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PubMed1988

The development of fertility assay kits: an overview.

This paper analyzes the importance of developing fertility assays kits, specially in order to shorten the estimate of the fertile period in NFP users. It presents the criteria that an assay kit needs to meet. Urinary hormones, metabolites of progesterone, estrogens, and luteinizing hormones are analyzed as fertile-period markers. Progesterone and estradiol in saliva, as well as other constituents of saliva, the volumetric vaginal aspirator, and the change in the electrical conductivity of the vaginal fluid are also analyzed with the same purposes.

Family Planning Services↗
PubMed1990

[Effect of the composition of the ration during the dry period on fertility and milk production of Holstein cows in Israel].

In each for of kibbutzin herds located in Israel the dry cows were divided in two feeding groups. The experimental group, in totally 266 cows, obtained only oat, barley or wheat hay ad libitum, whereas the control group (n = 253) was fed additionally mix or silage up to four kg dry matter. The cows in the control group responded in the following lactation with a 1.3 kg higher average FCM per day (p = 0.02) and with a 1.7 kg higher maximum FCM (p = 0.01) in comparison to the experimental group. The differences between the experimental and control group in A. I.-parameters days open, conception rate on first insemination and percent problem cows were rather small. However, the frequency of retained placenta and ovary cysts was significantly (p less than 0.05) higher in the control group than in the experimental group. In one herd the influence of body condition between the end of lactation, dry period and 50-80 days p.p. as well as the change of body weight between the end of lactation and calving on milk production and fertility could be evaluated. A decrease of one body condition score unit between the dry period and 50-80 days p.p. was associated with an increase of FCM by 2.01 kg (p less than 0.01), a decrease of the conception rate by 21% (p less than 0.05) and an elongation of the days open by 23.6 days (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

Female body odour is a potential cue to ovulation.

Human body odours have been reported to influence female mate choice. Women prefer the odours of immunocompatible men and, during their fertile period, judge the body odours of men with symmetrical bodies--which is indicative of genetic quality--as sexy and pleasant. The reproductive success of men largely depends on mating with fertile women, but it is not known whether men can detect a woman's fertile period. We asked women who had regular menstrual cycles and who were not using hormonal contraceptives to wear a T-shirt for three consecutive nights during their late follicular (ovulatory) phase and another T-shirt during the luteal (non-ovulatory) phase of their menstrual cycle. Male raters judged the odours of T-shirts worn during the follicular phase as more pleasant and sexy than odours from T-shirts worn during the luteal phase. The odour differences between the follicular and luteal phases did not dissipate quickly over time as male raters were able to detect and judge follicular phase body odours as more pleasant and sexy than the odours from the luteal phase even after the T-shirts were kept at room temperature for one week. These findings suggest that ovulation may not be concealed and that men could use ovulation-linked odours in their mate selection.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Canine ovulation timing.

The key endocrinologic event in the estrous cycle is the luteinizing hormone (LH) peak, which triggers ovulation and thus determines the fertile period. Although LH is impractical to measure directly, a coincidental rise in progesterone also occurs. The recent advent of in-house canine-specific progesterone assays allows accurate identification of the fertile period of the bitch.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Diagnosis of fertility with a personal hormonal evaluation test].

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy of the urinary test "Persona" in the recognition of the fertile period comparing hormonal assay and monitoring the follicular growth by ultrasonography. METHODS: Twenty women have used "Persona" for 13 cycles (200 cycles). This device evaluates changes in E-3-G and LH concentrations and estimates the fertile days which are displayed by a red light. Inclusion criteria were: age 22-45, regular menstrual cycles (23-35 days), absence of the polycystic ovary syndrome. The participants underwent vaginal ultrasonography in several days (one of the first 7 "green days", the first "red day", the ovulation day "O", and the first "green day" after ovulation) and determination of blood concentration of LH, in the ovulation day, and progesterone, in the 21st day of cycle. RESULTS: Vaginal ultrasonography was in agreement with predictions of "Persona" in 96% in the first "green days", in 94% in the first "red day", in 95,8% in the ovulation day and in 97,5% in the first "green day" after ovulation. All participants with ultrasonographic evidence of ovulation had a concentration of LH included in 13-71 mUI/ml range and of progesterone included in 12-50 ng/ml range. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the "Persona" test is effective in the recognition of the fertile period, but a correct maintenance of the microcomputer is important for the best reliability of method. The method seems to be a wellcome alternative for couples who want to use natural family planning.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Menstrual cycle variation in women's preferences for the scent of symmetrical men.

Evidence suggests that female sexual preferences change across the menstrual cycle. Women's extra-pair copulations tend to occur in their most fertile period, whereas their intra-pair copulations tend to be more evenly spread out across the cycle. This pattern is consistent with women preferentially seeking men who evidence phenotypic markers of genetic benefits just before and during ovulation. This study examined whether women's olfactory preferences for men's scent would tend to favour the scent of more symmetrical men, most notably during the women's fertile period. College women sniffed and rated the attractiveness of the scent of 41 T-shirts worn over a period of two nights by different men. Results indicated that normally cycling (non-pill using) women near the peak fertility of their cycle tended to prefer the scent of shirts worn by symmetrical men. Normally ovulating women at low fertility within their cycle, and women using a contraceptive pill, showed no significant preference for either symmetrical or asymmetrical men's scent. A separate analysis revealed that, within the set of normally cycling women, individual women's preference for symmetry correlated with their probability of conception, given the actuarial value associated with the day of the cycle they reported at the time they smelled the shirts. Potential sexual selection processes and proximate mechanisms accounting for these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The effect of experimental male removals on extrapair paternity in the wheatear, Oenanthe oenanthe.

To examine the role of the pair male in ensuring paternity in the wheatear, we removed pair males for 24 h during the fertile period (days 0 to +1 in 1992 and days -5 to -1 in 1993, where day 0=first egg date). Control males were removed during incubation. The frequency and duration of intrusions, and the frequency of extrapair copulations (EPCs), increased during removals in the fertile period, but not during incubation. The frequency of extrapair paternity (EPP) was marginally higher (25%) in experimental than control broods and the presence of the pair male seemed particularly important in ensuring paternity in those days immediately preceding laying. Females were selective over which males they copulated with in the absence of their mate and rejected the majority of attempted EPCs. Only extrapair males in better body condition than the removed pair male eventually gained successful matings. Experimental males in poorer body condition were also more likely to have EPP in their brood than experimental males in better body condition. Female copulatory behaviour was the most important factor in determining patterns of paternity, and mate-guarding behaviours by the pair male appeared to limit the females' opportunities to engage in EPCs by reducing the frequency and duration of intrusions, rather than to control female behaviour directly. Copyright 1999 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Risk factors for hip fracture in Spanish and Turkish women.

Hip fractures in elderly people are an important public health problem. The incidence varies with ethnic group and shows wide geographical variation. To examine the effect of body mass index, dietary calcium intake, fertile period, physical activity, and years of education on the risk of hip fracture, a case-control study was undertaken, as part of the MEDOS study, involving 519 women with hip fracture and 808 controls aged 50 or more years from Spain and Turkey. The results of this study suggest that low body mass index, low dietary calcium intake, low physical activity, a short fertile period, and a short period of education are associated with increased risk of hip fracture. The findings confirm previous reports of the influence of several potential risk factors for hip fracture and demonstrate for the first time a protective effect of education.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Interpretation of the BBT chart: using the "Gap" technique compared to the Coverline technique.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare the accuracy of the Gap and Coverline techniques of interpreting the basal body temperature chart. METHODS: We compared the proportion of menstrual cycles for which the Gap and Coverline techniques accurately identified the post-ovulatory final fertile phase (FFP) and the initial infertile phase (IIP) and the median number of days each overestimated the fertile period, using urinary LH testing as the gold standard. RESULTS: The Gap and Coverline techniques identified the FFP within +/-1 day of that identified by LH testing in 13/33 (39%) and 10/33 (30%) cycles (chi2=0.6; p=.44), respectively, and the IIP within +1 day of that of LH testing in 13/33 (55%) and 4/33 (12%) cycles, respectively (chi2=13.4; p<.001). The Gap and Coverline techniques overestimated the fertile period by 1 and 4 days, respectively (p=.0002). CONCLUSION: Based on this small study, the Gap technique appears to be more accurate than the Coverline technique in identifying the post-ovulatory IIP.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Sexual selection in Japanese macaques II: female mate choice and male-male competition

Mating and reproductive outcomes are the product of the potentially conficting strategies of breeding males and females. In a captive group of Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata fuscatabehavioural, endocrine and genetic data were combined to assess the independent effects of male-male competition and female mate choice on mating and reproductive success. Males were ranked by social dominance and by their attractivity to females. Computer simulation and logistic regression analyses showed that male attractivity had a stronger effect than male dominance on both mating and reproductive outcome. Although male dominance and attractivity both significantly predicted mating success during fertile periods, only male attractivity significantly predicted actual male reproductive success. These results provide evidence that female mate choice can be a stronger determinant of mating and reproductive outcome in this species when male and female strategies are in conflict. The lack of a consistent correlation between male dominance rank and reproductive success in this species may be accounted for in part by female mate choice of socially subordinate males. Sires who were observed to mate with the mother during her fertile period were more likely to be socially dominant than sires who were not observed to do so. This observation suggests the existence of alternative mating strategies by subordinate males, which may also contribute to the lack of a consistent correlation between male dominance rank and reproductive success in this species.1997The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

The role of matching menstrual data with hormonal measurements in evaluating effectiveness of postcoital contraception.

The effectiveness of postcoital contraception can only be estimated. The most commonly used method of calculation compares the expected pregnancy rate in the exposed population to the resultant pregnancies after treatment. Estimation of the fertile period and the day of ovulation are critical to calculate the expected pregnancies. The aim of this study was to improve the accuracy of calculations by evaluating the hormonal status on the day of contraceptive treatment. A total of 483 consecutive women requesting postcoital contraception was included in a prospective observational trial. A blood sample was obtained at the moment of consultation to measure serum luteinizing hormone, estradiol, and progesterone concentrations. An ethinylestradiol-levonorgestrel combination (100 micrograms/500 mg for two doses, 12 h apart) was then prescribed. The fertile period was estimated according to previous hormonal studies in the normal cycling population. Of 483 women, 64 (13.25%) women were excluded because they presented irregular menstrual cycles and 37 (7.6%) women were lost to follow-up. Two pregnancies occurred in the remaining 382 women. Following Wilcox's and Trussell's methods, 21.1 and 17.75 pregnancies should be expected, yielding an overall treatment effectiveness of 90.52% (95% confidence interval [CI] 62.58%-97.6%) and 88.73% (95% CI 55.93%-97.12%), respectively. Hormonal data were available in 356 women; 303 of whom presented with regular cycles. Hormonal information in this group restricted the number of exposed cases to 88 women. Of the women included in Trussell's method of analysis, only 51 (51.5%; p < 0.05) were at risk using hormonal data. Fifty-six percent (95% CI 34.9%-75.6%) of women with luteinizing hormone levels > 20 IU/L were not between days-1 and +1 of the cycle. Hormonal studies suggest that methods based on pregnancy risk calculated by cycle day do not faithfully reflect the real exposure.

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Hormonal↗
PubMed2004

Bone mineral density in old age: the influence of age at menarche and menopause.

Being aware that age at menarche, age at menopause, and length of fertile period influence bone mineral density (BMD) in the early postmenopausal period, we have failed to find any earlier studies where such an influence on the axial skeleton has been studied in old age when the incidence of hip fracture starts to increase. A large cohort of women, all 75 years old (n = 1044) participated in the Malmö Osteoporosis Prospective Risk Assessment (OPRA) Study. The BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck was assessed by a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) technique. Age at menarche and at menopause was recalled with a questionnaire. Also, data on estrogen medication was collected. We found that, after excluding ever-users of potent estrogens (n = 49), there was a small but significant correlation of early menarcheal age with high BMD of the lumbar spine (r = -0.08; P = 0.017) and femoral neck (r = -0.10; P = 0.002) at age 75. Excluding the extremes (5% of the women) with very early or very late menarche, age at menarche no longer influenced the BMD in old age (r = -0.06; P = 0.113). Age at menopause had no influence on the BMD of the lumbar spine (r = 0.04; P = 0.246) or femoral neck (r = 0.00; P = 0.985), at age 75. The length of the fertile period did not influence BMD in old age. The influence of menarcheal or menopausal age on BMD at age 75 was not substantially altered after including body mass index (BMI) in a multiple regression model. Age at menarche or menopause seems to be of limited or no importance as a risk factor for osteoporosis when subjects are age 75 or older.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Comorbidity and lifestyle, reproductive factors, and environmental exposures associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of lifestyle, reproduction, and some external factors on the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to describe its comorbidity. METHODS: Cases were identified retrospectively from 1980 to 1995 at the University Hospital in Linköping, Sweden. The study comprised 422 cases and 859 randomly selected population referents. Data on possible aetiological factors and comorbidity were collected by postal questionnaire. RESULTS: The response rates were 67% among cases and 59% among referents. A decrease in the occurrence of atopic allergy was seen in the cases (odds ratio (OR) 0.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4 to 1.0). There was a positive association between RA and insulin treatment (OR 10.2, 95% CI 1.7 to 60.8) in women, and women with a short fertile period had an increased risk of RA (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.4). Current and previous smoking were associated with increased risks for RA in both sexes, and in men a dose-response relationship was found with number of tobacco pack years (p for trend <0.005). The risk for RA decreased with increasing level of education in both men and women. Increased risks were seen in men born into households with private wells (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.5 to 5.2), residentially exposed to mould (OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 20.2), or exposed to farm animals (OR 3.3, 95% CI 0.7 to 16.6). In women there were positive associations between RA and reporting a previous joint injury (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.0 to 6.6) and prolonged exposure to hair dyes (OR 1.9, 95% CI 0.8 to 4.5). CONCLUSIONS: RA, a disease with features of T helper 1 (Th1) dominated immune response, was inversely associated with atopic allergy, a Th2 dominated condition, while there were indications of a strong positive association with Th1 related diabetes mellitus. The results support a causal relationship between smoking and RA. The level of education was inversely associated with RA, while there was a positive association between RA and certain residential factors in men and a short fertile period in women.

Adult↗