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[List of equipment of a mobile unit at agricultural projects; first aid kit].
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[First aid at medical congresses].
The sixth International Congress of Pharmacology in Helsinki, July 1975, was held on a campus area 5 km from the nearest hospital. The congress was attended by 2 600 active participants and one thousand social members, traveling from 54 countries. The equipment at the Congress first aid station allowed for all kinds of emergency treatments, ranging from the care of minor complaints to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A mobile intensive care unit was kept outside the station throughout the day and was also available at the major social events in the evening. The great majority of the symptoms necessitating a visit to the station were minor complaints. Most participants received their medication direct from the first aid station, the most common drugs being mild analgesics, anticholinergics and antibiotics. According to our experience, at a congress with 3 500 participants it is sufficient to have one physician present at the first aid station, or at least on call, and one to three additional first aid assistants. In general, it is of utmost importance to make adequate plans for the provision of medical as well as dental care at large congresses.
Burns treatment for children and adults: a study of initial burns first aid and hospital care.
AIM: To assess the adequacy of initial burns first aid treatment in the community and its subsequent impact on treatment outcome. METHODS: Four-month prospective study of consecutive burn patients presenting to Middlemore Hospital. Patients were interviewed to determine initial burns first aid treatment (BFAT) and assessed as "adequate" or "inadequate", then compared with subsequent treatment. Inpatient care was wound debridement with/without dressings (DO/DB) or split skin grafting (SSG). RESULTS: 40.5% of total 121 patients received adequate BFAT, 59.5% did not, p = <0.001. 50% Caucasians received adequate BFAT, compared with 25% Maori and 33% Pacific Island people, p = 0.084. 15.7% of adequate BFAT patients received DO/DB and 6.6% had SSG, compared with 23.4% and 19.3% respectively for inadequate BFAT, p = 0.03. Scald burns occurred most frequently, 4% adequate BFAT scald patients required SSG compared with 20% of inadequate BFAT scald patients, p = 0.003. Maori and Pacific Island people were over-represented as inpatients (collectively 34.8%) when compared to Caucasian (24.8%) or other ethnic groups, p = 0.25. 38% of all patients were children under 10 with inadequate BFAT tendency compared with adults, p = 0.067. Hospital stay decreased among adequate BFAT paediatric patients, p = 0.016. CONCLUSIONS: A public education strategy is required to improve BFAT, targeting at-risk communities. Following this, the study should be repeated to determine the effectiveness of the campaign and any resultant change in community behaviour.
Attitudes of pharmacists to the issue of applying basic first-aid.
The most frequently mentioned causes of death and disability include blood circulation system diseases, tumors and injuries. The decision to apply immediate resuscitation actions often influence the chances of the victim's survival. It is estimated that approximately 18 million citizens of Poland have been trained in the field of basic first-aid procedures. The aim of the paper was to get to know the opinions of the employees of pharmacies with a degree in pharmacy about the issue of applying basic first-aid and their knowledge of basic life support. The survey was carried out by means of a questionnaire which was mailed to the pharmacies in the area of the Lublin region, excluding the city of Lublin. 250 questionnaires were sent and 106 were sent back and filled in properly. The return rate of the questionnaires was estimated at 42.4%. Pharmacists feel they are obliged to know the rules of applying first-aid better than other social groups, and claim they should join the rescue activities in case of emergency. The respondents show willingness to participate in first-aid trainings as long as they are free. A high percentage of the respondents assess their level of knowledge in the field of emergency actions as unsatisfactory. The knowledge of resuscitation techniques is insufficient--identification of circulatory arrest, technique of indirect cardiac massage and artificial respiration all seem to cause difficulties. The pharmacists under survey would be glad to get updated guidelines concerning basic rules of behaviour in emergency.
[Australian method of first aid for European snake bites. Spreading its use in Italy].
Antiquated first-aid procedures, such as the incision and sucking of the wound and the application of a tourniquet, are still used in Italy consequent to the bite of vipers. The A. hope that such procedures will be finally abandoned, since they are ineffective, impractical, painful and can furthermore produce invalidating or disfiguring permanent outcomes. In this report they extensively describe Australian first-aid measures consequent to snakebites, constituted by a compressive bandage and by immobilization of the bitten limb by splinting. They hope therefore that the divulgation of this procedure in Italian will bring about, within a short period of time, its extensive use in Italy consequent to viper bites, as it is very effective, practical and easy to carry out.
Artificial ventilation for basic life support leads to hyperventilation in first aid providers.
The 'Guidelines 2000 for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care - International Consensus on Science' recommend an artificial ventilation volume of 10 ml/kg bodyweight (equivalent to a tidal volume of 700-1000 ml) without the use of supplemental oxygen in adults with respiratory arrest. For first aid providers using the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose-ventilation technique, respectively, a ventilation volume of approximately 9.6 l/min results. Additionally, a deep breath is recommended before each ventilation to increase the end-expiratory oxygen concentration of the air exhaled by the first aid provider. To investigate the effects of these recommendations in healthy volunteers, test persons were asked to ventilate an artificial lung model for a period of up to 10 min. The tidal volume was set at 800 ml at a breathing rate of 12/min. End-tidal carbon dioxide, oxygen saturation (measured by pulse oximetry), and heart rate were measured continuously. Capillary blood gas samples were collected and non-invasive blood pressure readings were recorded prior to the start of ventilation and immediately after the end of the measuring period. The data reveal a statistically significant and clinically relevant decrease in end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (P<0.001, median decrease 14 mmHg), and the occurrence of hyperventilation-associated symptoms such as paraesthesia, dizziness, and carpopedal spasms in more than 75% of the participants. Clinically and statistically significant hyperventilation results in first aid providers performing artificial ventilation according to the guidelines. This artificial ventilation is associated with a significant decrease in capillary and end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure as well as with multiple symptoms of an acute hyperventilation syndrome. Ventilation performed according to these guidelines may cause injury to the health of the first aid provider. Rescuers ventilating the victim should be replaced at regular intervals and the recommendation to take a deep breath before each ventilation should not be upheld in order to minimise the risk of hyperventilation.
[First aid measures in emergency pediatric surgery (author's transl)].
The type of first aid given to patients requiring emergency pediatric surgery is decisive for the prognosis in many cases. With this aspect in mind, individual disease pictures from the group of connatal deformities (esophageal atresia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, diaphragmatic hernia and defect, myelomeningocele), from emergency surgical situations beyond the neonatal stage (acute abdomen and ileus, esophageal varices, pneumothorax), and accident injuries (blunt abdominal trauma, cranio-cerebral trauma, burns) are selected and the most important first aid measures described. But for all diseases, the general rule for the treatment of all seriously ill children applies: provision of a safe venous access, readiness to intubate, adequate oxygenation and control of the acid-base, water and electrolyte balances.
First aid knowledge of alpine mountaineers.
OBJECTIVE: The study evaluates the knowledge of first aid in mountaineerers who climb routes of moderate difficulty in the western Alps. Additionally the mountaineer's ability to assess their own knowledge was investigated. An analysis of the mountain accidents in the same area showed the real need for knowledge. DESIGN: An investigation of a cohort of mountaineers who reached Margherita Hut (4559 m, Monte Rosa; n=283; 17 questions with five answers each (11 themes)). RESULTS: Knowledge in general is poor. Best results were obtained in relation to cardiac emergencies, altitude sickness, and hypovolaemic shock, and worst resulted with hypothermia, traumatic injuries, treatment of pain and management of emergencies. Although traumatic injuries represent about 50% of mountain accidents in the region, there was a general lack of basic knowledge on this subject. Self-assessment of the individuals level of knowledge and their need for further education was inadequate. Differences between sex, age, nationality, mountaineering professional experience (medical education) are discussed. CONCLUSION: First aid education of mountaineers must be improved. Adequate education should take into account the specific demands of alpine emergencies.
Mental health first aid training: review of evaluation studies.
OBJECTIVE: To review studies evaluating mental health first aid (MHFA) training. METHOD: Review of three published trials: one uncontrolled with members of the public in a city, one randomized controlled efficacy trial in a workplace setting and one cluster randomized effectiveness trial with the public in a rural area. RESULTS: Most mental health first aiders tend to be middle-aged women whose work involves people contact. All trials found the following statistically significant benefits 5-6 months post-training: improved concordance with health professionals about treatments, improved helping behaviour, greater confidence in providing help to others and decreased social distance from people with mental disorders. Only one trial evaluated the mental health benefits to participants and this found positive effects. CONCLUSIONS: Although MHFA training has been found to change knowledge, attitudes and helping behaviours, and even benefit the mental health of participants, there has not yet been an evaluation of the effects on those who are the recipients of the first aid.
[Parents' and caregivers' theoretical and practical knowledge of first aid in case of accidents and minor injuries in children].
Accidents and injuries cause most serious health problems in pediatric group of patients in Poland. We asked a group of 93 parents and tutors (11 men and 82 women) to complete a questionnaire containing 20 questions. It referred to their knowledge on first aid treatment. We have analyzed the answers using statistical methods and couched our conclusions. 1. The results of the enquiry show a great extent of self-satisfaction in the questioned group of parents. Most of them (64.5%) think they know first aid rules, although only 35 people (37.6%) were ever trained in this field. Parents declare they known, how to deal with such conditions as bums, slight contusions and injuries, fractures, torsions, choking and high temperature. 2. Most parents (71%) have already treated minor injuries and dealt with minor accidents which took place while they took care of a child. Most common health problems were: high temperature--23.9%, slight contusions--22.4%, minor injuries--16.1%, hemorrhage--8.8%, scalding--8.3%, choking--7.3%. Accidents occur mainly during playground activities or cycling (63%) and at home (17%). 3. When an accident involving children occurs, 29.2% of parents call for medical help, 63.8% of them do it only if very serious injuries occur and 9% always try to treat a child themselves. In our enquiry most parents knew the names of popular analgesic and antipyretic drugs. They also knew how to deal with a slight burn or scald. 4. In questioned adults' opinion health care professionals do not give enough first aid information to the society. In our examined group, 58.1% of parents try to read and learn themselves. This shows the need for training people who take care of children in first aid treatment. As the best places for such training enquired parents pointed schools, kindergartens, pediatric and obstetric clinics.
[First aid at the site of accident and the first medical care of subjects injured in traffic accidents after admission to the hospital].
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First aid on the ski slopes.
In administering first aid on ski slopes, the principles followed are basic ones: arrest of hemorrhage, adequate immobilization of fractures, prevention of shock, and relief of pain. Respiratory and circulatory complications must of course be given priority, but in my experience such situations have not arisen.
First aid for shark attack victims.
A first-aid kit designed for the treatment of shark attack victims is presented. Emphasis is placed on the control of massive haemorrhage, the restoration of plasma volume and the transfer of the patient to hospital after initial shoch has been treated on the beach.
Burns first aid information on the Internet.
The Internet is an increasingly important source of health-related information. However, the growth of the Internet and its use as a medical delivery tool should be viewed with caution. One of the key concerns is that although the volume of information is huge, the quality, accuracy and completeness of the information is questionable. The aim of this study was to evaluate burns first aid information on the Internet. The search term used was "first aid for burns" and the first 25 hits from each search engine were analysed by one of the observers. We gathered basic information on the web sites--such as the country of origin, language in which the information was offered, accessibility, relevance and whether the site was commercial, organisational or academic. Quality and technicality of the web sites were assessed and scored. The mean quality score was 4.7/15 (31.5%) The mean technical score was 6.1 of 12 (51.1%). When the total score was categorised by percentage, none of the web sites ranked in the excellent category, 1 was very good, 4 were good, 6 were fair and the majority, 36, were poor. Based on the quality score only, two web sites were in the excellent category and two were very good. For technicality one web site was excellent and three were very good. This study has shown first aid information on the Internet is largely of poor quality, that the technical information provided is inadequate and that the sites include a significant amount of grossly inaccurate information. The few sites that contain excellent technical information make up a very small proportion of what is available. Therefore, the average Internet user may not encounter these resources, instead gaining knowledge from sites of questionable value.
[Assessment of the efficiency of the first aid course among construction companies in the Province of Bergamo].
The aim of this project is to value, through a specific questionnaire, the effectiveness and utility of the professional training among the construction workers responsible of the First Aid. 48 construction firms, in Province of Bergamo, were examined and 100 first aid responsible were tested through to the questionnaire. The 21% of the subjects performed a practical first aid intervention. The 84% considers the professional training courses to be globally satisfactory, and one third underlines the necessity of an annual refresher course. This study tends to confirm the validity of this program of professional training, particularly in the construction trade, that is characterized by a high accidents rate.
Recognizing acute health effects of substitute fungicides: are first-aid reports effective?
Recently, many British Columbia sawmills stopped using traditional chlorophenate anti-sapstain fungicides and substituted 2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole (TCMTB) and copper-8-quinolinolate (Copper 8). We conducted a cross-sectional study with two aims: to ascertain which acute health effects, if any, were associated with the use of the substitute fungicides; and to determine the effectiveness of first-aid records as a means of detecting acute health outcomes. Workers in five coastal sawmills were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire about symptoms considered potentially related and unrelated to fungicide exposure, and about injuries commonly reported in sawmills. In addition, we collected first-aid records from the mills, and asked senior workers to estimate the duration of exposure to fungicides for each job. Symptoms found to be consistently elevated in TCMTB mills included dry skin around the eyes, blood-stained mucus from the nose, nose bleed, peeling skin, burning or itching skin, and skin redness or rash. No symptoms were consistently elevated in the Copper 8 mills. Symptoms related to TCMTB exposure were recorded only 12 times in first-aid logs during the study period (versus 335 questionnaire self-reports). This low symptom-recording frequency may be a function of established patterns of first-aid use in which illness symptoms are reported less frequently than injuries.