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PubMed2004

[Mercury, fish, fish oil and the risk of cardiovascular disease].

BACKGROUND: Several clinical studies have documented that intake of fish may reduce mortality from coronary heart disease, and two epidemiological investigations have shown a 50% reduction in the incidence of sudden death and of "primary cardiac arrest" in subjects eating fish. However, in some studies no beneficial effects of fish intake on coronary heart disease could be found; one Finnish study even found a positive correlation between intake of freshwater fish and coronary heart disease. One possible explanation for this paradox could be a high content of mercury in fish. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have studied the relevant literature describing beneficial, less beneficial and negative effects of fish intake on the development of coronary heart disease. Furthermore, we have studied reports that mercury may have properties that enhance the development of coronary heart disease. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: Several studies have shown an inverse correlation between omega-3 fatty acids from fish in serum/adipose tissue and coronary heart disease. However, a high content of mercury in hair/toe nail had a negative effect, and in one study the odds ratio for myocardial infarction in those with the highest content of mercury was 2.16. A positive correlation between mercury in hair and the progression of carotid atherosclerosis has been found. Intake of fish is a major source of exposure to mercury, and a high content of mercury probably inhibits the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids on the development of coronary artery disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The role of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for monitoring hematologic malignancies with BCR/ABL or ETO/AML1 rearrangement: a comparative study with FISH and G-banding on 919 consecutive specimens of hematologic malignancies.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can detect minor genetic changes that cytogenetic analysis may miss; however, there are few reports on the kinds of genetic changes that show large discrepancies between results obtained with FISH versus G-banding techniques. To investigate genetic changes that tend to be detected with FISH only, we compared the results of cytogenetic study and FISH analysis in 919 consecutive specimens from 304 patients with hematologic malignancies, covering most of the frequent genetic changes by using 18 types of FISH probes. The genetic changes with especially large discrepancy rates at diagnosis were del(7q) (20.0%), PML/RARA (17.6%), and trisomy 21 (12.5%) and, at follow-up, BCR/ABL (28.2%) and AML1/ETO (24.4%); the latter two showed only small discrepancies at diagnosis (4.7 and 4.8%, respectively). The overall discrepancy rate was 6.0% at diagnosis and 11.9% at follow-up, indicating generally greater discrepancy rates at follow-up. In all but one of the cases with discrepant results, G-banding missed the corresponding chromosomal abnormalities revealed with FISH. Considered by type of leukemia, the discrepancy rate at follow-up was higher in acute biphenoptypic leukemia (38%) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (24.5%) than in acute myelogenous leukemia (10.6%). Given these results, all patients with known genetic changes should have FISH analysis in follow-up, for an accurate assessment of the likelihood of complete remission or recurrence. If this is not practical, then at a minimum FISH analysis should be done in follow-up for patients with genetic changes of BCR/ABL and AML1/ETO seen at diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Characterization of chromosome aberrations in salivary gland tumors by FISH, including multicolor COBRA-FISH.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), including COBRA-FISH, was used to characterize 11 salivary gland tumors that had been investigated by banding analysis. Five cases were pleomorphic adenoma (PA), three were adenoid cystic carcinoma, and one case each was mucoepidermoid carcinoma, carcinoma ex-pleomorphic adenoma (CaPA), and adenocarcinoma. All 11 cases were selected on the basis that they had shown rearrangement of 6q or 9p or had unresolved aberrations after karyotyping. The COBRA-FISH and FISH analyses led to a revised karyotype in all informative cases and made it possible to clarify almost all chromosomal rearrangements occurring in the tumors. Of particular note were the confirmation of the existence of 6q deletions, a common change in salivary gland carcinomas, and the demonstration that a seemingly balanced t(6;9) resulted in del(6q). Other rearrangements that were revealed by FISH included amplification of 12q sequences (MDM2 and CDK4) in one PA. We also investigated the status of the PLAG1 gene in four cases (one PA, one CaPA, one adenoid cystic carcinoma, and one mucoepidermoid carcinoma) with 8q12 rearrangements. Only in the former two cases were the FISH results compatible with intragenic rearrangements. Overall, the results of the study show that, even with good banding quality and in karyotypes of modest complexity, much new information will be gained by supplementing the banding analysis with a multicolor FISH approach, such as COBRA-FISH.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Treatment of fish parasites. 9. Effects of a medicated food containing malachite green on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876 (Hymenostomatida, Ciliophora) in ornamental fish.

For systemic therapy against trophozoites of the skin-inhabiting stage of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in ornamental fish, the latter were fed medicated food flakes containing malachite green once daily for 1-11 days ad libitum. Naturally or artificially infected cardinal tetras (Paracheirodon axelrodi), blue gouramis (Trichogaster trichopterus), or clown loach (Botia macracantha) were used in the trials. The fish were maintained in aerated 12.5- or 60-1 aquaria at 23 degrees C. Ultrastructural investigations (scanning and transmission electron microscopy) revealed clear deleterious effects of malachite green on the parasitic stages. Following the initial application, the inner membrane of the mitochondria was destroyed. In fish fed for 2 days, aggregation of the mucocysts and polymerization the microtubules within the macronucleus occurred. Finally, the trophozoite's membrane was completely destroyed. In fish fed for 4 days, the medicated food killed all trophozoites of I. multifiliis. Sensitive ornamental fish (e.g., P. axelrodi) showed no adverse effects after they had been fed with only the medicated food flakes for 2 months. Therefore, the oral administration of malachite green using this newly developed medicated food considerably reduces the risk of toxic effects on the fish hosts, which are sometimes caused by malachite green following its application by immersion therapy. The feeding of flakes medicated with malachite green provides and easy-to-handle and highly effective treatment of I. multifiliis in ornamental fish.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into plasma lipid fractions, and erythrocyte membranes and platelets during dietary supplementation with fish, fish oil, and docosahexaenoic acid-rich oil among healthy young men.

The effects of n-3 fatty acid supplementation in the form of fresh fish, fish oil, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) oil on the fatty acid composition of plasma lipid fractions, and platelets and erythrocyte membranes of young healthy male students were examined. Altogether 59 subjects (aged 19-32 yr, body mass index 16.8-31.3 kg/m2) were randomized into the following diet groups: (i) control group; (ii) fish diet group eating fish meals five times per week [0.38 +/- 0.04 g elcosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 0.67 +/- 0.09 g DHA per day]; (iii) DHA oil group taking algae-derived DHA oil capsules (1.68 g/d DHA in triglyceride form); and (iv) fish oil group (1.33 g EPA and 0.95 g DHA/d as free fatty acids) for 14 wk. The fatty acid composition of plasma lipids, platelets, and erythrocyte membranes was analyzed by gas chromatography. The subjects kept 4-d food records four times during the study to estimate the intake of nutrients. In the fish diet, in DHA oil, and in fish oil groups, the amounts of n-3 fatty acids increased and those of n-6 fatty acids decreased significantly in plasma lipid fractions and in platelets and erythrocyte membranes. A positive relationship was shown between the total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and EPA and DHA intake and the increase in total n-3 PUFA and EPA and DHA in all lipid fractions analyzed. DHA was preferentially incorporated into phospholipid (PL) and triglyceride (TG) and there was very little uptake in cholesterol ester (CE), while EPA was preferentially incorporated into PL. and CE. The proportion of EPA in plasma lipids and platelets and erythrocyte membranes increased also by DHA supplementation, and the proportion of linoleic acid increased in platelets and erythrocyte membranes in the DHA oil group as well. These results suggest retroconversion of DHA to EPA and that DHA also interferes with linoleic acid metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Fish food, fish oil and cardiovascular disease.

During recent years there has been growing interest in the possibility that dietary fish confers some protection against ischaemic heart disease. In four prospective studies, people who ate moderate amounts of fish tend to have a lower mortality from heart disease than persons who ate little or no fish. A randomized controlled trial showed that mortality after myocardial infarction was less among men who were advised to increase their intake of fatty fish than in a control group. Studies of fish oil administered to volunteers suggest that it is the omega-3 fatty acids which are responsible. The effects of fish oil include a reduction in serum triglyceride concentration, a reduction in platelet activity, a reduction in blood pressure, and (in animals) prevention of arrhythmias. Some of these effects require doses much larger than those that would normally be supplied by dietary fish.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequence variations: an approach to fish species identification in processed fish products.

The identification of fish species in food products is problematic because morphological features of the fish are partially or completely lost during processing. It is important to determine fish origin because of the increasing international seafood trade and because European Community Regulation 104/2000 requires that the products be labeled correctly. Sequence analysis of PCR products from a conserved region of the cytochrome b gene was used to identity fish species belonging to the families Gadidae and Merluccidae in 18 different processed fish products. This method allowed the identification of fish species in all samples. Fish in all of the examined products belonged to these two families, with the exception of one sample of smoked baccalà (salt cod), which was not included in the Gadidae cluster.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Fish diseases in Switzerland. A statistical evaluation of the diagnostic materials of the fish research laboratory from 1979-1988. I. General aspects].

The entire diagnostic material of the Fish Disease Laboratory at the University of Berne from 1979 to 1988, a total of more than 3800 cases, is presented. Not included is material of import controls and material from experimental work. The following criteria were evaluated: fish species, origin and length of fish, season, infectious and noninfectious diseases. Furthermore, the results were investigated for changes of the composition of fish species and number of diseases within the ten-year period and for a seasonal influence on the outbreak of diseases. More than 40% of all fish investigated were rainbow trout, followed by brown trout, omamental fish and cyprinids. Over 40% of fish originated from private fishfarms whereas 20% were of governmental origin (governmental fishfarms, rivers, lakes) and 20% from aquaria. Parasites were present in more than 40% of all cases. Bacterial infections were diagnosed in nearly 30%, viral infections in 6% and fungal diseases in 5% of all cases. 20% of all cases concerning noninfectious diseases were caused by unfavourable environmental conditions whereas the incidence of diseases related to nutrition was less than 10%. The occurrence of the different diseases was waxing and waning over the period of ten years but no definite tendencies could be emphasized. However, most of the diseases investigated demonstrated a significant seasonal influence.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Repeated use of oil for frying fish. Effects of feeding the fried fish to rats.

Four groups of weanling male albino rats (Wistar strain) were fed isonitrogenous diet (10% protein) identical in all respects except in the nature of the protein source, for 4 weeks. Control group (group 1) had steamed mackerel meat as the protein source, whereas groups 2, 3 and 4 had mackerel fried on the 1st, 3rd and 4th days in the same coconut oil repeatedly used for frying each day. Four groups of adult male rats weighing around 130 g were fed on the same diet for 12 weeks. Weanlings fed on fish fried on the 4th day showed significantly lower feed consumption and weight gain compared to the other three groups. All the three groups of adult rats fed on fried fish compared well with control rats in weight gain and hepatosomatic index. There was a decrease in the total lipid and cholesterol content of the liver of rats fed with fried fish in comparison with the control rats. The total lipid and cholesterol in heart and serum cholesterol levels increased significantly from control rats through group 4. The C22:6/C20:5 ratio in the heart lipid showed a very high value compared to the dietary lipids. Histopathological examination showed initial stages of cell damage in the liver and kidney of rats fed with fish fried on the 4th day. In-vitro digestibility of proteins of fried fish were lower than that of steamed fish, but the difference in this respect between proteins of fish fried on different days was not significant.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1981

Allergy to fish in fish meal factory workers.

Fifty-one fish meal factory workers in four Polish harbour cities were investigated. They had been employed in the fish meal factory for 1--33 years and 10.7 years on average. All but seven of these were smokers. The investigation consisted of respiratory symptoms questionnaire, chest X-ray, physical examination, respiratory function assessment, intradermal skin tests to ten fish genera, total serum IgE and serum precipitins to fish antigen assessment. Chronic bronchitis was diagnosed in 29 investigated patients. In 12 (23%) of the patients, according to their case history or to skin tests, allergy to fish was suspected, but was confirmed by elevated serum IgE levels in only two of these. In no cases were serum precipitins against fish antigen found. In six patients, either obstructive or restrictive changes were diagnosed according to conventional spirometry, but by MEF50% VC in 17 subjects (33%) slight airways obstruction was diagnosed and can be regarded as the result of the habit of smoking. According to the performed investigation, only two workers presented a full clinical and immunological picture of allergy to fish. From the practical point of view, this type of professional activity is less dangerous than might be theoretically expected.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cyanide fishing and cyanide detection in coral reef fish using chemical tests and biosensors.

Sodium cyanide has been used in the Philippines to collect tropical marine fish for aquarium and food trades since the early 1960s. Cyanide fishing is a fast method to stun and collect fish. This practice is damaging the coral reefs irreversibly. In most countries cyanide fishing is illegal, but most of the exporting and importing countries do not have test and certificate systems. Many analytical methods are available for the detection of cyanide in environmental and biological samples. However, most of the techniques are time consuming, and some lack specificity or sensitivity. Besides, an ultra sensitive cyanide detection method is needed due to the rapid detoxification mechanisms in fish. The aim of this review is to give an overview of cyanide fishing problem in the south-east Asia and current strategies to combat this destructive practice, summarise some of the methods for cyanide detection in biological samples and their disadvantages. A novel approach to detect cyanide in marine fish tissues is briefly discussed.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1988

Tropical fish medicine. Anesthesia in fish.

1. Before using anesthesia in fish, check water quality parameters for tropical fish aquariums in the locality. 2. Monitor any changes in water quality that result from anesthetic administration, especially pH and alkalinity. Have adequate buffering agents available to counter these changes. 3. Use one or two preferred agents, and become familiar with the effects they produce. 4. Where possible, withhold food from fish for 24 hours prior to administration of the anesthetic agent. 5. Try to anesthetize a few fish in a group first as a test batch. Wait 12 to 24 hours for signs of delayed mortality before proceeding to anesthetize the rest of the fish. 6. Always provide adequate aeration in holding vessels. 7. Where practical, use water that the fish has come from in the anesthetic tank. 8. Always have a container of the same water for the fish to recover in.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed2003

Fish mercury levels in lakes--adjusting for Hg and fish-size covariation.

Accurate estimates of lake-specific mercury levels are vital in assessing the environmental impact on the mercury content in fish. The intercepts of lake-specific regressions of Hg concentration in fish vs. fish length provide accurate estimates when there is a prominent Hg and fish-size covariation. Commonly used regression methods, such as analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and various standardization techniques are less suitable, since they do not completely remove the fish-size covariation when regression slopes are not parallel. Partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis reveals that catchment area and water chemistry have the strongest influence on the Hg level in fish in circumneutral lakes. PLS is a multivariate projection method that allows biased linear regression analysis of multicollinear data. The method is applicable to statistical and visual exploration of large data sets, even if there are more variables than observations. Environmental descriptors have no significant impact on the slopes of linear regressions of the Hg concentration in perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) vs. fish length, suggesting that the slopes mainly reflect ontogenetic dietary shifts during the perch life span.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Hemostatic factors and platelet aggregation after a fish-enriched diet or fish oil or docosahexaenoic acid supplementation.

The effects of a fish-enriched diet or dietary supplements consisting of either fish oil or a docosahexaenoic acid-rich oil (DHA-oil) on platelet aggregation and hemostatic factors were studied in healthy male students. After an experimental period of 15 weeks, the levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor, prothrombin fragment 1+2 and fibrinogen as well as factor VII activity were not changed. Factor X activity was slightly decreased by the fish diet (P < 0.05). Collagen but not ADP-induced maximum platelet aggregation decreased in the fish diet and the fish oil groups (P < 0.05 in both). In the DHA-oil group there was a slight, statistically insignificant, increase of platelet aggregation which correlated significantly with the decrease of plasma triglycerides. Platelet aggregation measured 4 h after a standardized fat meal was lower than in the fasting state and this decrease correlated with the increase of plasma triglycerides. These results show that a fish diet and fish oil, but not DHA-oil, inhibit in vitro platelet aggregation and that hemostatic factors are not affected by moderate n-3 fatty acid supplementation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Epizootics of wild fish induced by farm fish.

The continuing decline of ocean fisheries and rise of global fish consumption has driven aquaculture growth by 10% annually over the last decade. The association of fish farms with disease emergence in sympatric wild fish stocks remains one of the most controversial and unresolved threats aquaculture poses to coastal ecosystems and fisheries. We report a comprehensive analysis of the spread and impact of farm-origin parasites on the survival of wild fish populations. We mathematically coupled extensive data sets of native parasitic sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) transmission and pathogenicity on migratory wild juvenile pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum (Oncorhynchus keta) salmon. Farm-origin lice induced 9-95% mortality in several sympatric wild juvenile pink and chum salmon populations. The epizootics arise through a mechanism that is new to our understanding of emerging infectious diseases: fish farms undermine a functional role of host migration in protecting juvenile hosts from parasites associated with adult hosts. Although the migratory life cycles of Pacific salmon naturally separate adults from juveniles, fish farms provide L. salmonis novel access to juvenile hosts, in this case raising infection rates for at least the first approximately 2.5 months of the salmon's marine life (approximately 80 km of the migration route). Spatial segregation between juveniles and adults is common among temperate marine fishes, and as aquaculture continues its rapid growth, this disease mechanism may challenge the sustainability of coastal ecosystems and economies.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Inhibition of DNA replication by fish oil-treated cytoplasm is counteracted by fish oil-treated nuclear extract.

We have recently noted that cells treated with fish oil and n-3-fatty acids show slower DNA replication rates than cells treated with a control emulsion or corn oil only. However, it is not clearly understood how such an effect is induced. Fish oil and its metabolites are known to have several modulating effects on signal transduction pathways. Alternatively, they may influence DNA replication by interacting directly with nuclear components. To investigate this problem in greater detail, we have studied the kinetics of DNA synthesis in a cell-free system derived from HeLa cells. Nuclei and cytosolic extract were isolated from cells synchronized in early S phase after treatment with control emulsion, corn oil, or fish oil, respectively. The nuclei were reconstituted with cytosolic extract and a reaction mixture containing bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) triphosphate to label newly synthesized DNA. The rate of DNA synthesis was measured by bivariate DNA/BrdU analysis and flow cytometry. We show that fish oil-treated cytosol inhibits the elongation of newly synthesized DNA by ~80% in control nuclei. However, nuclei treated with fish oil escape this inhibitory effect. We also show that addition of nuclear extract from fish oil-treated cells reverses the inhibitory effect seen in the reconstitution system of control nuclei and fish oil-treated cytosol. These results indicate that polyunsaturated fatty acids can modulate DNA synthesis through cytosolic as well as soluble nuclear factors.

Cell Extracts↗
PubMed1990

[Preparation and analysis of dehydrated mixtures of vegetables and underutilized fish species flours: I. Dehydrated mixtures of cereal-fish].

For the purpose of providing possible solutions to the malnutrition problems affecting those populations where cereals and tubers form an important portion of their daily intake, products were prepared from dehydrated mixtures of cereals and under-utilized fish, but which contain high-quality protein. Two cereals were selected for our experiments: rice and corn, and a marine under-utilized fish species (Macrodon ancyclodon). The minced fish muscle recovered by mechanical deboning was mixed with the cereal, obtaining mixtures with 5%, 10% and 15% fish on a dry basis. Feeding experiments using Wistar weaning rats were then carried out to evaluate the most important characteristics. An amino acid profile which reflected high-quality protein was obtained, as evidenced by the excellent PER, NPU, NPR and digestibility values determined. The dehydrated mixtures of fish/cereal flour prepared with 5% and up to 10% fish (dry basis), did not present any odour, but as of the 15% level, fish odour was perceived. Therefore, the use of dehydrated mixtures of fish/cereal flours with up to 10% fish in preparing food products, is recommended, since these would be of great help in solving the scarcity of good-quality protein, particularly in the developing countries.

Amino Acids, Essential↗
PubMed1995

[Occurrence of parasites, bacteria, viruses and fungi in fish that are pathogenic to men and fish].

Parasitological examinations comprised above 20,000 fish which were searched for parasitic nematoda of Anisakidae. It was evidenced that herring were infected with anisakid larvae in 8%, cod and flatfish in 4% and the eelpouts in as many as in 52%. The species that prevails in these fish were: Anisakis simplex, Contracaecum osculatum C, Hysterothylacium auctum and Pseudoterranova decipiens, respectively. In direction of the bacteria pathogenic to man 765 fish were examined; in 38% there were found pathogenic strains such as coagulase-positive staphylococci, even Salmonella and Shigella. Besides there were cultivated 109 strains of bacteria pathogenic to fish belonging to the genera: Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Moraxella Virological evaluation comprised 527 fish, in that number Enteroviruses (Coxsackie, ECHO) were identified in 31% fish and viral agent, likely to be pathogenic to fish in 8% specimens. Not a one case of infection with Ichthyophonus hoferi fungus in the herring hitherto examined was noted.

Animals↗