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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

The design of a five-degree-of-freedom powered orthosis for the upper limb.

In response to the need for a sophisticated powered upper-limb orthosis for use by people with disabilities and/or limb weakness or injury, the MULOS (motorized upper-limb orthotic system) has been developed. This is a five-degree-of-freedom electrically powered device having three degrees of freedom at the shoulder, one at the elbow and one to provide pronation/supination. The shoulder mechanism consists of a serial linkage having an equivalent centre of rotation close to that of the anatomical shoulder; this is a self-contained module in which power transmission is provided by tensioned cables. The elbow and pronation/supination modules are also self-contained. The system has been designed to operate under three modes of control: 1. As an assistive robot attached directly to the arm to provide controlled movements for people with severe disability. In this case, it can be operated by a variety of control interfaces, including a specially designed five-degree-of-freedom joystick. 2. Continuous passive motion for the therapy of joints after injury. The trajectory of the joints is selected by 'walk-through' programming and can be replayed for a given number of cycles at a chosen speed. 3. As an exercise device to provide strengthening exercises for elderly people or those recovering from injury or surgery. This mode has not been fully implemented at this stage. In assistive mode, prototype testing has demonstrated that the system can provide the movements required for a range of simple tasks and, in continuous passive motion (CPM) mode, the programming system has been successfully implemented. Great attention has been paid to all aspects of safety. Future work is required to identify problems of operation, and to develop new control interfaces.

Arm↗
PubMed1999

The difficult freedom from a plan.

The author attempts to describe a tendency among analysts in connection with presenting clinical material to become either too dogmatic or too insecure, either idealising knowledge or uncertainty. Both extremes may also mean idealising intellectualisation. Instead, the author suggests that these tendencies arise as a reaction towards complex psychological strategies from the patient, and that these strategies need to become clarified, instead of the analyst intervening prematurely with the mentioned extreme tendencies. In order to do so, the analyst needs to be free from inner automatic programmes. Two clinical vignettes are described where the analyst's own repression plays a part in his interventions. Freud's technical papers are analysed concerning frame factors and technical recommendations and the author shows how Freud's classical technique is modern in its emphasis on freedom and preliminary truth in interpretations. Freud's papers also seem to agree with Bion's motto 'without memory or desire', which the author discusses as the freedom from a programme. He recommends three governing mottoes for the area of interventions, in order not to idealise the image of psychoanalysis and psychoanalysts. He concludes with a third clinical vignette that underlines the connection between classical analysis and modern analysts who emphasise the freedom from idealised programmes within the psychoanalytic frame.

Female↗
PubMed2002

The Gordon Diagnostic System and WISC-III Freedom from Distractibility Index: validity in identifying clinic-referred children with and without ADHD.

Gordon Diagnostic System and WISC-III scores for clinic-referred 6- to 16-yr.-olds (184 with ADHD Combined Type and 46 without ADHD) were analyzed to evaluate the combination of scores and cutpoints that maximized diagnostic accuracy. Using an "ADHD cutpoint" of IQ minus the GDS Composite score > or = 13, 87.8% of the children were correctly identified as having or not having ADHD. IQ minus Freedom from Distractibility > 0 yielded 73.5% accuracy. When the two meaures were combined to create new criteria (IQ minus GDS Composite > or = 13 or IQ minus Freedom from Distractibility > or = 11), diagnostic accuracy increased to 90.9% and negative predictive power improved substantially. Diagnostic agreement between the Gordon Diagnostic System and Freedom from Distractibility was 70%, suggesting that the two tests measure both similar and unique traits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Change in the organization of degrees of freedom with learning.

The authors examined the effects of learning on the change in the organization of the mechanical and dynamical degrees of freedom in 5 men who performed a ski-simulator task. A 3-dimensional analysis of the motion of the total-body center of mass and the segmental centers of mass (head, torso, thighs, and shanks) over practice showed that the recruitment of mechanical degrees of freedom was strongly influenced by anatomical and task constraints. Principal components analysis of the body segments' motions revealed that practice shifted their relative contributions but did not change the number of principal components. The present findings show that there can be independence in the patterns of change in the mechanical and dynamical degrees of freedom that arise from practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Initial and late results of Freedom coronary stent.

OBJECTIVES: Initial and late results after implantation of Freedom stents, a balloon expandable stainless steel coil stents were evaluated. METHODS: From Jun. 1996 to Nov. 1997, we implanted 123 Freedom stents in 122 lesions in 117 patients and performed follow-up coronary angiograms at 7.0 +/- 3.6 months after stents placement. Clinical courses after stenting and follow-up coronary angiographic findings were evaluated. Comparison of clinical, angiographic, and procedural factors according to the presence or absence of restenosis was performed. RESULTS: In 117 patients who underwent stents implantation, major complications were not observed. Follow-up coronary angiograms were performed in 47 stents in 41 patients (35%). Among 47 stents, angiographic significant restenosis (percent diameter stenosis > 50%) was observed in 13 (28%). Mean age in 41 patients was 59 +/- 9 years, with 27 male patients (66%). Indications for stents implantation were de novo lesions in 18 (38%), suboptimal results after PTCA in 18 (38%), bail-out lesions in 4 (9%) and restenotic lesions in 7 (15%). Lesion types by AHA/ACC classification were A in 1 (1%), B1 in 10 (21%), B2 in 17 (36%), and C in 19 (40%). Average lesion length was 13.7 +/- 9.0 mm, stent diameter 3.0 +/- 0.3 mm, and stent length 24.6 +/- 9.0 mm. There were no significant differences of the clinical, angiographic, and procedural characteristics according to the presence or absence of restenosis. CONCLUSION: Freedom coronary stents implantation is safely performed in various morphology of coronary lesions and no significant predictive factors on restenosis in follow-up coronary angiogram were observed.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Procedures for disclosure or production of information under the Freedom of Information Act; amendments--Consumer Product Safety Commission. Final Rule.

The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996, which amend the Freedom of Information Act, are designed to make government documents more accessible to the public in electronic form. The amendments are also intended to expedite and streamline the process by which agencies disclose information generally. In this notice, the Commission amends its Freedom of Information Act regulations to comply with the requirements of the new statute.

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed1981

Freedom and choice in constitutional law.

The constitutional rights of children, the mentally ill, and other legally incompetent persons have been the subject of much litigation in the past twenty years. In this Article, Professor Garvey develops a general theory to explain the different ways in which persons of diminished capacity can be said to enjoy constitutional protections. He first notes that, of the various constitutional provisions, only one kind - freedom, which protect the right to make choices - pose serious difficulties when applied to persons of diminished capacity. He then proposes a hierarchy of ways in which we can attribute freedoms to such persons: the laissez-faire notion that all persons (including incompetents) are to be treated identically, the instrumental idea that granting freedoms to incompetents achieves extrinsic goals such as training, and the surrogate notion that persons who cannot make choices for themselves should be able to have those closest to them choose on their behalf. Professor Garvey concludes that, when these options fail and the state takes an incompetent person under its control, the state owes to the incompetent the full package of duties owed by other guardians to those under their control, including treatment in the case of the mentally ill or education in the case of children.

Child Advocacy↗
PubMed1998

Freedom of Expression and the Healthy Society.

The links between freedom of expression and the health and well-being of the individual and of society seem readily apparent even if their full ramifications are not immediately clear. Health and health care are dependent on information, and the free exchange of this information is at the base of effective health protection and promotion. Equally, it is clear that such a widely-based concept as health intersects with, and is dependent on, a range of basic human needs. This article examines the links between provision of health care and the right of freedom of expression as set out in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It argues that both freedom of expression and commitment to health care are vital objectives but insufficient in and of themselves to realise a wider goal of human well-being. This article draws on examples from inner urban deprivation, women's health and HIV/AIDS to illustrate some of the factors and issues involved.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Freedom of choice in birth, abortion and the place of conscientious objection.

The Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia includes two statutes: (a) the freedom to decide about the birth of one's own child (freedom of birth-decision), and (b) the right of conscientious objection, including the right to abortion. This discussion focuses on the principles of "free choice and womens'reproductive freedom". The right of conscientious objection in relation to the right to abortion is also discussed.

Abortion, Legal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The cultural meaning attributed to the intensive care unit by patients and their parents: a link between the edge of the abysm and freedom].

The purpose of this ethnographic study was to identify the cultural meaning that patients in an intensive care unit and their relatives attribute to the hospitalization process. Data were collected by means of participant observation and interviews with 17 participants (clients and their family), during hospitalization. Data were classified in tree categories: 1) ICU, the abysm border: a strange and scary place; 2) ICU: the link between the abysm border and freedom; 3) discharge from ICU: freedom of life. The main theme was: "Intensive Care Unit--a link between abysm border and freedom". Authors considered relevant to unveil the cultural meanings involved in the situation in order to provide elements for a personalized care to the client and family.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

An evaluation of the Freedom From Smoking Online cessation program among Wisconsin residents.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effectiveness of the American Lung Association's Freedom From Smoking Online cessation program in assisting Wisconsin residents to quit smoking. METHODS: Five hundred fifty-three Wisconsin residents who signed up for the American Lung Association's Freedom From Smoking Online cessation program over a 10-month period were solicited for participation. Of these, 80 individuals completed the initial survey (response rate 14.41%). Follow-up surveys were conducted 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after participants completed the program. Fifty-two participants completed the 3-month follow-up, 43 completed the 6-month follow-up, 38 completed the 9-month follow-up, and 36 completed the 12-month follow-up. RESULTS: Initial point prevalence rates or whether participants reported that they had smoked in the previous 24-hour period revealed a quit rate of 55%. Sustained abstinence or whether they reported that they had smoked in the previous 3-month period ranged between 28.8% (3 months after program completion) and 16.3% (1 year after program completion). CONCLUSION: Quit rates compare favorably to current clinic-based smoking cessation programs. Given the low cost nature of an on-line cessation program and the ability to reach a wide audience, the evaluation undertaken of the American Lung Association's Freedom From Smoking Online cessation program revealed promising results.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Operative technique and early hemodynamic results with the Freedom Solo valve.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Stentless aortic valve prostheses usually require two separate suture lines. The Freedom Solo valve (Sorin Group, Saluggia, Italy), by using a minimized implantation technique, requires only a single running suture line of 4-0 polypropylene. Herein are reported the surgical experience and early hemodynamic results obtained with this new valve. METHODS: Following annular decalcification, the Freedom Solo prosthesis was implanted in the supraannular aortic position in the sinuses of Valsalva of 82 patients (52 females, 30 males; mean age 76.6 +/- 7.0 years). Echocardiography was performed to monitor gradients and regurgitation. RESULTS: The logistic EuroSCORE was 12.8 +/- 9.9. Isolated aortic valve replacement was performed in 48 patients; concomitant procedures included coronary artery bypass grafting, mitral procedures, subvalvular myectomy, and atrial ablation. The mean valve size implanted was 26.4 +/- 2.1 mm, and cross-clamp time was 39.0 +/- 7.0 min in primary isolated valve replacement. Non-valve-related 30-day mortality was 3.6%. At discharge, hemodynamic parameters were favorable, with low peak (16.2 +/- 8.0 mmHg) and mean (8.3 +/- 4.5 mmHg) gradients, and without paravalvular leakage and only minimal regurgitation (grade < I degrees) in 10 patients. CONCLUSION: Supraannular implantation of the Freedom Solo stentless valve is safe and reliable, using a single suture line. The valve provides excellent hemodynamics at hospital discharge, without paravalvular leakage. The reduced cross-clamp time represents an attractive surgical alternative in elderly patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

The possibility of human freedom and its transmission (with particular reference to the thought of Bion).

In this paper I examine where Bion's theory of freedom fits within the traditional philosophical debate. I claim that the notion of freedom is the organizing centre of Bion's thought and that the traditional debate has focused with too great a concentration upon the will. I propose that underlying the workings of the will there is a fundamental substratum. This is governed either by the reaction model or by the response model. Freedom is coextensive with the latter mode of functioning but not with the former. The traditional debate needs to take this layer of personality functioning into account.

Gender Identity↗
PubMed2004

The regulation of science and the Charter of Rights: would a ban on non-reproductive human cloning unjustifiably violate freedom of expression?

Non-Reproductive Human Cloning (NRHC) allows researchers to develop and clone cells, including non-reproductive cells, and to research the etiology and transmission of disease. The ability to clone specific stem cells may also allow researchers to clone cells with genetic defects and analyze those cells with more precisions. Despite those potential benefits, Parliament has banned such cloning due to a myriad of social and ethical concerns. In May 2002, the Canadian Government introduced Bill C-13 on assisted human reproductive technologies. Bill C-13 deals with both the scientific and the clinical use of human reproductive materials, and it prohibits a number of other activities, including NRHC. Although the Supreme Court of Canada has never ruled on whether scientific experiments area form of expression, academic support exists for this notion. The authors go through the legal analysis that would be required to find that scientific experiments are expression, focusing in part on whether NRHC could be considered violent and thus fall outside the protection of section 2(b). The latter question is complicated by the ongoing policy debate over whether an "embryonic cell" is property of human life. The authors then consider whether a ban on NRHC could be justified under section 1 of the Charter. They conclude that both the breadth of the legislative purpose and the proportionality of the measure are problematic. Proportionality is a specific concern because the ban could be viewed as an outright denial of scientific freedom of expression. Although consistent with current jurisprudence on freedom of expression, this paper runs against the flow of government policy in the areas of regulation and prohibition of non-reproductive human cloning. As there has been no Charter litigation to date on whether scientific research is a form of expression, the authors introduce a new way of looking at the legality of the regulation of new reproductive technologies.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2002

Autonomy and freedom of choice in prenatal genetic diagnosis.

An increase in autonomy and freedom is often considered one of the main arguments in favour of a broad use of genetic testing. Starting from Gerald Dworkin's reflections on autonomy and choice this article examines some of the implications which accompany the increase in choices offered by prenatal genetic diagnosis. Although personal autonomy and individual choice are important aspects in the legitimation of prenatal genetic diagnosis, it seems clear that an increase in choice offered by prenatal genetic diagnosis also leads to various implications that may negatively influence the freedom of the persons involved.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2002

Reasonable paternalism and the limits of sexual freedom: a response to Greenspan and Leicester and Cooke.

This response argues that Greenspan's comment is basically incoherent, and that the position taken by Leicester and Cooke has unacceptable practical consequences. Greenspan admits that many people with 'mental retardation' lack adult decision-making capacities, but at the same time assumes that they have these very capacities in assigning them freedom rights. Leicester and Cooke consistently argue that people with 'mental retardation' do have adult reasoning powers and therefore should be given freedom rights. But this point has the rather disquieting implication that both the practice of treating 'mental retardation' as an exempting condition and the practice of giving them important special welfare rights seem to loose their justification.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Consumption and its discontents: addiction, identity and the problems of freedom.

The focus of this paper is on the notion of 'addictive consumption', conceived as a set of discourses that are embedded within wider socio-historical processes of governance and control. It examines the discursive convergences and conflicts between practices of consumption and notions of addiction, which it notes are consistently represented in terms of the oppositional categories of self-control vs. compulsion and freedom vs. determinism. These interrelations are explored with reference to the development of notions of addiction, and their relation to shifting configurations of identity, subjectivity and governance. Finally, it suggests that the notion of 'addiction' has particular valence in advanced liberal societies, where an unprecedented emphasis on the values of freedom, autonomy and choice not only encourage the conditions for its proliferation into ever wider areas of social life, but also reveal deep tensions within the ideology of consumerism itself.

Behavior, Addictive↗
PubMed1997

Intimate justice: confronting issues of accountability, respect, and freedom in treatment for abuse and violence.

Intimate justice theory is a set of nine interrelated concepts that describe the ethical dimensions of equality, fairness, and care in ongoing partnerships. Understanding ethical dimensions involves examining internalized beliefs and behavior in terms of their motivation and impact on the partner, particularly as they empower, disempower, or abuse power. The concepts of intimate justice theory are applied to confront disempowerment and abuses of power, to challenge internalized beliefs about how one should treat one's partner, to explore how internalized beliefs were developed through experiences in the family of origin, and to develop an awareness of the linkages between intimate partner abuse and social injustice. This article demonstrates how therapists can utilize three of the concepts --accountability, respect, and freedom--to structure the opening phase of treatment for abuse and violence. The primary focus of the opening phase is on establishing accountability for change in the abusive man and protecting the safety of the injured partner. This involves challenging the abuser's sense of entitlement and working to rethink what respect is and restoring freedom to his partner. The discussion incorporates the findings of an exploratory, qualitative study that investigated the experiences of 30 abusive men and their partners who were clients in a university-based counseling clinic. The article elaborates six interventions that can be utilized in clinical settings to structure treatment with abusive men.

Female↗