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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

[Utilization of cardiovascular drugs in Denmark from 1978 to 1990].

In Denmark, the total sale of medicine increased from 3.1 billion Danish crowns in 1981 to 5.9 billion Danish crowns in 1990. This increase of 91% must be seen in relation to changes in the consumer price index which increased by 77% during the same period. The greatest increase was observed in the sale of antacids and preparations for the treatment of peptic ulceration (189%), drugs for asthma (225%) and antihypertensive drugs (409%). Subdivision of the group of antihypertensive agents reveals an explosive increase in the sale of calcium-blockers (in 1990: a total of 158 million Danish crowns) and angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE)-inhibitors (in 1990: 100 million Danish crowns). Both of these therapeutic principles had been introduced in the nineteen eighties. During the same period, slighter decreases were observed in the consumption of diuretics (194 million Danish crowns in 1990) and beta-blockers (204 million Danish crowns in 1990). This development in the sales figures documents an alteration in the patterns of prescription by practitioners. It must, however, be emphasized that the drugs mentioned here have several different therapeutic indications, some of which were first established during the above mentioned decade. No randomized investigations in the treatment of hypertension are available in which recent therapeutic principles with calcium-blockers and ACE-inhibitors were compared with the previously well tested therapeutic principles involved in diuretics and beta-blockers.

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors↗
PubMed2005

Solid phase micro-extraction coupled with ion mobility spectrometry for the analysis of ephedrine in urine.

Quantitative solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled with ion mobility spectrometry is demonstrated using the analysis of ephedrine in urine. Since its inception in the 1970's ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has evolved into a useful technique for laboratories to detect explosives, chemical warfare agents, environment pollutants and, increasingly, for detecting drugs of abuse. Ephedrine is extracted directly from urine samples using SPME and the analyte on the fiber is heated by the IMS desorber unit and vaporized into the drift tube. The analytical procedure was optimized for fiber coating selection, extraction temperature, extraction time, sample pH, and analyte desorption temperature. The carryover effects, ion fragmentation characteristics, peak shapes, and drift times of ephedrine were also evaluated based on the direct interfacing of SPME to IMS. A limit of detection of 50 ng/mL of ephedrine in urine and a linear range of 3 orders of magnitude were obtained, showing that SPME-IMS compares well to other techniques for ephedrine and drug analysis presented in the literature.

Central Nervous System Stimulants↗
PubMed2004

(S)-Nitroxycarnitine nitrate production from (S)-carnitine by using acetic anhydride/nitric acid/acetic acid mixtures: safety assessment.

The present work aims at assessing both thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the esterification process of the (S)-carnitine, using calorimetric techniques. The use of the system acetic anhydride/nitric acid/acetic acid as esterifying agent and the explosive behaviour of nitric esters lead to safety considerations that have been investigated by hypothesizing some common process deviations. In particular, it has been investigated in adiabatic conditions both the batch addition of acetic anhydride and the effect of an initial temperature higher than those required by the process.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed2003

Movable contactless-conductivity detector for microchip capillary electrophoresis.

A new movable contactless-conductivity detection system for microchip capillary electrophoresis is introduced. Such a versatile system relies on positioning the detector at different points along the separation channel via "sliding" the electrode holder. The new movable microchip detection system offers distinct improvements compared to common fixed-location conductivity detectors. For example, placing the detector at different locations along the microchannel offers useful insights into the separation process. Three-dimensional plots of resolution/channel length/separation voltage can be used for optimizing the separation process and selecting the analysis time. The system enables rapid switching between "total" (unresolved) and "individual" (resolved/fingerprint) signals on the basis of placing the detector at the beginning and end of the separation channel, respectively. By moving the detector to a shorter effective separation length, after eluting fast-migrating ions, shorter analysis times can be achieved (through faster detection of late-eluting analytes). These and other improvements in the analytical performance and insights into the separation process are illustrated in connection with the detection of low-energy ionic explosives and nerve agent degradation products.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Desorption electrospray ionization with a portable mass spectrometer: in situ analysis of ambient surfaces.

Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is implemented on a portable mass spectrometer and used to demonstrate in situ detection of active ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations, alkaloids in plant tissues, explosives, chemical warfare agent simulants and agricultural chemicals from a variety of surfaces; air monitoring applications using DESI are also introduced.

Acetamides↗
PubMed2003

Review of newer antifungal and immunomodulatory strategies for invasive aspergillosis.

The incidence of invasive aspergillosis is markedly increasing, and mortality remains dismal. Previously there were only 2 antifungals with activity against Aspergillus, but over the last few years there has been an explosion of newer agents and reformulations of older antifungals. Exploration has also begun with immunotherapy, with use of cytokines and granulocyte transfusions alone or in combination with antifungal therapy. This review will detail the available in vitro, in vivo, and clinical experience with the newer antifungal and immunomodulatory therapies in development for treatment of invasive aspergillosis.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1999

Structure and function of occupational health services within selected Department of Energy sites.

The mission of the United States Department of Energy sites has recently changed from nuclear weapons production to site remediation. Considering the mass of radiological and chemical contaminants at these sites, ensuring the health and safety of workers is a major challenge. This study used the findings from a written survey to describe occupational health services at 10 Department of Energy sites. The study aims were to describe and compare: (1) the primary hazards associated with the site activities; (2) the occupational safety and health structure, including service providers; and (3) the occupational health and safety functions, including surveillance, training, and service provision. Although explosions and radiological agents were identified as the hazards with the greatest associated risks, workers at these sites were most likely to be exposed to physical hazards, ergonomic hazards, and/or chemicals, including asbestos. Physicians accounted for 2.4% of service providers, nurses for 5.5%, industrial hygienists for 12.2%, safety personnel for 11.8%, and health physicists for 64.9%. It was concluded that there is an imbalance between the most important hazards and the types of health and safety personnel at these sites.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2006

Options for the destruction of chemical weapons and management of the associated risks.

The destruction of chemical weapons is a hazardous operation. The degree of hazard posed, however, is not uniform and is dependent on the specific chemical agent and the configuration of the weapon or bulk storage vessel in which it is contained. For example, a highly volatile nerve agent in an explosively configured munition, such as a rocket, poses a very different hazard from that of a bulk storage container of viscous mustard gas. Equally the handling of recovered, often highly corroded, World War (WW)I or WWII chemical munitions will pose a very different hazard from that associated with dealing with modern chemical weapons stored under the appropriate conditions. Over the years, a number of technologies have been developed for the destruction of chemical weapons. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. None of them provide a universal solution to the problem. When assessing options for the destruction of these weapons and the management of the associated risks, therefore, it is important to give due consideration and weight to these differences. To ensure that the destruction technology selected takes due account of them and that the resulting overall risk assessment accurately reflects the actual risks involved.

Chemical Warfare↗
PubMed1998

The Burgeoning Role of Paclitaxel in Advanced Pulmonary Malignancy.

Historically, the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with cisplatin-based therapy has been a nearly futile effort. Median survival was seldom greater than six months, and fewer than 20% of those with metastatic NSCLC survived more than one year. In addition, toxicity often equaled, if not exceeded, benefit. Over the past five years, however, we have witnessed an explosion of new agents in advanced lung carcinoma. These new agents-in particular the taxanes, gemcitabine, vinorelbine, and topoisomerase I inhibitors-have breathed new life into clinical research. The therapeutic gains, though modest, are real. Paclitaxel, to a large extent, given either alone or in combination with platinols, has led the charge.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

[Multiplication of the shrimp baculovirus HHNBV with primary cell cultures from lymphoid organ of Penaeus chinensis].

The hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis baculovirus HHNBV has been confirmed to be the causative agent for the explosive epidermic disease of farmed shrimp Penaeus chinensis since 1993. The virus was isolated and multiplied successfully in the primary cell cultures from the lymphoid organ of the shrimp. A cell monolayer was formed in three days in the medium MPS and could be maintained for 1-3 months as the medium replaced every 4-5 days. The cytopathic effect occurred in 5 days after inoculation of the tissue extract from the diseased shrimp. The transmission electron microscopy showed many rod-shaped virions of HHNBV in the nuclei of infected cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The future of infection imaging.

Over the past 10 years, there has been an unprecedented explosion in new agents suggested for imaging infection. These agents have been based on our understanding of the processes involved in invasive infection of the body by microorganisms and the body's response to them. Work with antibodies has traditionally yielded the most likely candidates, 3 of which have entered clinical use in Europe and the USA. However, the expense and limitations of producing antibodies have resulted in investigations into the use of cytokine and anti-microbial radiolabelled peptides. This work is very promising in that these types of tracers may be more specific for infection than labelled leukocytes. There remains a big question mark, however, as to whether or not these will progress from phase I/II trials to phase III trials and, ultimately, to clinical use. Finally, the investigation of radiolabelled anti-microbials continues and may prove to be most useful with anti-fungals especially in the immuno-suppressed host. We live in exciting times in the evolution of infection imaging; time and commercial constraints will determine which, if any of these tracers make it to the market and will they do so before PET rules all nuclear medicine?

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2003

Ion/molecule reactions performed in a miniature cylindrical ion trap mass spectrometer.

A recently constructed miniature mass spectrometer, based on a cylindrical ion trap (CIT) mass analyzer, is used to perform ion/molecule reactions in order to improve selectivity for in situ analysis of explosives and chemical warfare agent simulants. Six different reactions are explored, including several of the Eberlin reaction type (M. N. Eberlin and R. G. Cooks, Org. Mass Spectrom., 1993, 28, 679-687) as well as novel gas-phase Meerwein reactions. The reactions include (1) Eberlin transacetalization of the benzoyl, 2,2-dimethyloximinium, and 2,2-dimethylthiooximinium cations with 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane to form 2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolanylium cations, 2,2-dimethylamine-1,3-dioxolanylium cations and the 2,2-dimethylamin-1,3-oxathiolanylium cations, respectively; (2) Eberlin reaction of the phosphonium ion CH3P(O)OCH3+, formed from the chemical warfare agent simulant dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), with 1,4-dioxane to yield the 1,3,2-dioxaphospholanium ion, a new characteristic reaction for phosphate ester detection; (3) the novel Meerwein reaction of the ion CH3P(O)OCH3+ with propylene sulfide forming 1,3,2-oxathionylphospholanium ion; (4) the Meerwein reaction of the benzoyl cation with propylene oxide and propylene sulfide to form 4-methyl-2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolane and its thio analog, respectively; (5) ketalization of the benzoyl cation with ethylene glycol to form the 2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolanylium cation; (6) addition/NO2 elimination involving benzonitrile radical cation in reaction with nitrobenzene to form an arylated nitrile, a diagnostic reaction for explosives detection and (7) simple methanol addition to the C7H7+ ion, formed by NO2 loss from the molecular ion of p-nitrotoluene to form an intact adduct. Evidence is provided that these reactions occur to give the products described and their potential analytical utility is discussed.

Chemical Warfare Agents↗
PubMed2004

Bichat guidelines for the clinical management of plague and bioterrorism-related plague.

Yersinia pestis appears to be a good candidate agent for a bioterrorist attack. The use of an aerosolised form of this agent could cause an explosive outbreak of primary plague pneumonia. The bacteria could be used also to infect the rodent population and then spread to humans. Most of the therapeutic guidelines suggest using gentamicin or streptomycin as first line therapy with ciprofloxacin as optional treatment. Persons who come in contact with patients with pneumonic plague should receive antibiotic prophylaxis with doxycycline or ciprofloxacin for 7 days. Prevention of human-to-human transmission via patients with plague pneumonia can be achieved by implementing standard isolation procedures until at least 4 days of antibiotic treatment have been administered. For the other clinical types of the disease, patients should be isolated for the first 48 hours after the initiation of treatment.

Bioterrorism↗
PubMed2005

Applications of capillary electrophoresis on microchip.

CE on microchip is an emerging separation technique that has attracted wide attention and gained considerable popularity. Because of miniaturization of the separation format, CE on chip typically offers shorter analysis time and lower reagent consumption with potential development of portable analytical instrumentation. This review with 143 references is focused on proteins and peptides analysis, DNA separation including fragment sizing, genotyping, mutation detection and sequencing, and also the analysis of low-molecular-weight compounds, namely explosive residues and warfare agents, pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse, and various small molecules in body fluids.

Chromatography, Affinity↗
PubMed2006

Ion mobility spectrometry for food quality and safety.

Ion mobility spectrometry is known to be a fast and sensitive technique for the detection of trace substances, and it is increasingly in demand not only for protection against explosives and chemical warfare agents, but also for new applications in medical diagnosis or process control. Generally, a gas phase sample is ionized by help of ultraviolet light, ss-radiation or partial discharges. The ions move in a weak electrical field towards a detector. During their drift they collide with a drift gas flowing in the opposite direction and, therefore, are slowed down depending on their size, shape and charge. As a result, different ions reach the detector at different drift times, which are characteristic for the ions considered. The number of ions reaching the detector are a measure of the concentration of the analyte. The method enables the identification and quantification of analytes with high sensitivity (ng l(-1) range). The selectivity can even be increased - as necessary for the analyses of complex mixtures - using pre-separation techniques such as gas chromatography or multi-capillary columns. No pre-concentration of the sample is necessary. Those characteristics of the method are preserved even in air with up to a 100% relative humidity rate. The suitability of the method for application in the field of food quality and safety - including storage, process and quality control as well as the characterization of food stuffs - was investigated in recent years for a number of representative examples, which are summarized in the following, including new studies as well: (1) the detection of metabolites from bacteria for the identification and control of their growth; (2) process control in food production - beer fermentation being an example; (3) the detection of the metabolites of mould for process control during cheese production, for quality control of raw materials or for the control of storage conditions; (4) the quality control of packaging materials during the production of polymeric materials; and (5) the characterization of products - wine being an example. The challenges of such applications were operation in humid air, fast on-line analyses of complex mixtures, high sensitivity - detection limits have to be, for example, in the range of the odour limits - and, in some cases, the necessity of mobile instrumentation. It can be shown that ion mobility spectrometry is optimally capable of fulfilling those challenges for many applications.

Cheese↗