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PubMed2003

Descriptive analysis of military eye injuries from fiscal year 1988 to 1998.

An 11-year retrospective study of ground eye injuries collected by the Army Safety Center, Navy Safety Center, and Air Force Safety Center from fiscal year 1988 through 1998 was performed. The statistics for eye injuries indicate that the average Army, Navy, and Air Force individual sustaining an eye injury is a 20- to 24-year-old man with a rank of E2 through E5. The average military individual sustaining an eye injury is not wearing eye protection when injured. In addition, Army personnel lost 1.9 more workdays, Navy personnel lost 1.5 more workdays, and Air Force personnel lost 3.4 more workdays than those individuals who were wearing eye protection at the time of the eye injury. Proactive vision conservation education at local levels needs to focus on the military personnel that are at the highest risk for an eye injury.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Epidemiological study of eye injuries in Brazilian children.

A year-long follow-up study of 146 eye injuries in children up to 15 years of age was carried out in two emergency hospitals of a southern Brazilian city. These injuries represent approximately 65% of the total number of patients seeking ophthalmic care at emergency hospitals within this city. Patients were followed up for at least four months after injury; visual results as well as epidemiological factors were analyzed. Based on these findings, children in the 0- to 5-year-old group were at greatest risk, regardless of sex; among children older than 5 years, eye injuries were more frequent in boys. Generally, the child takes part in the accident as an active participant, and adequate adult supervision decreases the number of these accidents. Analysis of the relationship between socioeconomic levels of the parents and severity of eye injuries revealed that severe eye injuries were more frequent in lower socioeconomic strata. In severe eye injuries 35.1% of the children ended with visual acuity under 20/200 in the affected eye, which corresponds to 9% of all studied eye injuries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Eye injuries caused by opening or explosion of beverage bottles].

Exploding beverage bottles can cause serious ocular injuries. The mechanisms of injury and the consequences were studied retrospectively in 21 patients admitted to the hospital between 1982 and 1992. Most of the patients (76%) were injured by propulsion of the bottle cap. Bottle explosions following dropping on the floor were the most frequent cause of perforating ocular injuries by glass fragments from a beverage bottle. Among our patients, 12 (57%) had severe globe contusions and 9 (43%) had lamellar or penetrating globe injuries. In 83% of the contusions, 100% of the lamellar injuries and 62% of the penetrating eye injuries almost complete visual rehabilitation (vision 0.5-1.0) was achieved. Vision was saved in all the injured eyes. About 2% of all eye injuries admitted to hospital are caused by bottle explosions. The consumer can reduce the danger of bottle explosions by storing bottles in a cool place and taking care not to shake then before use. Manufacturing industry is called upon to develop and to use stopper systems connected to the bottles to prevent propulsion of bottle caps.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Eye injuries caused by rotating wire brushes].

BACKGROUND: Blunt or penetrating eye injuries are quite common in industry. Workers with high risk of eye trauma do not always wear safety goggles. AIM: This is a report on three patients with wire brush eye injury who presented in our department over a 4 month period. RESULTS: In all 3 cases, the wire brush penetrated the cornea, the iris and the lens. In one case, an endophthalmitis developed, and despite appropriate treatment (including surgeries), the final visual outcome was poor. CONCLUSIONS: Eye injuries from rotating wire brushes should be treated with caution, as there is a definite risk of developing endophthalmitis. Safety goggles are recommended for the prevention of such injuries.

Cornea↗
PubMed1981

Eye injuries in children.

We report a retrospective study of children's eye injuries treated during 1977 at Helsinki University Eye Hospital. There were 110 cases representing 34.5% of all eye injuries and 3% of all patients treated in 1977; 81.8% were boys and 18.2% girls. Half of the injuries were caused by another child, one-third were self-inflicted, and the rest were other accidents. The risk of eye injury in girls was low and stable at all ages, but in boys the risk grew markedly at the age of 8 years. The commonest cause of injury was a thrown missile. Other important causes were shots, hits, and sports accidents. Two-thirds of the injuries were concussions. The proportion of perforation was 8.9%, which is a much lower figure than in earlier reports, suggesting that the injuries have become milder. Some kind of complication was seen in 16% of concussions. No secondary bleeding was found among them. Permanent impairment of vision was seen in 2 cases: one had a visual acuity of 0.1 because of traumatic cataract and the other 0.6 because of corneal scars. Although the number of perforations was too low for statistical analysis, the final result in this group suggests that the prognosis of perforating eye injury is still as bad as it was during the 1950s.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Penetrating eye injuries in road traffic accidents.

A review of all penetrating eye injuries treated by the Manchester Eye Hospital over four years (1 February 1982-31 January 1986) was undertaken. One hundred and ninety-six penetrating eye injuries were seen, of which 16 (8.2%) were due to road traffic accidents. Eight patients (nine eyes) were seen in the 12 months prior to the introduction of the seat-belt legislation on 1 February 1983. None of these patients was wearing a seat-belt whereas two of the eight patients (10 eyes) seen after the seat-belt legislation were. Both these patients suffered severe visual loss due to intraocular glass from shattered windscreens. Three patients had bilateral penetrating eye injuries, one before and two after the seat-belt legislation. Two of the nine eyes involved prior to the legislation and three of the 10 eyes after the legislation had an eventual visual acuity of 6/12 or better. In the majority of patients, failure to wear seat-belts or defective use is to blame. Flying glass from shattered toughened windscreens is a preventable danger. Nine of the 16 patients were first seen in the general accident and emergency department and, of these, seven did not have visual acuities recorded prior to referral to an ophthalmologist. The importance of measurement of the visual acuity and detection of an afferent pupillary defect is stressed based on these findings.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2005

Rate of eye injury in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a comprehensive estimate of the rate of eye injury in the United States. METHODS: Data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, and the National Hospital Discharge Survey for 2001 were combined and used to provide estimates of eye injuries treated in emergency departments, inpatient and outpatient facilities, and private physicians' offices, as well as their causes and characteristics [corrected] RESULTS: In the United States in 2001, an estimated 1 990 872 (6.98 per 1000 population) individuals experienced an eye injury requiring treatment in an emergency department, inpatient or outpatient facility, or private physician's office. Most eye injuries are treated in emergency departments (50.7%), followed by private physicians' offices (38.7%), and outpatient (8.1%) and inpatient (2.5%) facilities. Eye injury rates were highest among individuals in their 20s, males, and whites. Injury rates were highest for superficial injuries, foreign bodies, contusions, and open wounds. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a comprehensive estimate of the rate of eye injury in the United States. Private physicians represent an important source of care for eye injury in the United States.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Risk factors for motor vehicle collision-related eye injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between specific occupant, collision, and vehicle characteristics and the risk of motor vehicle collision (MVC)-related eye injury. METHODS: The 1988-2001 National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System files were used. The Crashworthiness Data System is a national probability sample of passenger vehicles involved in police-reported tow-away MVCs. The risk of eye injury was calculated according to specific occupant (eg, age, seat belt use) and collision (eg, DeltaV [estimated change in velocity], vehicular intrusion) characteristics. The association between eye injury and these characteristics was calculated using risk ratios and associated 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: The incidence of eye injuries in MVCs has progressively increased since 1998. Frontal air bag deployment was associated with a statistically significant, 2-fold (risk ratio, 2.13 [95% confidence interval, 1.56-2.91]) increased risk of eye injury, whereas seat belt use was associated with a 2-fold (risk ratio, 2.17 [95% confidence interval, 1.89-2.44]) reduced eye injury risk. In late-model vehicles, frontal air bags are the most common cause of MVC-related eye injury. Older age, female sex, seat position, vehicle weight, and collision severity were also associated with eye injury risk. CONCLUSIONS: Seat belt use is the most effective means of occupant protection against MVC-related eye injury. For front-seated occupants in frontal collisions, the adverse effect of frontal air bags on the risk of eye injury should be considered against their protective effect for fatal injury.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1998

The global impact of eye injuries.

Using data compiled from the ophthalmic literature and WHO's Blindness Data Bank, the available information on eye injuries from an epidemiological and public health perspective has been extensively reviewed. This collection of data has allowed an analysis of risk factors, incidence, prevalence, and impact of eye injuries in terms of visual outcome. However, most of the estimates are based on information from More Developed Countries (MDCs). The severity of eye injuries can be assessed through proxy indicators such as: (i) potentially blinding bilateral injuries; (ii) open-globe injuries; (iii) endophthalmitis; (iv) enucleation or (v) defined visual impairment. Major risk factors for ocular injuries include age, gender, socioeconomic status and lifestyle. The site where the injury occurs is also related to a risk situation. Available information indicates a very significant impact of eye injuries in terms of medical care, needs for vocational rehabilitation and great socioeconomic costs. The global pattern of eye injuries and their consequences emerging from the present review, undertaken for planning purposes in the WHO Programme for the Prevention of Blindness, suggests that: some 55 million eye injuries restricting activities more than one day occur each year; 750,000 cases will require hospitalization each year, including some 200,000 open-globe injuries; there are approximately 1.6 million blind from injuries, an additional 2.3 million people with bilateral low vision from this cause, and almost 19 million with unilateral blindness or low vision. Further epidemiological studies are needed to permit more accurate planning of prevention and management measures; a standardized international template for reporting on eye injuries might be useful to this effect, along the lines of the reporting occurring through the US Eye Injury Registry.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

"Eye injuries" by the Byzantine writer Aetios Amidinos.

The authors give a short report of the "Injuries of the Eye" by the Byzantine writer Aetios Amidinos. He wrote 16 medical books, among them "The 7th Logos", including Eye Diseases. In all his writings, there is a substantial resort to ancient medical literature, mainly to the books of Galen. He describes the Eye Injuries in 5 chapters with remarkable critical ability and suitable treatment. Thus he is acknowledged as one of the most cultured and productive writers of that period.

Eye Injuries↗
PubMed2005

[Traumatic hyphema caused by eye injuries].

Hyphema is a common consequence of mechanical ocular trauma. Blood in the anterior chamber (hyphema)can occur after blunt or lacerating trauma. Traumatic hyphema is a diagnostic and therapeutic emergency. Major complications of hyphema include secondary hemorrhage, secondary glaucoma, corneal staining and disturbances in visual acuity. The aim of our study was the retrospective analysis of patients with posttraumatic hyphema. According to a prospective protocol we studied 428 patients who were examined and treated at the Emergency Department of Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Gdansk between 1998-2004 years (ears). Data obtained included age and sex. 81% of patients were man, 19% of patients were women. Mean age of patients with ocular hyphema 6-72 years. We determined initial and final visual acuities (visual acuity - distance Snellen acuity test), intraocular pressure measurement, biomicroscopy, fundus indirect ophthalmology, gonioscopy and US- examinations (sometimes). Data obtained also were: slitlamp examinations for hyphema size, hyphema grading and corneal clarity. Most hyphemas were small, occupying less than one- third of the volume of the anterior chamber. The most common associated injuries to the eye hyphema included corneal oedema, glaucoma (secondary glaucoma), cataract and mydriasis. Traumatic hyphema is therapeutic emergency. More preventive efforts (hospitalization) were necessary, especially for children. In our study we observed 89% patients with traumatic hyphema due to non - penetrating eye injury. The assault were responsible for hyphema in 30.1% of cases and traffic accidents in 38.7% of all hyphemas. Treatment of the hyphema is generally topical. Outcome is good (in more cases), if medical treatment was quickly instituted. Surgical treatment must be reserved for a special cases, but it needs more further investigations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Identification opportunity for several types of eye injuries].

OBJECTIVE: To study the stability duration of visual acuity after eye injuries in several types, in order to define the earliest and best opportunity for identification. METHODS: 160 cases were divided into five groups, in which their stable visual acuity after injuries were divided into several ranges. Then the relationship between stability duration of visual acuity and their visual acuity level, as well as eye injury types were analyzed. RESULTS: Significant correlation existed between eye injury types, stable visual acuity level and stability duration of visual acuity after injuries. CONCLUSION: The earliest and best opportunity for identification after eyes injuries related to injury types and visual acuity level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Prevention of work related eye injuries: long term assessment of the effectiveness of a multicomponent intervention among metal workers.

BACKGROUND: Systematic assessments of the effectiveness of interventions to prevent work related eye injuries are needed. AIM: To investigate the long term effectiveness of a multicomponent prevention campaign. METHODS: The campaign (conducted in collaboration with the local Employers' Association and Trade Unions) targeted all 237 metal-ware factories in the district of Imola, Italy. Based on preliminary inspections, the main intervention included distribution to all factories of specific educational brochures and broadcasting/publication of television/radio programmes and local newspaper articles containing expert advice on the subject. This was followed by a four year "post-intervention reinforcement" period of unannounced official inspections. Main outcome measures analysed were eye injury rates (versus non-eye injury rates) among metal workers during "pre-intervention" (1988-90), "peri-intervention" (1991-92), "post-intervention reinforcement" (1993-96), "late post-intervention" (1997-2000), and "very late post-intervention" (2001-03) periods with respect to two comparison sectors (construction and wood/ceramics). RESULTS: A Poisson regression in which the eye injury rates were modelled for each sector, period, and interaction, adjusting for non-eye injury rates, was chosen. The periods did not by themselves determine an overall reduction in eye injuries. The period/sector interaction terms were related to significant reductions for the metal sector when crossed with the "post-intervention reinforcement" (IRR = 0.77, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.97; % decline = 23.4), the "late post-intervention" (IRR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.79; % decline = 37.4), and the "very late post-intervention" (IRR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.77; % decline = 42.4) periods, suggesting a sustained reduction in eye injury risk following the main intervention. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that a carefully coordinated, extensive, multicomponent intervention can lead to lasting reductions in the burden of eye injuries.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1999

Eye injuries in sports.

In a retrospective study from 1988 to 1998, eye injuries were found in 553 patients. Seventy-six (13.7%) of these injuries were associated with sport. The mechanism of trauma was for the most part a ball (71.1%) or a club (13.2%). Most eye injuries occurred in soccer (35.5%), which is, by far, the most widespread sport in this region of Norway. A disproportionately high number of the injuries occurred in floorball (17.1%), bandy (13.2%), and squash (10.5%). The rules in these sports may, in theory, be strict enough to prevent eye injuries in most cases. However, these rules are often neglected in informal activities. Strategies for educating the general public about the potentially serious effect of eye injuries in sports exposed to such risk are of great importance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Soccerball-induced eye injuries.

We report a series of 24 confusion eye injuries resulting from soccerball impact. Hyphema (50%), vitreous hemorrhage (29%), corneal abrasion (21%), angle recession (8%), and retinal tear (4%) were experienced. When compared with a combined hyphema series and with hockey and racquet sports, our group had fewer serious injuries and no permanent visual acuity loss resulted. Although the incidence of eye injuries is low and the use of eye protectors may be inconvenient, we strongly recommend protective eyewear be worn in competitive sports involving large and small projectiles.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sports-related eye injury. A preventable problem..

Sports-related eye injuries pose a substantial and preventable problem. Ophthalmologists, by educating their patients regarding the risks of eye injuries in various sports and the benefits availability of protective equipment, have the potential to prevent injury to well over 100,000 eyes each year. General guidelines and recommended levels of eye protection for various sports are given. The appendix lists suppliers of protective equipment.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Eye injuries in the young in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

One hundred and seventeen children aged 0-17 years treated for eye injuries at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Ile-Ife, Nigeria were studied. Seventy-five were males and 42 were females with a mean age of 10 years 4 months. Injuries occurred with increasing frequency after the age of 4 years and were commonly sustained by children at play (50.4%); during corporal punishment (10.3%); assault (9.4%) and street hawking (9.4%). Causative agents were mostly sticks and twigs, followed by missiles and fall. Visual prognosis was best in patients with contusion injuries (48.3%) and worst in those with perforating eye injuries (30.5%). Blindness of the injured eye occurred in one-third of the patients and another 17.5% had significant visual impairment. This study shows a variation in the aetiology and visual outcome of eye injuries in the young. Strategies for the prevention of eye injuries are mainly health education, improved supervision of children at play, change in the method of corporal punishment and provision of protective devices for adolescents at work. Early diagnosis and prompt management will improve visual prognosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A one-year review of the Eye Injury Registry of Indiana.

In the first year of operation, the Eye Injury Registry of Indiana collected data on 171 severe eye injuries and categorized them according to the circumstances of the injury, severity of tissue disruption and visual function. Many preventable causes of injury were documented. By understanding the contributors of accidental injury, prevention strategies can be implemented. This collaborative project should continue to provide useful information specific to Indiana concerning the root causes of eye injury.

Adolescent↗