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PubMed2002

[Funding of research projects--the importance of foundations].

OBJECTIVE: Without outside funding, scientific research would widely stagnate. Funding of research projects by German foundations was analysed and specified for different medical disciplines. METHODS: The analysis based on the following sources: Handbuch der Wissenschaftspreise und Forschungsstipendien, Forschungshandbuch "Hochschul- und wissenschaftsfördernde Institutionen und Programme", Deutsches Arzteblatt 2000, the internet and the CD-ROM "Verzeichnis Deutscher Stiftungen". RESULTS: The highest number of research support by foundations was found in internal medicine (n = 70; volume: > 3,6 Mio DM). Other large disciplines, e. g. surgery (number of projects n = 10; financial volume: approximately 130,000 DM) or anesthesia (9 projects), were much less supported by foundations. A smaller discipline, dermatology, was supported much more (n = 13; volume 320,000 DM). CONCLUSIONS: None-industrial, none-governmental supported research is based on foundations. The range of support by foundations is very large, reaching from very high to only very small support. Increase in the foundation-based financial support would help to improve medical research in several disciplines.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed1988

Foundation funding and psychiatric research.

Support for psychiatric research is limited to a relatively small number of funding sources. Foundations--nonprofit entities that support a variety of social, medical, educational, and other activities--are a potentially important source. The authors describe the role and structure of foundations, discuss historical trends in foundation support for research in mental illness, and present the results of a study of the extent to which foundations support mental health research. The results of this study confirm the paucity of foundation support for mental health research but show important differences and similarities among the foundations that support research in this field.

Foundations↗
PubMed2006

Development of a rating form to evaluate grant applications to the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health.

Reliance on subjective grant proposal review methods leads private philanthropies to underfund mental health programs, even when foundations have mental health focuses. This article describes a private mental health foundation's efforts to increase the objectivity of its proposal review process by developing a reliable, valid proposal rating form. Staff from the Hogg Foundation for Mental Health, an administrative unit of The University of Texas at Austin, developed the items for the grant proposal rating form (GPRF). Four interns, who had educational backgrounds equivalent to the foundation's grant-making staff, used the GPRF to independently rate 20 grant proposals previously reviewed by the foundation. Internal consistency and interrater reliability were very good. It had good face and construct validity and moderate criterion validity. The GPRF's psychometric properties are sufficient to recommend its use in the foundation's review process and suggest private philanthropies' grant proposal review processes can be made more objective and reliable without compromising validity.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1984

The research program and priorities of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Since its establishment as a national philanthropy in 1972, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has appropriated almost $560 million in grants directed toward improvement of health in the United States. Grants are made primarily to develop innovative methods of providing health services, for research and evaluation, and for education and training of health professionals. Since 1972, more than $100 million has been appropriated for research and evaluation projects. The research supported by the Foundation is applied rather than basic, and, like all of the Foundation's programs, must be responsive to the institution's mission. In the 1980s, this mission comprises three objectives: improving access to health care for the most vulnerable underserved population groups, containing increases in health care costs, and improving functional outcomes for patients. In this article, we provide details on the Foundation's research program and priorities, including evolution of the mission, the role of research in the Foundation's overall programs, the purposes for which the Foundation supports research and evaluation activities, and the types of grants available for health services researchers.

Budgets↗
PubMed1991

Application of beams on elastic foundation and B-spline solution methodologies to parametric analysis of intramedullary implant systems.

A simple numerical technique for parametric evaluation of orthopaedic implant systems, to be used as a screening tool before complex structural analysis (e.g. Finite Element Method), is the subject of this paper. A modified Beams on Elastic Foundation model (with non-constant foundation modulus) is solved using this numerical technique based on B-spline differential equation modelling. A model with variation in the modulus of the foundation, as solved with this spline technique, was compared with a model with constant foundation modulus, solvable with closed form techniques. While deflections were smaller, the reaction force was up to ten times greater for the models with constant modulus of foundation, compared with varying modulus. The model presented in this paper is a refinement of previous models using closed form solution techniques for foundations with constant moduli. It is primarily useful for detecting trends in parametric analyses, or to select specific cases for further analysis by more computationally intensive analytic methods.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2004

Foundation trusts and the problem of legitimacy.

The UK government is setting up a new kind of organisation as part of the National Health Service, the foundation trust. Foundation trusts will be more distanced from government than existing NHS bodies, and will have closer community links. In this paper I identify the importance of legitimacy in health care and explore the potential situation of foundation trusts in terms of the bases of their legitimacy as organisations. Relationships with community, stakeholders and government are all considered as sources of legitimacy for foundation hospitals, and comparisons are made with other organisations, state, voluntary and private. I conclude that the blueprint of the foundation hospital creates a set of relationships which are incoherent and mutually conflicting, and conceals a crucial relationship with the state. I argue that these problems are likely to weaken the legitimacy of the foundation trust.

Economics, Hospital↗
PubMed2003

The foundation of self-esteem.

Self-esteem is a simplistic term for varied and complex mental states pertaining to how one views oneself. It takes but little research in the voluminous literature to see the vagueness and inconsistencies in its various definitions. Even more problematic is the uncertainty concerning its foundational components. The importance of having a solid definition and specific ideas about the foundational components of self-esteem is that both pave the way to recognizing its causes; to predicting effects from those causes; and to organizing the trouble-shooting process for locating those philosophical flaws or psychological scars which lead to low self-esteem. The purpose of this paper is to offer a common ground for thinking about self-esteem at its most basic level. In order to distinguish the "basic level" from the rest of the components of self-esteem, let us liken it to a skyscraper building. Here, the focus is on the building's "underground foundation" and the base upon which that foundation rests. The base is a definition that allows for the assessment of the foundation. The underground foundation itself consists of the mental building blocks called self-meaning, self-identity, self-image, and self-concepts. To help illustrate their interactions, a few of the "masks" and "faces" of self-esteem will be mentioned. What is not being addressed is the "above ground structure"--those theories and manifestations dealt with by most mental health specialists.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Orthopaedic research and education foundation and industry.

Members of orthopaedic industry commit a significant amount of funds each year to support research and education programs that are directly related to their product(s). In addition, industry supports organizations such as the Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation. The relationship between the Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation and industry began in the early 1980s. The support to the Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation from industry primarily has come in the form of unrestricted grants. These grants best can be looked at as an investment rather than a contribution. This form of giving, once called corporate philanthropy is more accurately referred to as strategic philanthropy. Members of industry make these investments to enhance their reputations, build brand awareness, market their products and services, improve employee morale, increase customer loyalty, and establish strategic alliances. The specialty of orthopaedics is among the leaders in medicine in the amount of funding raised within the specialty for research and education programs. This is because of the amount of support from members of industry and the surgeons. During the past 15 years, 40% of the annual support to the Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation has come from industry and the balance has come from surgeons and members of lay public. Future industry support of the Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation and other organizations within the specialty of orthopaedics will be dependent on the continued demonstration of tangible returns in areas described.

Cooperative Behavior↗
PubMed2001

Barriers to foundation funding of gay organizations: evidence from Massachusetts.

Gay, lesbian, and bisexual service organizations in the United States receive a small share of the philanthropic grants awarded by foundations and other institutional donors. A survey of Massachusetts gay organizations provides explanations for this phenomenon and suggests that a variety of barriers impedes foundation giving. The findings are consistent with those of two national surveys of lesbian organizations and a survey of gay service needs in California. The most commonly cited barriers include: a difficulty in finding foundations sympathetic to gay service programs; a lack of paid grant writers; the perceived need for 501 (c)(3) nonprofit status in order to qualify for most grants; foundations' predilection for funding established service organizations, and their reluctance to fund political advocacy, a lack of familiarity with gay service needs; and homophobia. Although the AIDS crisis helped educate foundations about the gay community, consider-able barriers remain.

Female↗
PubMed1983

The Rockefeller Foundation's antimalarial program in Latin America: donating or dominating?

This paper analyzes the origins, methods, and hidden objectives of the antimalarial campaigns carried out by the Rockefeller Foundation in Latin America. These campaigns are examined in the context of the imperialist domination of Latin America over the course of this century. The close relationship between prevailing economic, political, and military priorities and the thrust of the Foundation's work in the field of malaria is detailed. In spite of its relatively small financial investment in malaria research and eradication, the Rockefeller Foundation was able to reap enormous benefits from its work in this area. Not only was the Foundation able to increase the profit margins of the Rockefeller empire by ameliorating some of the dire economic consequences of malaria, but also it was able to use its participation to penetrate the public health field and consolidate the hegemony of scientific medicine. It is concluded that the Rockefeller Foundation's attention to the malaria problem reflected more than mere philanthropic concern.

Foundations↗
PubMed2005

Interview with Elaine Gallin, program director for medical research at the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation.

The Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (DDCF) is an independent private foundation devoted to improving the quality of people's lives through grants supporting four specific areas: the performing arts, wildlife conservation, medical research, and the prevention of child abuse. The foundation was established in 1996 and began awarding grants in 1997. By the end of 2004, more than 500 grants had been awarded to support work in the focus areas. In the area of medical research, the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation has established and developed a number of programs that have been designed to assist in the development of physician-scientists. We spoke with Elaine Gallin, PhD, program director for medical research since May 1999. As the Foundation's first such director, she has played an important role in the creation and management of the Doris Duke grant programs committed to support and strengthen clinical research.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2001

Failed venture: Gordon Murray and the W. P. Caven Memorial Research Foundation, 1949-74.

This paper examines the founding and operation of the W. P. Caven Memorial Research Foundation, a private Toronto laboratory, which existed from 1949 to 1974. The Caven Foundation's Research Director was celebrated Toronto surgeon Gordon Murray (1894-1976), who, in 1949, accepted this position amidst personal and public expectations of great medical discoveries and innovations to come. For 25 years Murray carried on his research at the Caven Foundation, generating more controversy and disappointment than medical cures, before the laboratory was closed for financial reasons. What might have been a successful alternative to the University-based medical research structure in Canada resulted in a failed venture. The Foundation did not become a viable research centre largely because of its Research Director and his inability to adapt to the many changes occurring in the conduct and funding of clinical research. The history of the Caven Foundation is explored here within the context of increasingly specialized research techniques and methodology, the rising predominance of the interdisciplinary research team, and the new system of grantsmanship.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2026

Biological Foundation Models for Complex Disease Research and Clinical Translation.

Complex diseases, including cancer, rare genetic disorders, neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions, and neurodegenerative diseases, arise from interactions among genetic variation, gene regulation, and cellular states that are difficult to capture using a single data type or biological scale. Biological foundation models address this challenge by treating nucleotides and genes as tokens and learning representations that can be transferred to downstream biomedical and clinical tasks. In this review, we examine two major model classes, genomic sequence foundation models and cell foundation models, and compare their tokenization strategies, model architectures, pretraining objectives, and adaptation methods. We summarize their emerging applications in regulatory variant interpretation, disease-associated cell-state analysis, drug-response prediction, and therapeutic target discovery across complex diseases. We distinguish applications supported by experimental or retrospective validation from those that remain primarily computational or conceptual. We further discuss key challenges to clinical translation, including multimodal data integration, model interpretability, benchmarking, patient-specific prediction, and privacy protection. We highlight future opportunities to integrate biological foundation models with emerging frameworks of medical digital twins, agentic AI, and federated learning. By linking model design to translational goals, this review provides a practical framework for evaluating biological foundation models and their readiness for complex disease research and clinical use.

biological foundation model↗
PubMed1992

Professional paths chosen by past recipients of ASHP Foundation fellowships.

Past recipients of ASHP Foundation fellowships were surveyed to determine their professional activities and the impact of the fellowships on their careers. Questionnaires were mailed to 92 former fellowship recipients. Questions covered the respondents' education and postgraduate training, employment, job and career satisfaction, opinions on the ASHP Research and Education Foundation Fellowships Program, publications and presentations, achievements, experience, honors, and demographics. Respondents returned 77 usable questionnaires, for an 83.7% response rate. Most respondents worked primarily in academia or teaching; one fourth primarily taught. Most of the respondents indicated a positive attitude about both their professional careers and the ASHP Foundation Fellowships Program. Respondents have published (alone or as coauthors) 477 research articles and 359 professional articles; they have given 548 podium presentations and 438 poster presentations at national or regional scientific or professional meetings. Some respondents commented that the program helped them develop needed professional skills and urged that the program be continued. Some suggested that funding be increased to two years and that scoring and selection criteria be revised. Others suggested that the stipend be increased, the results be disseminated, and certain fellowships be re-established. The former ASHP Foundation fellows surveyed have made substantive contributions to the advancement of pharmacy and pharmaceutical science. ASHP Foundation fellowships seem to have favorably affected the professional careers of these fellowship recipients.

Career Choice↗
PubMed2004

The Rockefeller Foundation and the prevention of malaria in Corsica, 1923-1951: support given to the French parasitologist Emile Brumpt.

The role of the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation in campaigns for malaria control in many countries has clearly been documented extensively. In contrast, the involvement of the Rockefeller Foundation in the control of malaria in France has not been reported yet. The present paper describes the way in which the Rockefeller Foundation got involved, along with the parasitologist Emile Brumpt, in the anti-malaria campaigns in Corsica, France, between 1924 and 1951. We analyze the scientific and technological strategies used for that purpose and the manner in which the Rockefeller Foundation policy had influenced Brumpt's actions. The unusually long support of the Rockefeller Foundation to Emile Brumpt (1924-1948) and to research and teaching Parasitology in the Faculté de Médecine de Paris is also discussed.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2006

Modernising Medical Careers foundation programme curriculum competencies: will all rotations allow the necessary skills to be acquired? The consultants' predictions.

The new UK Foundation Programme is competency based, with a trainee's progression dependent on achieving and demonstrating a range of competencies. However, we do not know whether all rotations, comprising different combinations of specialties, will enable the foundation programme trainees to acquire these competencies. Questionnaires were sent to 100 consultants from a range of specialties asking them to predict if a foundation year 1 or foundation year 2 doctor could acquire each competency when working in the consultant's specialty. Views on the competency framework as a whole were also sought. Results suggest that the competencies trainees may acquire depend on the specialties they experience in their rotation. Moreover, a range of competencies may prove difficult to acquire across most of the specialties. This has implications for the composition of foundation programme rotations, for educational and clinical supervision, and for the content and mode of curriculum delivery.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

Reporting of adverse event data in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation clinical trials involving investigational new drugs or devices: a report from the William Guy Forbeck Foundation 2001 focus meeting on clinical trials in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

The William Guy Forbeck Foundation was established in 1984 in memory of William Guy Forbeck, an 11-year-old boy who died of neuroblastoma. The objectives of the Forbeck Foundation are to promote advances and shorten the research timetable in the field of oncology, particularly pediatric oncology. The Foundation's centerpiece activity is an annual scientific forum held at Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, where 12 to 15 leading scientists from a variety of disciplines associated with a specific topic are invited to participate in a private "think tank" environment, where they can freely exchange ideas in the hope of building on each other's knowledge and experience. Additionally, the Foundation sponsors grants for Focus Meetings, which are designed to give other researchers an opportunity to conduct their own meetings along the lines of the Foundation's annual forum. The idea for this Focus Meeting was born during the 2000 Annual Forbeck Forum in South Carolina, which considered the current status of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Participants considered various obstacles to conducting clinical trials in this area and decided to bring together experts from academia, industry, and government to discuss ways in which these obstacles might be overcome. Topics included efficient clinical trial designs, issues of monitoring and reporting adverse events, and appropriate definitions and grading systems for transplantation-specific outcomes. This article summarizes the issue of adverse event reporting in HSCT.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Caring, virtue theory, and a foundation for nursing ethics.

The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the use of a framework of virtue theory as a foundation for a nursing ethic embodied in the caring ideal. The first section summarizes the problems identified with traditional moral theory as a foundation for a nursing ethic based on the caring ideal. From these problems, adequacy conditions that a foundation must meet are identified. In section two, the basic ideas of virtue theory are sketched and an account of how virtue theory can be used as a foundation for a nursing ethic based on the caring ideal is discussed. Finally, virtue theory as a foundation for a nursing ethic à la caring is assessed against the adequacy conditions delineated in section one. The conclusion of this paper is that virtue theory does not offer a viable alternative to duty-based theories. While virtue theory provides promise in meeting the identified adequacy conditions, serious secondary issues arise that can not be immediately nor easily resolved.

Caregivers↗