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PubMed1995

Potential for misclassification of infants' usual feeding practices using 24-hour dietary assessment methods.

Feeding patterns of 131 low income Peruvian infants were assessed by 1574 single-day studies (12-h observations plus 12-h recall) of dietary intake and by mothers' monthly reports of usual feeding practices to determine whether feeding pattern classification depends on the assessment method used. Results suggest that single-day studies produce a different view of feeding practices than do mothers' reports of usual behavior. Exclusive breast-feeding in infants younger than 4 mo was observed 25% more often than reported. Non-human milk consumption was reported 30% more often than observed. Disagreement between reported and observed practices was related by logistic regression analyses to mother's age and education, number of children younger than 5 y in the home and infant age and illness on the observation day. Most disagreement between reported and observed behavior could have been due to daily variation in feeding practices. Consumption during the past 24 h should not be used alone as the basis for classifying infant feeding practices in survey research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Technical note: methods for detecting liquid enzyme additives added to animal feeds.

Methods for detecting and measuring the quantity of fibrolytic enzyme preparations added to feeds were investigated by enzymatic and tracer methods. Enzyme preparations added to corn silage, ryegrass silage, and a total mixed ration containing both silages and a concentrate could not be detected using their enzymatic activities. Glycosidase activities of solubles washed from the feed were more than an order of magnitude greater than glycosidases in the added enzymes. Carboxymethylcellulase and xylanase activity determinations, using reducing sugar release as the measurement, were subject to interference from reducing sugars present in the feed. A fluorescent tracer method, using fluorescein added at a rate of 1 g/L of feed enzymes, or 2 g/t of feed, was developed that enabled sensitive detection of liquid enzyme additions to feeds.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1994

Maternal attitudes as predictors of infant feeding decisions.

To achieve the goal of Healthy People 2000 of increasing the rate and duration of breast-feeding in the United States, it is important to determine how maternal attitudes influence choice of infant feeding method. This study of postpartum women explores the extent to which maternal attitudes concerning process (how the baby is fed) and product (what the baby is fed) can predict the method of infant feeding during the hospital stay. A cross-sectional analysis of mothers' attitudes and infant feeding behavior was conducted. The participants included 216 mothers of infants less than 48 hours of age. Sociodemographic characteristics and maternal attitudes were analyzed to determine their ability to predict choice of feeding method. The results of the study indicate that maternal attitudes are better predictors of feeding method than are sociodemographic factors. These attitudinal variables, reflecting concerns over food intake, infant nutrition, and parental role, were most strongly related to choice of infant feeding method. The study indicates that maternal attitudes concerning the process and product dimensions of infant feeding provide valuable information regarding the women most likely to select either breast-feeding or formula-feeding. To increase the rate of breast-feeding, interventions should be developed that are consonant with positive maternal attitudes concerning the process and product dimensions of breast-feeding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Personal experiences with Russell's method].

Feeding with nasally placed enteral feeding tubes is a method frequently used for long-term nutrition of patients with neurologically or mechanically induced swallowing disorders. Feeding tubes, however, may be unsatisfactory due to either esthetic considerations or complications such as esophagitis, bleeding or pulmonary aspiration. Recently, endoscopic techniques for placing of feeding gastrostomies without laparotomy have been introduced. We report on our experience with 46 endoscopically controlled percutaneous gastrostomies in 38 patients according to the method described by Russell. Cerebrovascular diseases and malignancies of the oropharynx were the 2 most common indications for creation of the gastrostomy. Endoscopically assisted gastrostomy was successful in 38 of 40 patients referred. One serious and two minor complications were encountered. Gastrostomy was in use for a median time span of 3 months (range 1-83 weeks). We conclude that endoscopically assisted percutaneous gastrostomy is a simple, safe, and effective means of providing enteral nutrition in patients requiring tube feeding.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Methods of feeding and illness in infants in the first six months of life].

UNLABELLED: There is now a general agreement, that breast feeding prevents infantile gastrointestinal infections and non-gastrointestinal infections in all settings. In this study, we tried to pay attention to Kovar et al. who suggested that studies to detect the effects of breast feeding on health should be undertaken for other reasons and should include the collection of related information as part of the study. METHODS: Data collection. The population consisted of all infants born in the community of Krushevac in 1994. After at least 36 weeks of pregnancy their weight was 2500 g or more. The babies were selected by a modified cluster sampling. Data were collected by access to health cards where data of systematic medical examination of infants after the first, third and sixth month of life were recorded. Feeding method. Breast feeding was defined as the period of breast feeding from birth until the infant was totally weaned, even if other food was offered. The term bottle feeding referred to no breast feeding but to an infant formula or cow milk. Each infant was classified every month into either a breast feeding group or a bottle feeding group. Infectious diseases. We studied gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases, and all other illnesses except trauma were included in the third category. Statistical analysis. Every infant was classified each month as breast or bottle fed and thus was included in a 6-month observation. An episode of illness was associated either with breast feeding or bottle feeding according to the method of feeding in the month during which the episode occurred. The incidence density of diseases in breast fed infants was computed as follows: The rate numerator corresponded to the total number of episodes of diseases reported while infants were breast fed. The denominator was the number of month of breast feeding of all infants. The rate of diseases in bottle fed infants was obtained in the similar way. To compare the rates of illnesses in breast fed and bottle fed infants, we computed the incidence density ratio (IDR). So, when less than one, the IDR indicated a protective effect of breast feeding. RESULTS: Figure 1 illustrates the distribution of infants by the method of feeding at each age in months. Sixty four percent of babies were breast fed at the end of the first month, 43 percent at the end of the third month and 37.8 percent at the end of the sixth month. A total of 305 episodes of diseases were observed in 448 infants. An approximate incidence density analysis revealed the significant protective effect of breast feeding in relation to the total number of illnesses during the first sixth months of life (Table 1). The incidence density for gastrointestinal diseases was 49 percent lower in breast fed infants than in bottle fed infants (IDR = 0.51). The protective effect of breast feeding on gastrointestinal diseases persisted after individual adjustment according to the infant's age (Table 2). The rough incidence density for respiratory diseases was 38 percent lower in breast fed infants than in bottle fed infants (IDR = 0.62)(Table 1). The protective effect of breast feeding on respiratory diseases persisted after individual adjustment according to the infant's age (Table 3). DISCUSSION: The results of this retrospective cohort study revealed protective effects of breast feeding in relation to respiratory illnesses as well as gastrointestinal diseases during the first six months of life. The statistical analysis based on Person-time methods best emphasizes the common problems that arise in such studies, because it takes in account the fact that (1) the outcome may be recurrent in one individual; (2) the duration of breast feeding is associated with the infant's age, and (3) the incidence is also age related. We conclude that breast feeding was protective against respiratory illnesses including ear infection and against gastrointestinal diseases. The study thus reinforces the benefits of breast feeding for

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1984

Accuracy of single- and two-feed test weighing in assessing 24 h breast milk production.

The breast milk intake at a single feed (one-feed method) or the mean intake at two feeds (two-feed method) multiplied by the number of feeds per day was compared with the results of test weighing at every feed during a 24 h period. Six subjects were followed longitudinally from days 1-9 and 21-56 postpartum and the data analyzed by linear regression. There was a reasonable relationship between the mean values for milk intake obtained from the one- and two-feed methods and the 24 h test weights between days 3 and 9 of lactation. However, there was no relationship in full lactation (days 21-56). During both time periods, individual values for the one- and two-feed methods were associated with a large unsystematic error. The one- and two-feed methods may be useful only in situations where mean milk intake for a large population is desired and 24 h test weighing is not possible.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Method for hand-feeding mouse pups with nursing bottles.

The purpose of this study was to establish a hand-feeding method for the mouse by using nursing bottles. Five different-sized nipples were tested. The largest nipple used for pups from 12 to 15 days of age was 5.5 mm in diameter and 10 mm long, with a tip of 1.5 mm in diameter. The size of the nipple was much larger than that of the mothers, and bloating due to air accumulation was observed in the artificially-reared pups. To prevent bloat, the nipple size was increased, and a piece of sponge was stuffed in the nipple. Among the 30 pups fed from 1 day of age, 26 were weaned and 4 died. Three pups died due to aspiration of milk into the lung, and the remaining one died due to bloating. The development of nursing bottles with nipples may be potentially useful for the studies of nutrition, behavior, immunology, psychology, and toxicology.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

[The role of knowledge about breast-feeding and infant nutrition in selecting the method of feeding].

Attitudes and believes towards primipara breast-feeding in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters were examined with a questionnaire survey in 91 cases. The questionnaire included 60 true and false statements about breast-feeding which were placed on a 5-grade Likert scale by the respondents based on to what extent they agreed with the particular statement. Significant differences could be detected in the evaluation of statements between women who stopped breast-feeding before the 6th month and those who did not, according to the appraisal of the next items: 1. If a baby is breast-fed too long it will find it difficult later to detach from its mother and will be less independent. 2. The same kind of relationship can be created with the baby during feeding it from a feeding bottle as during breast-feeding. 3. The baby has to be prevented from falling asleep during breast-feeding and has to be made active again with gentle pinches. 4. If the baby falls asleep during breast-feeding, it will suckle poorly. 5. The baby can be easily made give up crying at night, if it does not get used to being taken into its mother's arms. 6. The father is excluded from the intimate relationship formed during breast-feeding. The correction of these false beliefs can extend the time of breast-feeding.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Infant feeding choice among first-time mothers.

The choice of an infant feeding method is a poorly understood phenomenon. In all societies women are the infant feeders, regardless of the method of infant feeding. How women decide on an infant feeding method is not known; the decision making is complex and frequently unconscious. A qualitative study using the methods of grounded theory was undertaken to understand how women make an infant feeding decision. Eight women were interviewed; 14 themes were identified through the analysis of interview transcripts, field notes, researcher memos, and related literature. The themes were distilled into six conceptual categories which were used as a basis for a model: Conceptualization of the Decision-Making Process in Infant Feeding.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Effects of bottle feeding and two different methods of gavage feeding on oxygenation and breathing patterns in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of bottle feeding, as compared to two methods of gavage feeding, on apnoea, bradycardia and oxygen desaturation frequency. PATIENTS: Thirty preterm infants breathing room air; gestational age 28.6 +/- 2.1 weeks at birth and 34 +/- 1.4 weeks at study (mean +/- SD). METHODS: Nine-hour recordings of pulse oximeter saturation (SpO2), pulse waveforms, electrocardiogram, breathing movements and nasal airflow. Administration of 21 +/- 1.5 ml/kg of milk/feed in 3-h intervals using three different feeding techniques in random order: bottle feeding, bolus gavage feeding, and slow gavage feeding (1 h). Analysis of recordings for apnoeas (> or =4s, bradycardias (heart rate < 2/3 of baseline), and episodic desaturation (SpO2 < or = 80%). RESULTS: There were three times more desaturations with bottle feeding than with bolus gavage feeding (p < 0.001), but no further reduction with slow gavage feeding. With all three feeding techniques, there were significantly more desaturations in the hour when the feeds were given than during the following 2 h. The deleterious effects of bottle feeding were most evident during the hour of feeding, but desaturation frequency remained significantly higher than with gavage feeding during the following 2 h. There was no significant effect of feeding technique on the frequency of apnoea or bradycardia. CONCLUSIONS: Preterm infants who are normally oxygenated in room air may have significant desaturation during bottle feeding. Such desaturation can be effectively reduced by gavage feeding. Slow gavage feeding offers no advantage over bolus gavage feeding with respect to the avoidance of hypoxaemia.

Apnea↗
PubMed1990

[Adolescents and breast feeding].

The attitudes and future decisions of teenage girls towards infant feeding methods, breast-feeding or bottle feeding have been investigated. A self-conducted questionnaire was completed by 146 secondary school girls ranging in age from 16 to 18 years. Economic convenience, better nutritional value, deeper emotional link with the infant, own and friends past experience nearly always in favour of breast-feeding, represent for the girls the main advantages of breast-feeding. On the other hand, many girls apprehend breast-feeding for various possible physical, psychological and social implications. Some aspects of the problem studied in this paper show a significant correlation with the future choice of infant feeding. The girls would be interested in receiving information at school. Suitable information during school health lessons may positively influence teenage girls to adopt breast-feeding as the infant feeding method of choice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A comparison of the safety of cupfeedings and bottlefeedings in premature infants whose mothers intend to breastfeed.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the safety of cupfeeding, an alternative feeding method, to bottlefeeding, the current standard of artificial feeding in the United States, in preterm infants whose mothers intend to breastfeed. STUDY DESIGN: In a prospective, randomized crossover study, 56 infants or=34 weeks' corrected gestational age, the order of the first two non-breast oral feedings was randomized by coin toss to one cupfeeding and one bottlefeeding. Trained Neonatal Intensive Care Unit nurses provided the feedings. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation were recorded at 1-minute intervals for 10 minutes before and during the feeding. Volume taken, time required to complete the feed, and any apnea, bradycardia, choking, or spitting episodes were recorded. RESULTS: Heart rate (p<0.0001) and respiratory rate (p<0.0001) increased and oxygen saturation decreased (p=0.0002) during both cup and bottlefeedings compared to pre-feeding baselines. The amount of change in these three parameters from baseline to feeding period was similar for both feeding methods. The fraction of O(2) saturation <90% during baseline compared to the study period was different between these two feeding methods (p=0.02). There was a 10-fold increase in desaturations <90% during bottlefeeds compared to no change during cupfeeds. When comparing cupfeeding periods to bottlefeeding periods, heart rates were higher (p=0.009) and oxygen saturations lower (p=0.02) during bottlefeeds. There were no differences between methods in respiratory rate, choking, spitting or apnea, and bradycardia. Volumes taken were lower (p=0.001) and duration of feeds longer (p=0.002) during cupfeedings. CONCLUSION: During cupfeedings, premature infants are more physiologically stable, with lower heart rates, higher oxygen saturations, and less desaturations, than during bottlefeedings. However, cupfed infants took less volume, over more time, than bottlefed for these initial feedings. Based on better physiologic stability and no difference in untoward effects, cupfeeding is at least as safe, if not safer, than bottlefeeding in this population. This study supports the use of cupfeeding as a safe alternative feeding method for premature infants learning to breastfeed.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed2003

[Sublethal effects of insecticides on fecundity of multicolored Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis].

The effects of sublethal doses of 6 insecticides (imidacloprid, rotenone, fenvalerate, abamectin, pirimicarb and azadirachtin) on the fecundity of multicolored Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis were determined respectively. The results showed that in all treatments, the daily average number of eggs per female ladybird was about 40-55. Ladybirds pretreated with imidacloprid by contact and feeding methods, and with rotenone by feeding method produced significantly fewer eggs, compared with control. But the accumulative oviposition of ladybirds pretreated with 6 insecticides at sublethal level was no significant differences, compared with untreated ladybirds. The hatching rates of the eggs laid by ladybirds pretreated with 6 insecticides by two methods were all lower than that of control. The accumulative survivals from egg to pupal stage of all treatments decreased significantly. The developmental duration from egg to pupa of those treated with imidacloprid by two methods and with fenvalerate by contact method prolonged significantly, while that of those treated with rotenone by two methods and with fenvalerate, abamectin, pirimicarb, and azadirachtin by feeding method shortened obviously, but that of those treated with rotenone and abamectin by contact method had no differences with control. After the eggs were immersed with sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid, rotenone, fenvalerate and abamectin, the successful hatching rates were all lower than that of control, and the development periods prolonged clearly. The 1st instar larval survival rates of those treated with fenvalerate decreased significantly, and the survivals from 2nd instar larval to pupal stage also reduced to some extent. The total developmental duration of those treated with rotenone and fenvalerate prolonged significantly. These findings suggested that the effects of insecticides at low doses on the fecundity of ladybird were very complicated. The class, action mode, toxicity and exposure route of insecticides could affect the results of experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Glass capillary tube feeding: a method for infecting nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) with the lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.

We evaluated an artificial capillary feeding method to infect nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Say) ticks with Borrelia burgdoeferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Thirty to 70% of the nymphs were infected after feeding for 2.5 h from glass capillary tubes filled with a solution of spirochetes. Capillary infection was stable and persisted in the nymphs for at least 10 d after feeding. Capillary feeding also maintained natural vector competence patterns because I. scapularis ticks acquired infection unlike Dermacentor variablis (Say), which did not become infected. Capillary infected I. scapularis nymphs were capable of transmitting the infection to naive mice although not as efficiently as naturally infected nymphs. The capillary infection method is convenient and is a better alternative to syringe inoculation as a means of infecting animals with B. burgdorferi.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A prospective study of outcome from protein-energy malnutrition in nursing home residents.

To study recovery from protein-energy malnutrition in patients newly admitted to a chronic care facility, biochemical and anthropomorphic malnutrition indicators were measured prospectively over a 2-month period. Subjects were observed for a mean of 76 +/- 18 days after admission. Factors which might affect nutritional status including method of feeding, energy prescribed, use of supplemental feedings, assistance in eating, and amount of diet consumed were recorded. Confounding variables including illness, mental status, functional status, or prescription drugs were evaluated for their impact. On the basis of an empiric nutrition score, 54% of newly admitted residents were malnourished. Improvement in nutritional score occurred in 63% of malnourished patients remaining in the facility whereas 37% remained malnourished. Two related factors, percentage of diet consumed and degree of assistance required in eating, were important differences in the outcome of patients remaining malnourished. Interventional studies to determine whether outcome can be improved by more aggressive feeding methods or by feeding teams need to be undertaken.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Brief report: breast-fed one-week-olds demonstrate superior neurobehavioral organization.

OBJECTIVES: Following studies conducted during the immediate newborn stage, we investigated whether one-week-olds' neurobehavioral functioning was differentiated by feeding method. We also examined whether feeding-method effects differed among infants of adolescent mothers. METHOD: Participants were infants (N = 83) of breast-feeding (N = 41) and formula-feeding (N = 42) mothers. Approximately half of each group's participants had adolescent mothers and half were infants of adult mothers. Assessments on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (BNBAS) were conducted on the infants when they were 8.95 days of age. RESULTS: Breast-fed infants surpassed formula-fed infants on items of the orientation, motor, range of state, and state regulation dimensions of the BNBAS. Breast-fed infants also exhibited fewer abnormal reflexes, signs of depression, and withdrawal. Infants of adolescent mothers did not differ from those of adult mothers, regardless of feeding method. CONCLUSION: These data provide compelling evidence that breast-feeding is advantageous to neonates' neurobehavioral organization.

Adolescent↗