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PubMedDate not supplied

[Telephone versus face-to-face household interviews in the assessment of health behaviors and preventive practices].

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the influence of the interview method (telephone or face-to-face in households) on the assessment of health behaviors and preventive practices. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The same questionnaire was completed by two independent samples of the population aged 18-64 years living in the municipality of Madrid. One sample (n = 1,391 subjects) completed the questionnaire by telephone interview and the other (n = 739) by face-to-face interview in households. The results of the two samples for 28 variables related to anthropometry, physical activity, food consumption, tobacco and alcohol use, preventive practices and injuries were compared. RESULTS: The telephone sample had a higher rate of failed contact (31.8% vs. 22.2%) but a greater degree of cooperation than the sample for the face-to-face interview (83.0% vs. 74.0%). In total, 19 of the 28 variables showed a relative variation of less than 10% between the two surveys; the differences found were between 10 and 20% for eight variables and were higher than 20% for one variable. Differences were statistically significant for only four variables (sedentary leisure time, consumption of vegetables, giving up smoking and cholesterol measurement), with a relative variation of 6.1% (p < 0.01), 10% (p < 0.001), 36.7% (p < 0.01) and 8.6% (p < 0.01), respectively. The total cost of the telephone interview was half that of the face-to-face household interview. CONCLUSIONS: The results of both surveys were very similar. Because of its lower cost, the telephone interview is a good option in public health research when data collection by interview is required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Ethnic differences in reported smoking behaviors in face-to-face and telephone interviews.

Different modes of gathering data on self-reported health measures and self-reported risk factors are used frequently in research. However, data on the influence of the mode of collection of data on self-reporting are limited. The aim of the study was to identify associations between the mode of data collection and self-reported smoking in two distinct ethnic groups, Jews and Arabs in Israel. During the last 2 years, data were collected in two national surveys regarding the smoking behaviors of Jews and Arabs in Israel. In the telephone surveys 4713 Israeli residents were interviewed and in the face-to-face interviewees 3239 people were interviewed. The interviewees were between the ages 25 and 64. There was no significant difference in smoking rates between face-to-face interviews and telephone interviews among Jewish men or women after adjusting for other variables associated with smoking. However, there was a difference between the two methods of data collection in the Arab population also after the adjustment. In this group, respondents tended to report more often being a smoker in the face-to-face interviews. This was especially apparent in Arab women. There was no significant difference in the reported number of cigarettes smoked in the two modes of data collection. In Arabs compared to Jews there is a significant difference between reporting smoking during a telephone interview and a face-to-face interview. The mode of data collection can affect comparisons between different groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Detecting emotional faces and features in a visual search paradigm: are faces special?

In 2 experiments, participants were presented schematic faces with emotional expressions (threatening, friendly) in a neutral-faces context or neutral expressions in an emotional-faces context. These conditions were compared with detection performance in displays containing key features of emotional faces not forming the perceptual gestalt of a face. Supporting the notion of a threat detection advantage, Experiment 1 found that threatening faces were faster detected than friendly faces, whereas no difference emerged between the corresponding feature conditions. Experiment 2 increased task difficulty with a backward masking procedure and found corresponding results. In neither of the studies was the threat detection advantage associated with reduced accuracy. However, features were, in general, detected faster than faces when task difficulty was high.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of teleconsultations and face-to-face consultations: preliminary results of a United Kingdom multicentre teledermatology study.

The objective of this multicentre study was to undertake a systematic comparison of face-to-face consultations and teleconsultations performed using low-cost videoconferencing equipment. One hundred and twenty-six patients were enrolled by their general practitioners across three sites. Each patient underwent a teleconsultation with a distant dermatologist followed by a traditional face-to-face consultation with a dermatologist. The main outcome measures were diagnostic concordance rates, management plans and patient and doctor satisfaction. One hundred and fifty-five diagnoses were identified by the face-to-face consultations from the sample of 126 patients. Identical diagnoses were recorded from both types of consultation in 59% of cases. Teledermatology consultations missed a secondary diagnosis in 6% of cases and were unable to make a useful diagnosis in 11% of cases. Wrong diagnoses were made by the teledermatologist in 4% of cases. Dermatologists were able to make a definitive diagnosis by face-to-face consultations in significantly more cases than by teleconsultations (P = 0.001). Where both types of consultation resulted in a single diagnosis there was a high level of agreement (kappa = 0.96, lower 95% confidence limit 0.91-1.00). Overall follow-up rates from both types of consultation were almost identical. Fifty per cent of patients seen could have been managed using a single videoconferenced teleconsultation without any requirement for further specialist intervention. Patients reported high levels of satisfaction with the teleconsultations. General practitioners reported that 75% of the teleconsultations were of educational benefit. This study illustrates the potential of telemedicine to diagnose and manage dermatology cases referred from primary care. Once the problem of image quality has been addressed, further studies will be required to investigate the cost-effectiveness of a teledermatology service and the potential consequences for the provision of dermatological services in the U.K.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

Teaching medical students exposure therapy for phobia/panic - randomized, controlled comparison of face-to-face tutorial in small groups vs. solo computer instruction.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the teaching value of one session of computer-guided solo instruction in exposure therapy for phobias with that of one face-to-face small-group tutorial. DESIGN: Non-blind, randomized, controlled study. SETTING: King's College Hospital Medical School, London. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-seven third-year medical students and 11 behaviour therapists. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Seventy-five true/false multiple choice questions relating to (b) below answered at pre- and post-teaching by students and just once by behaviour therapists to obtain 'expert' scores; pre- and post-teaching ratings of interest in behaviour therapy and post-teaching ratings of educational and enjoyment value. EDUCATIONAL INTERVENTIONS: (a) All students had a 20-minute group lecture on basic concepts and historical aspects just before randomization to: (b) 90 min of either solo computer or group face-to-face tutorial teaching. Computer instruction used a short version of 'FearFighter'- a self-help computer system for people suffering from phobias. RESULTS: Solo computer instruction taught exposure therapy principles effectively but improved multiple choice question scores marginally less than did small-group tutorial teaching. Tutorial teaching required 5 times more teacher time but led to knowledge scores that did not differ significantly from those of behaviour therapists. Students clearly rated face-to-face small-group tutorial teaching as more enjoyable. CONCLUSION: The knowledge gain from a solo computer session resembled that from a small-group face-to-face tutorial, and required far less teacher time, but was less enjoyable. Enjoyment might rise if the computer session was group-oriented and aimed at students rather than patients. In general computer teaching might be best used to complement rather than replace conventional teaching.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed2000

Configural face processes in acquired and developmental prosopagnosia: evidence for two separate face systems?

Configural face processes were tested using face recognition and face detection tasks in a comparison of acquired and developmental prosopagnosia. In the recognition task the two patients showed a very different pattern. The developmental patient does not show an inversion effect while the acquired prosopagnosia patient is better at matching inverted than normal stimuli. Moreover, there is no effect of face context on matching features in the developmental case while the acquired prosopagnosia patient shows a strong negative effect of context. However, in a speeded face detection task both patients are similarly unimpaired. The results are consistent with the existence of two separate face systems, one involved in face detection and the other in face recognition.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Face-to-face interviewing in predonation screening: lack of effect on detected human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections.

BACKGROUND: Predonation screening has become more elaborate over the years, while human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive donations have declined. The impact of face-to-face interviewing and of the format of the Donor Health Assessment Questionnaire (DHAQ) have not been evaluated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Canadian Blood Services DHAQ records between 1990 and 2004 were examined, and changes in them were tracked. The proportion of first-time donors permanently deferred for HIV or HCV risk, and the HIV and HCV rates per 100,000 donations, were calculated annually. Time-series analysis was used to determine whether major predonation screening changes had any effect on the HIV or HCV rates or permanent deferrals. RESULTS: In 1992, receiving money or drugs for sex was added to the DHAQ; otherwise, the content of high-risk questions changed little between 1990 and 2004. In 1997, the method of administration of the DHAQ changed from donor-completed to face-to-face interviewing for high-risk questions. Permanent deferrals for HIV or HCV risk factors and HIV and HCV rates in first-time donors decreased over this period. The HIV rates were close to 0 before 1997, whereas HCV rates decreased steadily through 2004. There was no interruption in rates in 1997 when the method of administration changed. CONCLUSION: Face-to-face interviewing for high-risk questions had no effect on HIV or HCV rates in first-time donations over 15 years of observation (during the latter 8 of which face-to-face interviewing was in place), and it did not increase permanent deferrals for HIV or HCV risk factors.

Blood Donors↗
PubMed1999

Linking emergency department patients to primary care: phone vs face-to-face interaction.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the patient compliances and time analyses of two methods of assigning primary care providers (PCPs) to ED patients who are without a PCP: phone interview vs face-to-face interaction. METHODS: Prospective observational cohort study following an intervention, performed in a pediatric ED, serving a population of 1.7 million, with a census of 80,000 pediatric ED visits per year. Over one year, a consecutive sampling of 1,062 patients evaluated in the ED and without a PCP were approached to participate in our study (536 enrolled, 526 declined). Patients enrolled were addressed by a nurse practitioner/social worker (NP/SW) who arranged an appointment with a PCP, either in person (in ED) or by phone after discharge. The primary outcome measure was compliance with the arranged appointment. Secondarily, the authors analyzed the time necessary for each approach in person-hours. RESULTS: Of the 536 enrolled, 81 were excluded because data collection was incomplete at the time of the study's completion, leaving 455 study patients. Seventy-six percent of the study patients were between the ages of 1 month and 12 years. Contact was made by phone for 151 (33%) patients and face-to-face for 304 (67%). Sixty-two percent of the phone patients kept their appointments, compared with 52% of face-to-face patients (p = 0.048, RR = 1.20, 1.02 < RR < 1.41). Phone interaction was also more time effective. CONCLUSION: Linking ED patients without a medical provider to PCPs via phone is as effective as a face-to-face interaction.

Aftercare↗
PubMed2005

[Computer-based training in dermatooncology--a preliminary report comparing electronic learning programs with face-to-face teaching].

BACKGROUND: Electronic media are increasingly used in medical education. The question arises whether tutorial programs are as effective as innovative face-to-face didactic formats. METHODS: 26 students underwent a special dermatooncology course in an integrated undergraduate medical curriculum. One part of the content was acquired face-to-face with emphasis on team learning and mini-lectures; the other part was presented as web-based electronic computer-based training objects. The performance of the students in a subsequent multiple choice test was evaluated. RESULTS: In total, questions referring to computer-based training contents were answered correctly in 90.4 +/- 12.5 %, which was significantly superior to the questions referring to team learning in the face-to-face teaching format (80.6 +/- 13.1 %; p < 0.001). There was, however, a significant correlation between both results for each individual student (r = 0.52; p < 0.01), but there was no correlation between the results obtained for computer-based training or team learning on the one hand, and the overall performance of the individual student on the other. CONCLUSIONS: Though different contents were concerned, our study provides evidence that computer-based training may be more efficient than face-to-face teaching using team learning to communicate dermatooncology contents in an undergraduate medical curriculum.

Austria↗
PubMed2005

A comparison of two Native American Navigator formats: face-to-face and telephone.

The study was designed to test the relative effectiveness of a Navigator intervention delivered face-to-face or by telephone to urban Native American women. The effectiveness of the intervention was evaluated using a design that included a pretest, random assignment to face-to-face or telephone group, and posttest. The Social Cognitive Theory-based intervention was a tailored education program developed to address individual risk factors for breast cancer. At posttest, self-reported mammograms in the past year increased from 29% to 41.3% in the telephone group and from 34.4% to 45.2% in the face-to-face group. There was no difference in change from pretest to posttest between the telephone and face-to-face groups. Navigators can be effective in increasing adherence to recommendations for screening mammography among urban American Indian women.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

The consistency of neuropsychological assessments performed via telecommunication and face to face.

Previous studies have suggested that cognitive assessments of adult psychiatric patients can be carried out as reliably via teleconsultation as they can face to face. However, the designs of these studies have often been less than satisfactory. The present study used videoconferencing at 128 kbit/s for the cognitive assessment of individuals with a history of alcohol abuse. Twenty-seven participants were given a range of assessments with two equivalent forms. One of the forms was given via videoconferencing and the other face to face. All participants were assessed using both media and the order of presentation was balanced across participants. Aspects of participant satisfaction with teleconsultations were also assessed, on 10-point scales. The teleconsultations were significantly longer (mean 40.7 min, SD 6.4) than the face-to-face sessions (mean 33.0 min, SD 5.3). For most of the outcome measures, cognitive assessment via teleconsultation produced similar results to face-to-face assessment. Most participants expressed high overall satisfaction with the teleconsultation (mean rating 8.2). The average ratings for the sound quality (mean 7.6) and visual quality of the equipment (mean 7.9) were also high. The findings imply that it is not necessary for patients and neuropsychologists to be present at the same location for cognitive assessments to be carried out.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

A comparison of face-to-face and videoconference administration of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.

To determine whether the mode of administration affected the psychometric properties of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), 21 subjects with an affective disorder were administered two HAMD interviews on the same day, once via videoconference (at 384 kbit/s) and once face-to-face, by two independent interviewers. The interviewers were blind to the results of the other interview. The mean HAMD scores were almost identical (18.4 for videoconferencing and 18.2 for face to face). The intra-class correlation between the two sets of scores was 0.88. When another group of 21 subjects had the HAMD administered in two face-to-face interviews on the same day, the inter-rater reliability was not significantly different from that for the videoconference cohort. Most patients (91%) thought videoconferencing was a useful way to receive a psychological evaluation when other means were unavailable or limited. The study shows the psychometric equivalence of remote and face-to-face HAMD administration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The differential effects of face-to-face and computer interview modes.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the differential effects of face-to-face interviewing and audio-computer assisted self-interviewing (audio-CASI) on categories of questions. METHODS: Syringe exchange program participants (n = 1417) completed face-to-face interviews or audio-CASI. The questionnaire was categorized into the groups "stigmatized behaviors," "neutral behaviors," and "psychological distress." Interview modes were compared for questions from each category. RESULTS: Audio-CASI elicited more frequent reporting of "stigmatized behaviors" than face-to-face interviews. Face-to-face interviewing elicited more frequent reporting of "psychological distress" than audio-CASI. CONCLUSIONS: Responding to potentially sensitive questions should not be seen as merely "providing data," but rather as an activity with complex motivations. These motivations can include maintaining social respect, obtaining social support, and altruism. Ideally, procedures for collecting self-report data would maximize altruistic motivation while accommodating the other motives.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Perception of facial features and face-to-face communications in space.

This paper examines how human face-to-face communications may be compromised by exposure to the microgravity environment of space. Although efficient face-to-face communications are acknowledged to be essential for astronauts to work safely and effectively, the space environment causes facial edema, and allows speakers and listeners to confront one another in multiple orientations that can potentially interfere with many important non-linguistic communication cues. In addition, high background noises in space shuttles and stations can mask auditory messages. Currently, the effects of spaceflight on the ability to identify facial features, to read lips, to integrate visual and auditory sensory information, and to interpret spoken messages in noisy environments while the speakers are at various orientations with respect to the listeners, are virtually unknown. Ground-based experiments conducted in our laboratory with computer-displayed facial images presented at various orientations have suggested how non-linguistic cues may be degraded by changes in the retinal orientations of facial images. The results of our ground-based studies illustrating impaired recognition of facial features in non-erect images are described, their implications for effective face-to-face communications among astronauts in space are discussed, and two experiments that can quantify the effects of microgravity on face-to-face communications in space are outlined.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Visual search for orientation of faces by a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes): face-specific upright superiority and the role of facial configural properties.

A previous experiment showed that a chimpanzee performed better in searching for a target human face that differed in orientation from distractors when the target had an upright orientation than when targets had inverted or horizontal orientation [Tomonaga (1999a) Primate Res 15:215-229]. This upright superiority effect was also seen when using chimpanzee faces as targets but not when using photographs of a house. The present study sought to extend these results and explore factors affecting the face-specific upright superiority effect. Upright superiority was shown in a visual search for orientation when caricaturized human faces and dog faces were used as stimuli for the chimpanzee but not when shapes of a hand and chairs were presented. Thus, the configural properties of facial features, which cause an inversion effect in face recognition in humans and chimpanzees, were thought to be a source of the upright superiority effect in the visual search process. To examine this possibility, various stimuli manipulations were introduced in subsequent experiments. The results clearly show that the configuration of facial features plays a critical role in the upright superiority effect, and strongly suggest similarity in face processing in humans and chimpanzees.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Less impairment in face imagery than face perception in early prosopagnosia.

There have been a number of reports of preserved face imagery in prosopagnosia. We put this issue to experimental test by comparing the performance of MJH, a 34-year-old prosopagnosic since the age of 5, to controls on tasks where the participants had to judge faces of current celebrities, either in terms of overall similarity (Of Bette Midler, Hillary Clinton, and Diane Sawyer, whose face looks least like the other two?) or on individual features (Is Ronald Reagan's nose pointy?). For each task, a performance measure reflecting the degree of agreement of each participant with the average of the others (not including MJH) was calculated. On the imagery versions of these tasks, MJH was within the lower range of the controls for the agreement measure (though significantly below the mean of the controls). When the same tasks were performed from pictures, agreement among the controls markedly increased whereas MJH's performance was virtually unaffected, placing him well below the range of the controls. This pattern was also apparent with a test of facial features of emotion (Are the eyes wrinkled when someone is surprised?). On three non-face imagery tasks assessing color (What color is a football?), relative lengths of animal's tails (Is a bear's tail long in proportion to its body?), and mental size comparisons (What is bigger, a camel or a zebra?), MJH was within or close to the lower end of the normal range. As most of the celebrities became famous after the onset of MJH's prosopagnosia, our confirmation of the reports of less impaired face imagery in some prosopagnosics cannot be attributed to pre-lesion storage. We speculate that face recognition, in contrast to object recognition, relies more heavily on a representation that describes the initial spatial filter values so the metrics of the facial surface can be specified. If prosopagnosia is regarded as a form of simultanagnosia in which some of these filter values cannot be registered on any one encounter with a face, then multiple opportunities for repeated storage may partially compensate for the degraded representation on that single encounter. Imagery may allow access to this more complete representation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Brain and face: communicating signals of health in the left and right sides of the face.

In human communication and mate selection the appearance of health sends signals regarding biological fitness. We compared the appearance of health in the sides of the face to previous results on left-right facial asymmetry in the appearance of beauty (1). The stimuli were created by aligning the left and right sides of the face each with its own mirror image. Here, participants viewed 38 pairs of left-left and right-right faces and judged which member of the pair looked healthier. No significant interaction emerged between decision (health vs attractiveness) and face side. Rather, in women's faces right-right was significantly more healthy and attractive than left-left, while in men's faces there was no significant left-right difference. In biology and evolution, health and beauty are closely linked and the findings here confirm this relationship in human faces.

Brain↗
PubMed2000

Facing faces: studies on the cognitive aspects of physiognomy.

Physiognomy, the art of reading personality traits from faces, dates back to ancient Greece, and is still very popular. The present studies examine several aspects and consequences of the process of reading traits from faces. Using faces with neutral expressions, it is demonstrated that personality information conveyed in faces changes the interpretation of verbal information. Moreover, it is shown that physiognomic information has a consistent effect on decisions, and creates overconfidence in judgments. It is argued, however, that the process of "reading from faces" is just one side of the coin, the other side of which is "reading into faces." Consistent with the latter, information about personality changes the perception of facial features and, accordingly, the perceived similarity between faces. The implications of both processes and questions regarding their automaticity are discussed.

Adult↗