubacteria and lactobacilli decrease and bifidobacteria and bacteroides increase. Eubacteria showed a decrease from normal in the pre- and postoperative patients with polyposis coli and paralleled the reduction of cholesterol to coprostanol.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 inhibitor production by human adherent cells stimulated with periodontopathic bacteria.

This study examined the effect of the putative periodontopathic bacteria Bacteroides gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum on the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-1 inhibitors by human plastic-adherent mononuclear cells from normal donors. Fusobacterium mortiferum was used as a non-oral, non-pathogenic control organism. Unstimulated adherent cells spontaneously secreted an IL-1 inhibitor, whereas stimulation with B. gingivalis induced the synthesis and secretion of IL-1. With both fusobacteria IL-1 was present in the intracellular environment, whereas the predominant secretory product was either IL-1 or an IL-1 inhibitor. These results suggest that bacteria are capable of modulating cytokine production by monocytes and may thereby alter the local immune response.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Selective stimulation of bifidobacteria in the human colon by oligofructose and inulin.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Oligofructose and inulin are naturally occurring indigestible carbohydrates. In vitro they selectively stimulate the growth of species of Bifidobacterium, a genus of bacteria considered beneficial to health. This study was designed to determine their effects on the large bowel microflora and colonic function in vivo. METHODS: Eight subjects participated in a 45-day study during which they ate controlled diets. For the middle 15 days, 15 g.day-1 oligofructose was substituted for 15 g.day-1 sucrose. Four of these subjects went on to a further period with 15 g.day-1 inulin. Bowel habit, transit time, stool composition, breath H2 and CH4, and the predominant genera of colonic bacteria were measured. RESULTS: Both oligofructose and inulin significantly increased bifidobacteria from 8.8 to 9.5 log10 g stool-1 and 9.2 to 10.1 log10 g stool-1, respectively, whereas bacteroides, clostridia, and fusobacteria decreased when subjects were fed oligofructose, and gram-positive cocci decreased when subjects were fed inulin. Total bacterial counts were unchanged. Fecal wet and dry matter, nitrogen, and energy excretion increased with both substrates, as did breath H2. Little change in fecal short-chain fatty acids and breath CH4 was observed. CONCLUSIONS: A 15-g.day-1 dietary addition of oligofructose or inulin led to Bifidobacterium becoming the numerically predominant genus in feces. Thus, small changes in diet can alter the balance of colonic bacteria towards a potentially healthier microflora.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Orofacial odontogenic infections: review of microbiology and current treatment.

Orofacial odontogenic infections are common. Current evidence indicates that anaerobes play a major role in these infections and that the most common microbial isolates are Bacteroides, fusobacteria, peptococci, and peptostreptococci as well as some viridans streptococci. Drainage must be established where possible. Penicillin is still the drug of first choice for therapy, with metronidazole a good alternative. Nevertheless, not all clinicians are aware of current views and, therefore, this article is a state-of-the-art review for the practicing clinician of the microbiology and antimicrobial therapy of orofacial odontogenic infections.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1992

Pathogenicity of Fusobacterium necrophorum biovar B.

Previous studies showed that the high minimum infective dose (more than 10(6) organisms) of biovar A strains of Fusobacterium necrophorum for mice by subcutaneous inoculation could be greatly reduced, often to less than 10 organisms, by suspending the fusobacteria in sublethal doses of broth cultures of certain other bacterial species, such as Staphylococcus aureus. The present study showed that no such enhancement of infectivity occurred with two biovar B strains. This observation, together with the low pathogenicity of pure cultures of these strains for mice, suggests that biovar B plays no more than a minor role in the aetiology of necrobacillosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The microbiology and management of acute dentoalveolar abscess: views of British oral and maxillofacial surgeons.

Improvements in microbiological technology have established a major role for anaerobes including Gram-positive anaerobes such as peptococci and peptostreptococci and Gram-negative anaerobes such as bacteroides and fusobacteria species in acute dentoalveolar abscesses. Organisms isolated increasingly may be, or may become, resistant to penicillin or erythromycin but metronidazole appears effective against many. These facts have implications for treatment when antimicrobials are indicated. This study presents the current views of British oral and maxillofacial surgeons responding to a questionnaire as to the causative microorganisms, selection of antimicrobial and route of administration and relates these to the current scientific basis for therapy.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1991

British oral and maxillofacial surgeons' views on the aetiology and management of acute pericoronitis.

Acute pericoronitis is a common oral infection characterised by a predominance of anaerobic micro-organisms such as peptococci, peptostreptococci, bacteroides and fusobacteria, and also spirochaetes. Penicillins such as amoxycillin, and metronidazole are effective antimicrobials in the treatment of acute pericoronitis. This study presents the views of a group of British Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons as to the causative microbial agents and the antimicrobial management of acute pericoronitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of the E-test and conventional agar dilution methods for susceptibility testing of gram-negative anaerobic rods.

The E test was used to determine the susceptibility of 209 anaerobic Gram-negative rods to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, ticarcillin, ticarcillin-clavulanate, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and cefoxitin. Minimum inhibitory (MICs) were read where growth intersected the strips or where the upper indentation intersected the strips for beta-lactamase inhibitor-containing strips. Reference MICs were performed by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards agar dilution method. Organisms tested consisted of 117 Bacteroides fragilis group, 24 fusobacteria, and 68 other species (mainly Prevotella species). Agreement of MICs by both methods occurred in 33.4% of cases; 80.8% were within one, 99.0% were within two, and 99.95% were within three doubling dilutions apart. E-test results, expressed as MIC50/MIC90 values (microgram/ml), were as follows: ampicillin: 16/> 256; amoxicillin-clavulanate (2:1), 0.5/4; ticarcillin, 16/> 256; tircarcillin-clavulanate (2 micrograms/ml), 0.5/4; piperacillin, 16/> 256; piperacillin-tazobactam (4 micrograms/ml), 1/8; piperacillin-tazobactam (8:1), 2/8; cefoxitin, 8/64; clindamycin, 0.25/4; and chloramphenicol, 2/8. Conventional MIC methodology yielded MIC50s and MIC90s either identical to, or within one doubling dilution of, E-test results. Percentages of strains susceptible varied by < 3% between the two methods, except for cefoxitin (E test 5.2% lower). Based on these results, the E test is an accurate and practical method for use with the agents and organisms evaluated.

Agar↗
PubMed2005

Comparison of bacterial diversity along the human intestinal tract by direct cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes.

Bacterial diversity of the mucosal biopsies from human jejunum, distal ileum, ascending colon and rectum were compared by analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA clone libraries. A total of 347 clones from the mucosal biopsies were partially sequenced and assigned to six phylogenetic phyla of the domain Bacteria: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Actinobacteria. The jejunum sample had least microbial diversity compared to the other samples and a trend towards highest diversity in ascending colon was observed. The clone libraries of distal ileum, ascending colon and rectum were not significantly different from each other (P>0.0043), but they differed significantly from the jejunum library (P=0.001). The population of sequences retrieved from jejunal biopsies was dominated by sequences closely related to Streptococcus (67%), while the population of sequences derived from distal ileum, ascending colon and rectum were dominated by sequences affiliated with Bacteroidetes (27-49%), and Clostridium clusters XIVa (20-34%) and IV (7-13%). The results indicate that the microbial community in jejunum is different from those in distal ileum, ascending colon and rectum, and that the major phylogenetic groups are similar from distal ileum to rectum.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2004

Dehydration of (R)-2-hydroxyacyl-CoA to enoyl-CoA in the fermentation of alpha-amino acids by anaerobic bacteria.

Several clostridia and fusobacteria ferment alpha-amino acids via (R)-2-hydroxyacyl-CoA, which is dehydrated to enoyl-CoA by syn-elimination. This reaction is of great mechanistic interest, since the beta-hydrogen, to be eliminated as proton, is not activated (pK 40-50). A mechanism has been proposed, in which one high-energy electron acts as cofactor and transiently reduces the electrophilic thiol ester carbonyl to a nucleophilic ketyl radical anion. The 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratases are two-component systems composed of an extremely oxygen-sensitive component A, an activator, and component D, the actual dehydratase. Component A, a homodimer with one [4Fe-4S]cluster, transfers an electron to component D, a heterodimer with 1-2 [4Fe-4S]clusters and FMN, concomitant with hydrolysis of two ATP. From component D the electron is further transferred to the substrate, where it facilitates elimination of the hydroxyl group. In the resulting enoxyradical the beta-hydrogen is activated (pK14). After elimination the electron is handed-over to the next incoming substrate without further hydrolysis of ATP. The helix-cluster-helix architecture of component A forms an angle of 105 degrees, which probably opens to 180 degrees upon binding of ATP resembling an archer shooting arrows. Therefore we designated component A as 'Archerase'. Here, we describe 2-hydroxyglutaryl-CoA dehydratase from Acidaminococcus fermentans, Clostridium symbiosum and Fusobacterium nucleatum, 2-phenyllactate dehydratase from Clostridium sporogenes, 2-hydroxyisocaproyl-CoA dehydratase from Clostridium difficile, and lactyl-CoA dehydratase from Clostridium propionicum. A relative of the 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratases is benzoyl-CoA reductase from Thauera aromatica. Analogous but unrelated archerases are the iron proteins of nitrogenase and bacterial protochlorophyllide reductase. In anaerobic organisms, which do not oxidize 2-oxo acids, a second energy-driven electron transfer from NADH to ferredoxin, the electron donor of component A, has been established. The transfer is catalysed by a membrane-bound NADH-ferredoxin oxidoreductase driven by an electrochemical Na(+)-gradient. This enzyme is related to the Rnf proteins involved in Rhodobacter capsulatus nitrogen fixation.

Acidaminococcus↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of the in vitro activity of ertapenem and nine other comparator agents against 337 anaerobic bacteria.

Ertapenem activity in vitro was compared with that of nine reference antibiotics against 337 anaerobes by determining minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs). Amongst 246 Gram-negative anaerobes, 4, 8, 3, 4, 7, 2 and 52 strains showed resistance to ertapenem, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoxitin, imipenem and clindamycin, respectively, and all strains were inhibited by metronidazole. Ertapenem MIC(50) values were 0.5, 0.25, 0.06 and <or=0.03mg/L for the Bacteroides fragilis group, Prevotella spp., fusobacteria and Gram-positive cocci, respectively. Overall resistance rates were 2.1%, 51.3%, 2.4%, 1.2%, 1.5%, 7.1%, 0.6%, 22% and 1.5% for ertapenem, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin and metronidazole, respectively. Ertapenem showed a broad spectrum and good activity against anaerobes.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗