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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Toddlers' transition to table foods: Impact on nutrient intakes and food patterns.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the differential changes in average intakes of nutrients and food groups among higher versus lower table food consumers during the transition from baby foods to table foods. DESIGN: A comparative analysis of food and nutrient intakes in the lowest versus highest quartile of energy from table foods based on 24-hour dietary recall data. SUBJECTS: A national random sample of 1,677 US infants and toddlers 9 to 24 months in the 2002 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (FITS). STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Mean and percentiles of energy intake from table foods; comparisons of mean daily nutrient intake and the percentages consuming various foods and beverages in the lowest versus highest quartile of energy from table foods, by age. RESULTS: The mean percentage of energy from table foods increased from 25% at 9 to 11 months to 63% at 19 to 24 months. Mean intakes of energy, macronutrients, sodium, folate, and fiber were significantly higher for children 9 to 11, 12 to 14, and 15 to 18 months in the highest table food energy quartiles compared to the lowest. Mean calcium intakes were significantly lower among toddlers 15 to 24 months consuming high table food energy, and associated with lower milk consumption. A higher percentage of children in the lowest quartiles of energy from table food were consuming deep yellow vegetables among ages 9 through 14 months. The percentage of children consuming popular items such as pizza, carbonated sodas, French fries, candy and other sweets was higher among those who consumed more energy from table foods in every age group. APPLICATIONS: The epidemic of overweight children mandates helping parents teach healthy eating habits early. Messages that educate parents and caregivers about toddler feeding include: (1) offer a wide variety of nutritious foods, particularly fruits and vegetables, in forms that are developmentally appropriate, (2) continue to feed foods that are good sources of iron, such as iron-fortified infant cereals, ready-to-eat cereals that are high in iron, and meats, (3) to ensure adequate calcium intake, build the habit of drinking milk, and (4) teach children to recognize and honor their hunger and satiety cues.

Child Nutrition Sciences↗
PubMed1996

Short-term effects of food protein content on subsequent diet selection by chickens and the consequences of alternate feeding of high- and low-protein foods.

1. Growing male chickens of broiler and layer strains were allowed to eat either a high-protein food (HP) or a low-protein food (LP) for 10 min after an overnight fast and then offered a choice between HP and LP. During the next hour they ate significantly more of the food other than the initial meal. Similar results were obtained when there was a gap of 45 min without food between the initial meal and the choice period. 2. When the initial meal was given by tube into the crop, followed by 45 min without food, there was no significant effect on subsequent diet selection. These results show that it is necessary for the birds to eat the food themselves for it to exert its effect on subsequent choice. 3. Birds with experience of eating two foods identical in nutrient composition but different in colour did not select either food in preference to the other following an initial meal of one alone. This is evidence against the possibility that neophagia accounts for the results of the first two experiments. When an initial meal of low protein food was followed by a choice of high and low protein foods, birds ate a greater proportion of the high protein when it was placed on the opposite side of the cage from that in which the initial meal was given. Thus they are not choosing a food simply by its position within the cage. 4. To see the extent to which broilers can extend their ability to compensate for protein content over several weeks, male broilers were given one of 4 treatments from 5 to 10 weeks of age: (A) HP and LP concurrently; (B) HP and LP on alternate days; (C) HP in the morning and LP in the afternoon, (D) LP in the morning and HP in the afternoon. There was no significant effect of treatment on food intake, body weight gain or carcase protein content but carcases were significantly less fat after treatment (B) than treatment (D). 5. It is concluded that growing broiler chicks can compensate well for periods of access to only a low-protein food, by subsequent intake of high-protein food, and vice versa, as long as they are able to gauge the sensory properties of the foods. Offering two complementary foods in alternating half-day periods is an effective method of choice-feeding, allowing birds to select a diet to meet the requirements for growth.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Total diet studies: the identification of core foods in the United States food supply.

Some total diet studies are based on the selection and analysis of core foods in a national or regional food supply. One way to select core foods is by computerized evaluation of the daily food intakes reported by subjects participating in national food consumption surveys. The foods consumed by the population groups of concern may be aggregated into core food groups. The foods within each group may be ranked according to daily intake and weight percentage of the total diet. The food that best represents each group may then be identified as a core food, and the daily consumption levels for each food group may then be assigned to the core food representing the group. Consumption levels may be determined for the specific age-sex categories of concern. To assess the representativeness of core foods identified in this manner, the food composition database of the national survey may be used to determine nutrient intakes based on the full range of foods in the database versus nutrient intakes based on the core foods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Food hoarding is increased by food deprivation and decreased by leptin treatment in Syrian hamsters.

Compensatory increases in food intake are commonly observed after a period of food deprivation in many species, including laboratory rats and mice. Thus it is interesting that Syrian hamsters fail to increase food intake after a period of food deprivation, despite a fall in plasma leptin concentrations similar to those seen in food-deprived rats and mice. In previous laboratory studies, food-deprived Syrian hamsters increased the amount of food hoarded. We hypothesized that leptin treatment during food deprivation would attenuate food-deprivation-induced increases in hoarding. Baseline levels of hoarding were bimodally distributed, with no hamsters showing intermediate levels of hoarding. Both high (HH) and low hoarding (LH) hamsters were included in each experimental group. Fifty-six male hamsters were either food deprived or given ad libitum access to food for 48 h. One-half of each group received intraperitoneal injections of leptin (4 mg/kg) or vehicle every 12 h during the food-deprivation period. Within the HH group, the hoarding score increased significantly in food-deprived but not fed hamsters (P < 0.05). Leptin treatment significantly decreased hoarding in the food-deprived HH hamsters (P < 0.05). The LH hamsters did not increase hoarding regardless of whether they were food deprived or had ad libitum access to food. These results are consistent with the idea that HH hamsters respond to energetic challenges at least in part by changing their hoarding behavior and that leptin might be one factor that mediates this response.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Marketing fast food: impact of fast food restaurants in children's hospitals.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were (1) to determine fast food restaurant prevalence in hospitals with pediatric residencies and (2) to evaluate how hospital environment affects purchase and perception of fast food. METHODS: We first surveyed pediatric residency programs regarding fast food restaurants in their hospitals to determine the prevalence of fast food restaurants in these hospitals. We then surveyed adults with children after pediatric outpatient visits at 3 hospitals: hospital M with an on-site McDonald's restaurant, hospital R without McDonald's on site but with McDonald's branding, and hospital X with neither on-site McDonald's nor branding. We sought to determine attitudes toward, consumption of, and influences on purchase of fast food and McDonald's food. RESULTS: Fifty-nine of 200 hospitals with pediatric residencies had fast food restaurants. A total of 386 outpatient surveys were analyzed. Fast food consumption on the survey day was most common among hospital M respondents (56%; hospital R: 29%; hospital X: 33%), as was the purchase of McDonald's food (hospital M: 53%; hospital R: 14%; hospital X: 22%). McDonald's accounted for 95% of fast food consumed by hospital M respondents, and 83% of them bought their food at the on-site McDonald's. Using logistic regression analysis, hospital M respondents were 4 times more likely than respondents at the other hospitals to have purchased McDonald's food on the survey day. Visitors to hospitals M and R were more likely than those at hospital X to believe that McDonald's supported the hospital financially. Respondents at hospital M rated McDonald's food healthier than did respondents at the other hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Fast food restaurants are fairly common in hospitals that sponsor pediatric residency programs. A McDonald's restaurant in a children's hospital was associated with significantly increased purchase of McDonald's food by outpatients, belief that the McDonald's Corporation supported the hospital financially, and higher rating of the healthiness of McDonald's food.

Food-Processing Industry↗
PubMed2000

Behavioral reactivity of cattle toward novel food: effects of testing time and food type of neighbors.

In order to improve methods to investigate individual variation in responses of cattle toward novel food, the influence of food type offered to neighbors and time of testing were investigated in tethered heifers. Twenty-four Danish Friesian heifers were used in two 2 x 3 factorial experiments, using 8 kg of a mixed ration (grass silage and concentrates) and 4.5 kg of carrots as a novel food. The factors were 1) time of testing: heifers tested at usual feeding time (1000) vs after 30 min with access to their usual food; and 2) food type of neighbors: either no food, novel food, or usual food. During the 30-min period with novel food in front of them, the behavior of the experimental heifers was video recorded. Testing at usual feeding time led to a tendency to increase the latency to eat the mixed ration (P = 0.08), a tendency to reduce intake of the mixed ration (P = 0.08), increased frequency and duration of sniffing carrots (P = 0.1 and P = 0.02, respectively), increased duration of sniffing the mixed ration (P = 0.05), and decreased frequency and duration of disturbance from neighbors (carrots: P = 0.0002 and P = 0.003). The food type of the neighbors did not have major influence on the behavioral reactivity. For both the mixed ration and carrots, the frequency of eating was increased when the neighbors got novel food rather than their usual food (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02). However, the frequency and duration of disturbance from neighbors was increased when no food was offered to the neighbors (carrots: P = 0.001; mixed ration: P = 0.01 and P = 0.09, respectively). It is concluded that time of testing is an important factor for the behavioral response toward novel food, leading to increased responses when tested at the usual feeding time compared with testing after 30 min of access to usual food. The minor effects of food type of neighbors indicate that it is possible to perform individual testing in a home environment, where the animals have limited possibility for contact with neighbors.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1996

Relationships of consumer characteristics and food deprivation to food purchasing behavior.

A large part of domestic food intake may be determined by retail food purchase behavior, and it is commonly believed that this may be significantly influenced by the shopper's state of food deprivation. In the present study, 198 subjects recruited just prior to shopping at a large supermarket completed questionnaires eliciting information on demographic and situational variables, along with measures of time since last eating (TSLE), hunger, and dietary restraint. Upon leaving the store, subjects provided investigators with itemized receipts, having first identified all "unintended" purchases. There were no consistent main effects of TSLE, self-reported hunger, dietary restraint scores, or relative body weight on the number or cost of total, intended, and unintended food and nonfood purchases. However, there were significant interactions of weight status and measures of food deprivation upon measures of food purchasing. Although normal-weight subjects tended to increase their food purchases with food deprivation, the number and cost of food items fell markedly with extended food deprivation among overweight subjects. These effects were largely specific to food (i.e., generally not observed for nonfood purchases), but showed no consistent associations with unintended purchases or with particular foods or food groups. Higher dietary restraint and relative body weight were associated with lower reported hunger ratings, but not differences in mean TSLE, or other subject characteristics. These results run directly counter to common beliefs and recommendations for weight control and dieting, but support earlier work indicating that the food purchasing behaviors of normal-weight and overweight individuals are differently affected by food deprivation.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Selection of reference foods for a scale of standards for use in assessing the transitional process from milk to solid food in infants and pre-school children.

OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the development of a reliable scale of standards for use in evaluating the progress of the transition from milk to solid food in infants and preschool children. The maturation of chewing and swallowing behavior in infants and young children, which enables processing of solid food, varies, and a scale would assist not only in the instruction of mothers and nurses but also in preventing delay in the introduction of solid food. DESIGN: A range of 159 reference foods were selected on the basis of intake during the period of transition from liquid to solid food. These foods were listed in our previous study, Validity and reliability were tested to create a scale. METHODOLOGY: Foods were selected on the basis of 50% of the subjects studied being able to eat them, and on the food groups classified by cluster analyses using the Varclus procedure of SAS. Validity, of the scale was tested by using Pearson's correlation coefficient between the scale score of selected food items and the total score of all 159 food items. The total score of 159 food items was calculated using the general linear models (GLM) procedure of SAS. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's coefficient alpha. SETTING: Public health centers in Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa (Japan). SUBJECT: Five hundred and eighty healthy mothers and children from 2 to 46 months were randomly selected and 470 (81.0%) completed the study. To avoid regional bias, subjects were drawn from northern to southern prefectures in Japan, namely Aomori, Tokyo, Saitama, Nagano, and Okinawa. RESULTS: Twenty food items were selected. By analyzing the score correlation using Pearson's correlation coefficient (R =0.97, P <0.001) and GLM (R2 =0.95, P <0.001), it was confirmed that these 20 food items adequately represented the original 159. The reliability was also found to be sufficient (Cronbach's coefficient alpha=0.96). CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate that a scale of standards for measuring progress in chewing ability can be created using 20 food items. Such a standard will provide a useful basis against which to assess delay of solid food introduction in childhood. SPONSORSHIP: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, provided by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Project No. 07838030.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2003

The problem of predicting food intake during the period of adaptation to a new food: a model.

A model is described which aims to predict intake immediately following a change from one food to another that is higher in bulk content; it deals with the transition from one 'equilibrium' intake to another. The system considered is an immature pig fed ad libitum on a single homogeneous food, which is balanced for nutrients and contains no toxins so that the first limiting resource is always energy. It is assumed that an animal has a desired rate of food intake (DFI) which is that needed to meet the energy requirements for protein and lipid deposition and for maintenance. DFI may not be achieved if a bulk constraint to intake exists. Where a bulk constraint operates intake is calculated as constrained food intake (CFI) where (where WHC is the water-holding capacity of the food (kg water/kg dry food) and Cwhc is the animal's capacity for WHC (units/kg live weight per d)). Where intake is not constrained it is assumed that genetic potential will be achieved. Potential growth rate is described by the Gompertz growth function. Where intake is constrained, growth will be less than the potential. Constrained growth rate is predicted as where W is pig weight (kg), EI is energy intake (MJ/d), Em is the energy required for maintenance (MJ/d) and eg is the energy required for unit gain (MJ/kg). The value of eg depends on weight and the fattening characteristics of the pig. Actual growth is predicted to be the lesser of potential and constrained growth. To deal with adaptation it is assumed that the time taken to reach equilibrium depends on the difference in WHC values between the previous and current food and that the capacity to consume food bulk is related to the WHC of the current food. It is proposed that the capacity for WHC on the first day on a new food will be equal to the current capacity for WHC on the last day of the previous food. Thus where FI is food intake (kg/d). Thereafter Cwhc will gradually increase over time to a maximum of 0.27 g/kg. The rate of change in Cwhc is made to be the same for all pigs and all foods. The increase in capacity over time is assumed to be linear at the rate of 0.01 units/d. The model was tested using published data. Qualitatively the predictions of the model were in close agreement with the relevant observed data in at least some cases. It is concluded that the underlying theoretical assumptions of the model are reasonable. However, the model fails to predict initial intake when changed to foods high in wheat-bran content and fails to predict the intake of a non-limiting food where compensatory increases in intake and gain occur. The model could be adapted to overcome the first failure by taking into account the time course of digestive efficiency following a change in food. To deal with the second would require a sufficient understanding of the time course of compensatory growth.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Bronchial challenges with aerosolized food in asthmatic, food-allergic children.

BACKGROUND: Allergic asthma is usually considered to be provoked by aeroallergens. However, we have recently recognized a group of children with food allergies who also develop asthma when exposed to the aerosolized form of the food. METHODS: Between 1997 and 1999 we prospectively identified children with an immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated food allergy who develop asthma on inhalational exposure to the relevant food allergen while it is being cooked. Subjects were exposed for 20 min to the aerosolized form of the allergen and the symptoms and the lung function were monitored. Aerosolization was achieved by cooking the food in a small room. Where possible challenges were double-blinded. RESULTS: We identified 12 children with an IgE-mediated food allergy who developed asthma on inhalational exposure to food. The implicated foods were fish, chickpea, milk, egg or buckwheat. Nine out of the 12 children consented to undergo a bronchial food challenge. Five challenges were positive with objective clinical features of asthma. Additionally, two children developed late-phase symptoms with a decrease in lung function. Positive reactions were seen with fish, chickpea and buckwheat. There were no reactions to the seven placebo challenges. CONCLUSIONS: We have presented a prospective series of children with food allergy who developed symptoms of asthma with exposure to aerosolized food allergens. Our data demonstrates that, as in the case of other aeroallergens, inhaled food allergens can produce both early- and late-phase asthmatic responses. This highlights the importance of considering foods as aeroallergens in children with coexistent food allergy and allergic asthma. For these children, dietary avoidance alone may not be sufficient and further environmental measures may be required to limit exposure to aerosolized food.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2002

Quantitative indicators from a food expenditure survey can be used to target the food insecure in South Africa.

Recent work on assessing household food insecurity has focused mainly on experiential-based measures using qualitative survey questions. In this paper, we employed two quantitative measures to estimate prevalence rates for household food insecurity in South Africa. One measure, termed food poverty, assessed whether the amount spent by a household on food was inadequate to purchase a low cost food plan. Low energy availability assessed whether the food energy available to a household, through its purchases and home production, was less than the sum of its members' recommended energy intakes. The 1995 Income and Expenditure Survey, a large representative survey of South African households (n = 28,704), was used for this secondary data analysis. Results showed that 43% of households were in food poverty in October 1995, and 55% had a low energy availability. These indicators allowed classification of households into four groups: food poverty only; low energy availability only; food insecure on both measures; and food secure. These groups differed on various aspects of household food consumption, suggesting that these indicators can be used to target different types of interventions to meet specific needs. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses showed that households that were food insecure on both measures were more likely to be in rural areas, have low incomes or large household sizes, and be headed by Africans or individuals of mixed ancestry. These patterns of food insecurity were corroborated by previous research on income poverty and nutritional status, suggesting that food poverty and low energy availability are useful, quantitative indicators for assessing food insecurity in South Africa.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed2000

Food safety knowledge and behavior of expanded food and nutrition education program participants in Arizona.

Consumer education is one of the focus points to reduce foodborne illness within the food safety continuum "from farm to table." A survey was conducted to determine the food safety knowledge and practices of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program participants in Maricopa and Pima counties of Arizona. Two hundred sixty-eight surveys were completed between 1 January and 31 December 1998. Survey participants consisted of 222 (85%) females and 39 (15%) males with an average age and education level of 31.5 and 11.7 years, respectively. The racial characteristics of this group included 53% whites, 32% Hispanics, 22% African-Americans, and 7% other. A majority of the survey participants (67%) were either unsure or felt it was appropriate to let food cool to room temperature prior to refrigeration. In addition 56% were in disagreement with or unsure about the need to cool foods in shallow containers. Fifty-two percent of respondents reported having no previous formal food safety education; for those who had, work was the most common source. Television news was the primary source of current food safety information for 50% of respondents. The most commonly consumed high-risk (i.e., raw or undercooked animal food or food purchased from unlicensed vendor) food was unpasteurized dairy products. Women scored significantly better than men on food safety knowledge and practice test parameters. Participants over age 50 had significantly higher food safety practice scores than the youngest age group. The food safety knowledge score of whites was significantly higher than that of Hispanics. It was determined for all participants that the food safety knowledge score had a small, positive effect on food safety practice score.

Adolescent↗