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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Yolk sac tumor in a case of testicular feminization syndrome.

A 17 month old who had been diagnosed as having testicular feminization syndrome (noted during inguinal herniorrhaphy) was operated on because of an abdominal mass that had a high serum level of alpha-fetoprotein. Histologically, the lesion was a yolk sac tumor. The alpha-fetoprotein level normalized within 2 months of the surgery, through the administration of adjunctive chemotherapy containing cisplatinum. The patient is disease-free 4 years postoperatively. When performing inguinal herniorrhaphy in a girl, the surgeon should be prepared to deal with testicular feminization syndrome. If gonadal neoplasm is deniable at the time of diagnosis, careful follow-up examinations are needed until completion of the development of secondary sex characteristics.

Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome↗
PubMed1976

Testicular feminization syndrome: current clinical considerations.

The testicular feminization syndrome (TFS) in its complete form results in total feminization due to a nuclear inaction of androgens, and the female role should be supported with postpubertal orchiectomy to avoid the risk of malignancy. Incomplete forms of the syndrome (ITFS) include Type I n which some degree of masculinization may be observed, prompting earlier gonadectomy, and Type II or pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias (PPSH) which is always characterized by pubertal masculinization, necessitating management and support of these patients as males. Other intersex abnormalities which must be differentiated include true hermaphroditism, the Swyer syndrome, males with 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency, and Reifenstein's syndrome.

17-Ketosteroids↗
PubMed1982

Effect of danazol on gonadal steroidogenesis in patients with a complete form of testicular feminization.

The clinical applicability of danazol has been postulated to depend upon its antigonadotropic and androgenic properties. However, the true mechanism of action of danazol has not been fully elucidated, and experimental evidence indicates that the major pharmacologic action of this drug may be related to the direct inhibition of multiple enzymes of gonadal steroidogenesis. In the present study, the hypothesis that danazol directly inhibits gonadal steroidogenesis was tested during the course of endocrine studies on three sisters with a complete form of testicular feminization. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) levels were determined following short-term administration of varying doses of danazol. In these patients, the absence of androgen receptors and the expected inability of danazol to serve as a metabolic precursor of estrogens would minimize possible antigonadotropic effects of this drug and allow the evaluation of its direct action on the secretion of steroids by the gonads in vivo. During the experiments, there was a highly significant and dose-related suppression of serum T levels in all patients. E2 levels decreased slightly. Both LH and FSH levels showed no consistent decline and remained within the range of normal. In one patient, LH and FSH levels declined significantly during treatment, but in the other two patients serum concentrations of LH remained stable or even increased while T levels fell. In spite of the fall in steroid levels, a compensatory increase in gonadotropins did not always occur. In conclusion, danazol effectively suppresses peripheral T levels in patients with a complete form of testicular feminization. Such suppression is dose related and can occur in the absence of a decline in LH serum concentrations, possibly as a result of a direct action on gonadal steroidogenesis.l

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Feminizing reconstructive surgery for ambiguous genitalia: the Leipzig experience.

PURPOSE: We report the results of feminizing reconstructive surgery for ambiguous genitalia with regard to the degree of virilization according to Prader and the long-term outcome with special emphasis on sexual intercourse. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients 16 to 46 years old with CAH (41) and MPH (17) were followed continuously by an interdisciplinary team that provided standardized hormone substitution and reconstructive surgery. More virilized genitalia were treated using a 2-stage procedure. RESULTS: Of patients with CAH no surgery and clitoris reduction were done in 4 and 2 (Prader I and II), no surgery, a 1-stage and a 2-stage procedure were done in 2, 3 and 4 (Prader III), a 2-stage procedure, a 1-stage procedure and surgery for fistula were done in 16, 4 and 2, respectively, while 1 refused surgery (Prader IV), and a 2-stage procedure was done in 5, including pull-through vaginoplasty in 2 (Prader V). Of patients with MPH no surgery was done in 6 (Prader I and II), a 1-stage procedure and a 2-stage procedure were done in 3 and 1 (Prader III), respectively, and a 2-stage procedure was done in 6, while 1 refused surgery (Prader IV). Revision vaginoplasties were necessary in 7 patients (12.1%) because of scar stenosis in those who underwent 1-stage as well as 2-stage procedures. None of our patients required reconstructive surgery to create a neovagina. Of the 58 patients 32 achieved sexual intercourse and in 17 the postoperative result would allow sexual intercourse, while in 3 the possibility of sexual intercourse is uncertain. For 3 patients sexual intercourse would not be possible since feminizing reconstructive surgery was refused. One patient could not be followed. CONCLUSIONS: Two-stage surgery leads to a favorable outcome in patients with CAH and MPH, and virilized genitalia (Prader IV and V).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Electron microscopy of a feminizing Leydig cell tumor of the testis.

The ultrastructural characteristics of a feminizing interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor of the testis were compared with those of normal Leydig cells and with the findings described in 10 published cases of Leydig cell tumor. The neoplastic Leydig cells superficially resembled normal Leydig cells. Similarities included abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, lipid, and microbodies. Contrastingly, Reinke crystalloids and paracrystalline inclusions were absent and lipochrome pigment and lysosomes very rare. The nuclei were large and contained enlarged, often multiple, nucleoli. The nuclear membranes tended to be irregular and undulating. Cytoplasmic membranous whorls and myelin figures were conspicuous. Fairly homogeneous fibrous septa were evident between single and grouped tumor cells. Despite several individual variations, there is a general resemblance between the neoplastic Leydig cells in this patient and those previously reported. No distinguishing ultrastructural characteristics were discerned between feminizing and virilizing Leydig cell tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Feminization of embryonic chicken testicle by diethylstilbestrol and antagonistic action of tamoxifen].

The question was asked whether the feminization of the chick embryo testis by diethylstilboestrol involves oestrogen secretion. The left gonads of male embryos treated with diethylstilboestrol at the stage of 5 days of incubation were removed at the stage of 17 days and cultured in vitro in the presence of radiolabelled androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone or sodium acetate. Radiochromatography and repeated crystallizations to constant specific activity were used to demonstrate the formation of oestrone and oestradiol. The results show that oestrogen synthesis takes place from any of the 4 precursors. The normal testis does not produce oestrogens or produces them only in small amounts. Thus, it can be concluded that diethylstilboestrol induces oestrogen synthesis in the chick embryo testis. In a second part of the work, it is shown that tamoxifen antagonizes the feminizing action of diethylstilboestrol on the testes, both at the morphological and biochemical levels.

Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Laparoscopic gonadectomy in a patient with testicular feminization syndrome.

A laparoscopic technique is reported as an operative approach for gonadectomy in a case of testicular feminization syndrome. A 17-year-old phenotypic female presented with primary amenorrhea and was evaluated through a diagnostic protocol that included clinical, cytogenetic, and hormonal examinations. The findings supported the diagnosis of testicular feminization syndrome. The left gonad was found at the internal opening of the inguinal canal and removed laparoscopically. No gonad was found at the contralateral side. No complications occurred during the operation and the patient left the hospital the same day. A long-term hormonal replacement treatment was initiated postoperatively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Cellular distribution of a feminizing microsporidian parasite: a strategy for transovarial transmission.

The cellular distribution of a vertically transmitted, feminizing microsporidian was followed in its host Gammarus duebeni. In adult females the parasite was restricted to gonadal tissue, in particular primary and secondary follicle cells. Spores were diplokaryotic with a thin spore wall and a short polar filament, characteristics typical of 'early' spores involved in autoinfection. The diplokaryotic life-cycle, absence of spore groupings and of a pansporoblast membrane typify the genus Nosema. However, the unusual globular polaroplast of the spore and restriction of this stage to host ovarian tissue have not previously been described in Nosema. Sporogony occurred only in follicle cells adjacent to developing oocytes and was in synchrony with the process of vitellogenesis. Oocytes were infected after formation of intracellular connections with follicle cells but harboured only vegetative stages of the parasite. Parasites were associated with the perinuclear cytoplasm and, in developing embryos, segregated to daughter cells along the axis of the spindle. In juvenile animals there was no evidence of pathology linked with feminization and the parasite was found at low density in cells under the cuticle. The parasite is highly adapted to transovarial transmission with an efficient mechanism of oocyte infection and no evidence of pathology.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Evidence for a new feminizing Wolbachia strain in the isopod Armadillidium vulgare: evolutionary implications.

Wolbachia are intracellular maternally inherited alpha-Proteobacteria infecting a wide range of arthropods. In the common pill bug Armadillidium vulgare, the known Wolbachia strain is responsible for feminization of genetic males. We have investigated Wolbachia diversity in 20 populations of A. vulgare from west and east Europe, north Africa and north America. A new Wolbachia strain (wVulM) was identified through the variability of the wsp gene, distantly related to that previously known (wVulC) in this host species. No individual with multiple infections was detected. Inoculation experiments indicated that the new wVulM bacterial strain also induces feminization in A. vulgare. However, the wVulC strain showed a higher transmission rate than the wVulM strain and was the most geographically widespread Wolbachia in A. vulgare populations. Mitochondrial 16SrDNA gene sequencing was conducted in Wolbachia-infected individuals, revealing the occurrence of four host lineages. The comparison of bacterial strains and their respective host mitochondrial phylogenies failed to show concordance, indicating horizontal transmission of the Wolbachia strains within populations of A. vulgare.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Two species of feminizing microsporidian parasite coexist in populations of Gammarus duebeni.

The amphipod crustacean Gammarus duebeni hosts two species of vertically transmitted microsporidian parasites, Nosema granulosis and Microsporidium sp. A. Here it is demonstrated that these co-occurring parasite species both cause infected females to produce female-biased broods. A survey of European G. duebeni populations demonstrates that these two parasites co-occur in six of 10 populations. These findings contrast with the theoretical prediction that two vertically transmitted feminizing parasites should not coexist in a panmictic population of susceptible hosts at equilibrium. Possible explanations for the co-occurrence of the two feminizing microsporidia in G. duebeni include the recent invasion of a new parasite, horizontal transmission of one or both parasites and the spread of alleles for resistance to the dominant parasite in host populations.

Amphipoda↗
PubMed1999

Feminizing genital reconstruction, sigmoid vaginal replacement and anorectoplasty as a one-stage procedure for anorectal atresia associated with ambiguous genitalia.

Anorectal atresia associated with male pseudohermaphroditism presents both diagnostic and surgical challenges. In the past, multiple operations were necessary for feminizing genitoplasty in gender-reassigned children with ambiguous genitalia. We combined the repair of an imperforate anus with a feminizing genitoplasty, including sigmoid vaginal replacement using the posterior sagittal approach in a 3-months-old infant. We conclude that a primary complete reconstruction is advantageous and should be performed in this condition.

Anus, Imperforate↗
PubMed1979

Relationship between attitudes toward feminism and levels of dogmatism, achievement, and anxiety.

More than 1,500 American women from a wide range of age, socioeconomic, and educational backgrounds were administered measures of dogmatism, anxiety, achievement, and feminism. One hundred nine Ss who scored above the 75 percentile on the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (high supporters of the feminist movement) were matched with 109 Ss who scored below the 25 percentile on the Scale (low supporters of feminism). Statistical analyses showed that women who strongly supported women's equality were (a) less close-minded; (b) more goal oriented toward nontraditional roles (vocational, educational, etc.); and (c) no different from the low supporter group in anxiety level or ego strength on four out of five dimensions. These results support the notion that feminist supporters as a group are as well adjusted as their nonfeminist counterparts on these specific traits.

Achievement↗
PubMed1993

Psychosexual functioning in women with complete testicular feminization: is androgen replacement therapy preferable to estrogen?

Effects of oral testosterone undecanoate (Andriol) on blood hormone levels, moods, sociosexual functioning and self-image of the body were studied in four gonadectomized patients with complete testicular feminization. In a double-blind cross-over experiment, patients were treated with oral testosterone undecanoate (120 mg/day) or placebo for four weeks. Peripheral blood was taken for hormone assays at the end of each four-week period. Psychosexual functioning was reported once weekly, mood scales twice weekly. In three patients testosterone treatment resulted in adult male blood levels of testosterone and estradiol. One patient did not show increased steroid levels, possibly because of hyperthyroxinaemia. No systematic effects were found on coitus, masturbation, sexual thoughts, scores on desire for bodily contact, and on attention for physical appearance. In one patient there was a marked and sustained rise in the positive moods and a fall in negative moods during androgen treatment. These results do not demonstrate that androgen therapy is preferable to estrogen in gonadectomized women with complete testicular feminization with regard to psychosexual functioning.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Conflict between feminizing sex ratio distorters and an autosomal masculinizing gene in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare Latr.

Female sex determination in the pill bug Armadillidium vulgare is frequently under the control of feminizing parasitic sex factors (PSF). One of these PSF is an intracytoplasmic Wolbachia-like bacterium (F), while the other (f) is suspected of being an F-bacterial DNA sequence unstably integrated into the host genome. In most wild populations harboring PSF, all individuals are genetic males (ZZ), and female phenotypes occur only due to the presence of PSF which overrides the male determinant carried by the Z chromosome (females are thus ZZ +F or ZZ +f neo-females). Here we report the effects of the conflict between these PSF and a dominant autosomal masculinizing gene (M) on phenotypes. The M gene is able to override the feminizing effect of the f sex factor and, consequently, male sex may be restored. However, M is unable to restore male sex when competing with the F bacteria. It seems that the main effect of M is to delay the expression of F bacteria slightly, inducing intersex phenotypes. Most of these intersexes are functional females, able to transmit the masculinizing gene. The frequency of M and its effects on the sex ratio in wild populations are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Isolation of dominant XO-feminizing mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans: new regulatory tra alleles and an X chromosome duplication with implications for primary sex determination.

A strain of Caenorhabditis elegans was constructed that permits selection of dominant or sex-linked mutations that transform XO animals (normally male) into fertile females, using a feminizing mutation, tra-2(e2046gf), which by itself does not sexually transform XO males. Twenty-three mutations were isolated after chemical mutagenesis and found to fall into both expected classes (four dominant tra-1 mutations and eight recessive xol-1 mutations) and novel classes. The novel mutations include 10 second-site mutations of tra-2, which are called eg mutations, for enhanced gain-of-function. The tra-2(gf, eg) alleles lead to complete dominant transformation of XO animals from fertile male into fertile female. Also isolated was a duplication of the left end of the X chromosome, eDp26, which has dominant XO lethal and feminizing properties, unlike all previously isolated duplications of the X chromosome. The properties of eDp26 indicate that it carries copies of one or more numerator elements, which act as part of the primary sex-determination signal, the X:A ratio. The eDp26 duplication is attached to the left tip of the X chromosome in inverted orientation and consequently can be used to generate unstable attached-X chromosomes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A case of 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency with symptoms mimicking testicular feminization.

A case of 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency mimicking testicular feminization is reported. Different from the complete form of testicular feminization in which androgens are normal or elevated and end-organ insensitivity to androgens is supposed, this case had a negligible amount of androgens and responded to the injection of testosterone propionate with a positive nitrogen and phosphate balance.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Female inguinal hernias and testicular feminization.

Surgeons and clinicians should be aware of testicular feminization and its implications in performing inguinal hernia repairs on female patients of any age. Removal of the gonads is probably indicated only after pubertal growth is complete. Other intersex conditions usually require prepubertal gonadectomy, but in these patients diagnosis is often made before any planned hernia repair. Incisional biopsy of abnormal gonads is important, but the diagnosis of testicular feminization must be confirmed by appropriate laboratory tests. Corticosteroids should be given to cover the immediate postoperative period so that patients with biochemical defects will not have hypoadrenalism.

Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Feminism and nursing: historical perspectives.

Feminists have often criticized nursing for lack of commitment to women's movements. This article addresses the contradictions and conflicts in the relationship of feminism and nursing from a historical perspective. Different feminist epistemologies, those of enlightened liberal, cultural, and radical feminism, are examined historically and their relevance to nursing is discussed. A reflexive theory, proposed by Harding, is used to conceptualize the differing responses, feminist and nonfeminist, of women and nurses, as alternative reactions to the many types of patriarchy they have encountered.

Authoritarianism↗