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PubMed2000

Percent body fat and lean mass explain the gender difference in leptin: analysis and interpretation of leptin in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white adults.

OBJECTIVE: To reassess the relationship between body fat and fasting leptin concentrations comparing plasma vs. serum assessments of leptin; ratios vs. regression adjustment for body composition; fat and lean mass vs. percent body fat; and gender-, ethnic-, and age-related variations. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Subjects included 766 adults from the nondiabetic cohort of the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study examined at follow up (1997 to 1998). Body composition was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Leptin concentrations were determined after an overnight fast. RESULTS: Fasting serum and plasma assessments of leptin were correlated with percent body fat to the same degree. Women had significantly higher serum leptin concentrations than men when leptin concentrations were divided by body mass index, fat mass in kilograms or percent body fat. The methodological problem inherent in interpreting these ratio measures is pictorially demonstrated. In regression analysis, fat mass alone did not explain the gender difference. However, lean body mass was inversely related to leptin concentrations (p < 0.0001) and explained 71% of the gender difference at a given fat mass. Percent body fat explained all of the gender difference in leptin concentrations in both Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Similar to findings about gender differences, ethnic- and age-related variations in the leptin-body fat association were minimized when percent body fat was employed as the body fat measure. DISCUSSION: Regression analysis and percent body fat measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry are recommended when assessing the relationship between leptin and body fat. Gender differences in leptin concentrations were accounted for by percent body fat in free living (no diet control), Hispanic and non-Hispanic white adults.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2003

Apparent intrachromosomal exchange on the human Y chromosome explained by population history.

The human Y chromosome displays an unusual content of repetitive sequences. Y-chromosomal repeats are potential targets for intrachromosomal recombination, which is thought to be involved in a number of Y-associated defects, such as male infertility. Such rearrangements could potentially be investigated by the use of highly polymorphic DNA markers located within the repeat units, such as microsatellites. Here we analyse the two copies of the Y-chromosomal microsatellite DYS385, which we identified and localized to an approximately 190 kb duplicated and inverted fragment at Yq11.223. We found a highly significant correlation (r=0.853, P&<0.001) and a nonsignificant difference in a chi(2)-test (chi(2)=15.45, P>0.05) between the allele frequency distributions at both copies of the Y-STR in a German population sample (n=70). Such nearly identical allele frequency distribution between two copies of a duplicated highly polymorphic microsatellite cannot be explained by the independent mutational process that creates microsatellite alleles. Instead, this might be interpreted as evidence for a reciprocal intrachromosomal exchange process between the duplicated fragments. However, more detailed analyses using additional human populations as well as additional Y chromosome markers revealed that this phenomenon is highly population-specific and disappears completely when Y-STR diversity is analysed in association with two Y-SNP haplogroups. We found that the diversity of the two DYS385 loci (and other Y-STRs) is highly depending on the haplogroup background, and that equal proportions of both haplogroups in the German sample explains the nearly identical allele frequency distributions at the two DYS385 loci. Thus, we demonstrate here that allele frequency distributions at duplicate loci that are suggestive of intrachromosomal recombination can be explained solely by population history.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2006

A life-course approach in explaining social inequity in obesity among young adult men and women.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the cumulative influence of adverse behavioural, social, and psychosocial circumstances from adolescence to young adulthood in explaining social differences in overweight and obesity at age 30 years and if explanations differ by gender. DESIGN: A 14-year longitudinal study with 96.4% response rate. SUBJECT: Data from 547 men and 497 women from a town in north Sweden who were baseline examined at age 16 years and prospectively followed up to age 30 years. MEASUREMENTS: Overweight and obesity were ascertained at ages 16 and 30 years. Occupation and education were used to measure socioeconomic status. The explanatory measurements were: age at menarche, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, TV viewing, home and school environment, social support, social network, and work environment. RESULTS: No gender or social difference in overweight was observed at age 16 years. At age 30 years, significantly more men than women (odds ratio (OR) = 2.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.14-3.68) were overweight or obese. Educational level was associated with overweight at age 30 years, but not occupational class. Both men (OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.10-2.19) and women (OR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.16-2.73) with low education (< or =11 years) were at risk of overweight. The factors that explained the educational gradient in overweight among men were low parental support in education during adolescence, and physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, and nonparticipation in any association during young adulthood. The educational gradient in overweight in women was explained mostly by adolescence factors, which include early age at menarche, physical inactivity, parental divorce, not being popular in school, and low school control. Restricted financial resource during young adulthood was an additional explanatory factor for women. All these factors were significantly more common among men and women with low education than with high education. CONCLUSION: Social inequities in overweight reflect the cumulative influence of multiple adverse circumstances experienced from adolescence to young adulthood. Underlying pathways to social inequity in overweight differ between men and women. Policy implications to reduce social inequity in overweight include reduction of social differences in health behaviours and social circumstances that take place at different life stages, particularly psychosocial circumstances during adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Critical study of prognostic factors in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: differences in outcome are poorly explained by the most significant prognostic variables. Fralle group. French Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia study group.

We determined the proportion of survival variability explained by the usual prognostic factors in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) during a prognostic study of 1552 patients enrolled in three consecutive Fralle group protocols (Fralle 83, Fralle 87 and Fralle 89). The event-free survival rates at 5 years were 54.8% (SD 1.9), 43.1%) (SD 2.7) and 55.6% (SD 2.2), respectively. In the univariate analysis the following variables were predictive of poor outcome: male gender, elevated leucocytosis (> 50 x 10(9)/l), circulating blastosis. haemoglobin >12 g/dl, platelet count <100 x 10(9)/l, age under 1 year or over 9 years, enlarged mediastinum, nodes, spleen and liver, T phenotype, absence of CD10+ cells; testicular and meningeal involvement, poor response to induction therapy (CCSG M3), and LDH >400 U/l. Among the cytogenetic features, hyperdiploidy had a protective effect, whereas hypodiploidy, translocation and other structural abnormalities had a negative influence, particularly in cases of t(9;22) or t(4;11). Multivariate analysis summarized the prognostic information in terms of four variables: age, gender, leucocytosis and cytogenetic features. Missing data had little influence on the results. However, despite their significance in the multivariate analysis, these four variables each had very low predictive power (1.1% for gender, 2.0% for age, 3.5% for leucocytosis, and 1.6% for cytogenetic features). Thus, the most significant prognostic factors in childhood ALL each explain no more than 4% of the variability in prognosis. This may explain the disappointing practical value of these factors and underlines the need for prognostic tools in childhood ALL.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Explaining variations in prescribing costs: results from a comparison of nursing home patients with matched pairs living in the community.

OBJECTIVES: To examine and explain variations in prescribing costs associated with nursing home patients and patients matched by age and sex living in the community. DESIGN: A 12-month case control study. SUBJECTS: All nursing home residents over 65-years-old registered with nine general practices and patients matched with them for age and sex living in the community. METHOD: Multivariate regression analysis of variations in monthly GP prescribing costs. RESULTS: Multivariate regression models explaining cost variations in terms of the GP practice delivering care and patients' age and sex had little explanatory power (R(2)=0.07 for nursing home patients, R(2)=0.03 for matched pairs). A fuller model for nursing home patients only, incorporating the patient's Barthel score and initial diagnosis as additional explanatory variables, added little to the explanatory power of the model (R(2)=0.16). CONCLUSION: The ability of the multivariate models used here to explain variations in prescribing costs among a group of elderly patients is poor. Adjusting weighted capitation formulae with respect to older patients to take account of such information or referring to it in negotiations on prescribing budgets would not appear to be warranted.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Explaining the parental stress of fathers and mothers caring for a child with intellectual disability: a Double ABCX Model.

BACKGROUND: Twenty variables based on the Double ABCX Model of adaptation and selected on the basis of previous research were chosen to explain the parental stress of the mothers (n = 116) and fathers (n = 120) of children with an intellectual disability (age range = 1- 10 years). METHODS: Principal component analysis, rotated into varimax-criterion, was done separately for mothers and fathers. The solution containing eight factors was considered best for both groups. They accounted for more than 70% of the total variance of the original variables. These eight orthogonal components were then entered into a stepwise regression analysis that was done separately for mothers and fathers. RESULTS: The multiple regression equations obtained explained 72% of the variance in maternal stress and 78% of the variance in paternal stress. The equations for mothers and fathers contained six and seven components, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The variables used in the present study were highly successful in accounting for parental stress. The results confirm the importance of intervening factors in explaining the stress. The single most important predictor of parental stress was the negative definition of the situation. In mothers, the negative definition was associated with the behavioural problems of the child while, in fathers it was connected with the experienced social acceptance of the child.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Displacement of cellular proteins by functional analogues from plasmids or viruses could explain puzzling phylogenies of many DNA informational proteins.

Comparative genomics has revealed many examples in which the same function is performed by unrelated or distantly related proteins in different cellular lineages. In some cases, this has been explained by the replacement of the original gene by a paralogue or non-homologue, a phenomenon known as non-orthologous gene displacement. Such gene displacement probably occurred early on in the history of proteins involved in DNA replication, repair, recombination and transcription (DNA informational proteins), i.e. just after the divergence of archaea, bacteria and eukarya from the last universal cellular ancestor (LUCA). This would explain why many DNA informational proteins are not orthologues between the three domains of life. However, in many cases, the origin of the displacing genes is obscure, as they do not even have detectable homologues in another domain. I suggest here that the original cellular DNA informational proteins have often been replaced by proteins of viral or plasmid origin. As viral and plasmid-encoded proteins are usually very divergent from their cellular counterparts, this would explain the puzzling phylogenies and distribution of many DNA informational proteins between the three domains of life.

DNA↗
PubMed2001

Can dietary factors explain differences in serum cholesterol profiles among different ethnic groups (Chinese, Malays and Indians) in Singapore?

In Singapore. there exists differences in risk factors for coronary heart disease among the three main ethnic groups: Chinese, Malays and Indians. This study aimed to investigate if differences in dietary intakes of fat, types of fat, cholesterol, fruits, vegetables and grain foods could explain the differences in serum cholesterol levels between the ethnic groups. A total of 2408 adult subjects (61.0% Chinese, 21.4% Malays and 17.6% Indians) were selected systematically from the subjects who took part in the National Health Survey in 1998. The design of the study was based on a cross-sectional study. A food frequency questionnaire was used to assess intakes of energy, total fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, cholesterol, fruits, vegetables and cereal-based foods. The Hegsted score was calculated. Serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol were analysed and the ratio of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol was computed. The results showed that on a group level (six sex-ethnic groups), Hegsted score, dietary intakes of fat, satutrated fat, cholesterol, vegetables and grain foods were found to be correlated to serum cholesterol levels. However, selected dietary factors did not explain the differences in serum cholesterol levels between ethnic groups when multivariate regression analysis was performed, with adjustment for age, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, cigarette smoking, occupation, education level and physical activity level. This cross-sectional study shows that while selected dietary factors are correlated to serum cholesterol at a group level, they do not explain the differences in serum cholesterol levels between ethnic groups independently of age, obesity, occupation, educational level and other lifestyle risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Mechanisms of classical crystal growth theory explain quartz and silicate dissolution behavior.

The central control of mineral weathering rates on biogeochemical systems has motivated studies of dissolution for more than 50 years. A complete physical picture that explains widely observed variations in dissolution behavior is lacking, and some data show apparent serious inconsistencies that cannot be explained by the largely empirical kinetic "laws." Here, we show that mineral dissolution can, in fact, be understood through the same mechanistic theory of nucleation developed for mineral growth. In principle, this theory should describe dissolution but has never been tested. By generalizing nucleation rate equations to include dissolution, we arrive at a model that predicts how quartz dissolution processes change with undersaturation from step retreat, to defect-driven and homogeneous etch pit formation. This finding reveals that the "salt effect," recognized almost 100 years ago, arises from a crossover in dominant nucleation mechanism to greatly increase step density. The theory also explains the dissolution kinetics of major weathering aluminosilicates, kaolinite and K-feldspar. In doing so, it provides a sensible origin of discrepancies reported for the dependence of kaolinite dissolution and growth rates on saturation state by invoking a temperature-activated transition in the nucleation process. Although dissolution by nucleation processes was previously unknown for oxides or silicates, our mechanism-based findings are consistent with recent observations of dissolution (i.e., demineralization) in biological minerals. Nucleation theory may be the missing link to unifying mineral growth and dissolution into a mechanistic and quantitative framework across the continuum of driving force.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Can gender differences in psychosocial factors be explained by socioeconomic status?

AIMS: The aims of this study were to examine (1) if associations between gender and psychosocial factors could be explained by socioeconomic status (SES) and (2) if associations between gender and psychosocial factors are more salient at lower levels of SES. METHODS: Psychosocial factors such as decision latitude and social integration were studied in a cross-sectional study in two steps. In a public health survey, 4,086 randomly selected men and women aged 30-64 participated. Of these, 257 men and women also participated in an in-depth study. SES was measured in terms of education and occupation. Linear regression models were used to test associations between gender, SES, and a broad range of psychosocial factors. RESULTS: Women reported lower scale scores on decision latitude, coping, and self-esteem, as well as more job strain, depression, and vital exhaustion, while men reported more cynicism (all p<0.05). Observed gender differences were still significant after control for effect of education, while after control for occupational status the effect of gender was lost for decision latitude and job strain. Significant interaction factors were found between gender and educational status for psychological demands, decision latitude, social integration, coping, and hopelessness. CONCLUSIONS: Gender differences, found for a broad range of psychosocial factors, could not be explained by SES. However, associations between gender and psychosocial factors were more salient at lower levels of SES. Psychosocial factors, especially decision latitude and social integration, may help explain why women with low SES experience poorer health.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Host life-history strategy explains pathogen-induced sterility.

Virulence is often equated with pathogen-induced mortality, even though loss of fecundity is also common. But while the former may be understood as a simple consequence of lost host resources for the purposes of pathogen transmission, pathogen-induced sterility is often not associated with changes in host mortality. As a result, a separate literature has emerged to explain fecundity effects of parasitism that has not been integrated into general theories of the evolution of virulence. Here, I present a model of pathogen-induced sterility that is based on the assumption that hosts and pathogens vie for the same host resources for both reproduction and maintenance. Loss of host fecundity can then be explained by the host compensating for its future loss of resources, before infection. Such preinfection ;;fecundity compensation" may often cause preinfection investment in maintenance to be as low as postinfection levels, despite a loss of total host resources after infection. Thus, sterility is simply explained as a host life-history strategy in a system where the pathogen necessarily steals host resources for its own transmission. In certain circumstances, the pathogen may even be able to manipulate the host to redirect resources away from reproduction and toward maintenance through castration, causing gigantism.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Does religiousness explain regional differences in alcohol use in Finland?

AIMS: Because religiousness, a protective factor for alcohol use, is much more prevalent in rural regions, we examined its importance in explaining the differences in adolescent alcohol use found in the rural and the urban regions. In rural Ostrobothnia (hereafter referred to as the rural region), alcohol use is at the lowest level in all of Finland, whereas in Uusimaa, the urban region that surrounds Helsinki (hereafter referred to as the urban region), alcohol use is at the highest level. METHODS: We analysed cross-sectional questionnaire data collected from Finnish adolescents and their mothers, during 1991-1995. RESULTS: Abstinence was more prevalent, drinking less frequent, and religiousness higher in the rural region. In the urban region, there was but a negligible correlation between alcohol use and religiousness, whereas in the rural region, the correlation was clear, especially when abstainers were included. In modelling the relationship between region and adolescent abstinence, we found an interaction between mothers' religiousness and region: high religiousness among mothers was more protective of abstinence in the rural region. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show the importance of religiousness in explaining differences in adolescent alcohol use in regions with different religious traditions, but further studies will be required to explain why mothers' religiousness affects rates of adolescent abstinence differently in the two regions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The relative contribution of ethnicity versus socioeconomic status in explaining differences in disability and receipt of informal care.

Data from a comparative study of 1975 African American, Puerto Rican, and non-Hispanic White persons age 60 and older in a large Northeastern city were used to investigate the relative contribution of ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) to explaining differences in the need for and receipt of informal care. It was hypothesized that differences in disability would be related largely to SES, whereas ethnicity would account for most of the differences in the amount of informal care. The results of a path analysis argue in favor of a cultural rather than a socioeconomic explanation for between-group differences. SES had no direct effect on disability when controlling for ethnicity. Ethnicity did explain between-group differences in the amount of care. Even when controlling for disability, elders in the two minority groups received more informal care than did older White persons. The findings illuminate the important role played by ethnicity in explaining an older person's need for and receipt of long-term care assistance.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Homologous DNA exchanges in humans can be explained by the yeast double-strand break repair model: a study of 17p11.2 rearrangements associated with CMT1A and HNPP.

Rearrangements in 17p11.2, responsible for the 1.5 Mb duplications and deletions associated, respectively, with autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A disease (CMT1A) and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) are a suitable model for studying human recombination. Rearrangements in 17p11.2 are caused by unequal crossing-over between two homologous 24 kb sequences, the CMT1A-REPs, that flank the disease locus and occur in most cases within a 1.7 kb hotspot. We sequenced this hotspot in 28 de novo patients (25 CMT1A and three HNPP), in order to localize precisely, at the DNA sequence level, the crossing-overs. We show that some chimeric CMT1A-REPs in de novo patients (10/28) present conversion of DNA segments associated with the crossing-over. These rearrangements can be explained by the double-strand break (DSB) repair model described in yeast. Fine mapping of the de novo rearrangements provided evidence that the successive steps of this model, heteroduplex DNA formation, mismatch correction and gene conversion, occurred in patients. Furthermore, the model explains 17p11.2 recombinations between chromosome homologues as well as between sister chromatids. In addition, defective mismatch repair of the heteroduplex DNA, observed in two patients, resulted in two heterozygous chimeric CMT1A-REPs which can be explained, as in yeast, by post-meiotic segregation. This work supports the hypothesis that the DSB repair model of DNA exchange may apply universally from yeasts to humans.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease↗
PubMed2005

Explaining black-white differences in receipt of recommended colon cancer treatment.

BACKGROUND: Black-white disparities exist in receipt of recommended medical care, including colorectal cancer treatment. This retrospective cohort study examines the degree to which health systems (e.g., physician, hospital) factors explain black-white disparities in colon cancer care. METHODS: Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program; Medicare claims; the American Medical Association Masterfile; and hospital surveys were linked to examine chemotherapy receipt after stage III colon cancer resection among 5294 elderly (> or = 66 years of age) black and white Medicare-insured patients. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with black-white differences in chemotherapy use. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Black and white patients were equally likely to consult with a medical oncologist, but among patients who had such a consultation, black patients were less likely than white patients (59.3% versus 70.4%, difference = 10.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.1% to 16.4%, P < .001) to receive chemotherapy. This black-white disparity was highest among patients aged 66-70 years (black patients 65.7%, white patients 86.3%, difference = 20.6%, 95% CI = 10.7% to 30.4%, P < .001) and decreased with age. The disparity among patients aged 66-70 years also remained statistically significant in the regression analysis. Overall, patient, physician, hospital, and environmental factors accounted for approximately 50% of the disparity in chemotherapy receipt among patients aged 66-70 years; surgical length of stay and neighborhood socioeconomic status accounted for approximately 27% of the disparity in this age group, and health systems factors accounted for 12%. CONCLUSIONS: Black and white Medicare-insured colon cancer patients have an equal opportunity to learn about adjuvant chemotherapy from a medical oncologist but do not receive chemotherapy equally. Little disparity was explained by health systems; more was explained by illness severity, social support, and environment. Further qualitative research is needed to understand the factors that influence the lower receipt of chemotherapy by black patients.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2000

How well do socio-demographic characteristics explain variation in childhood safety practices?

BACKGROUND: Unintentional injury is the leading cause of death in children older than 1 year. Deaths from accidents have a steeper class gradient than any other fatal condition and this inequality is widening. There are few published data on the relationship between safety practices and sociodemographic characteristics, hence this study has been undertaken to examine this relationship. METHODS: The study population comprised all parents and guardians of children aged 3-12 months in 36 practices throughout Nottingham (n = 2,152). A postal questionnaire was used to survey current childcare safety practices (from which safe practices scores were derived), together with socio-demographic variables and known risk factors for childhood unintentional injury. RESULTS: Unsafe childcare practices were common. Socioeconomically disadvantaged families had more unsafe practices than more affluent families, but few parents undertook safe practices all the time. The child's age (p<0.01), ethnicity (p<0.01) and living in non-owner-occupied accommodation (p<0.01) were independently associated with the safe practices score. Multivariate regression modelling showed that these risk factors explained only 11 per cent of the variation in the safety practices score. Socio-economic factors explained more of the variation in possession and use of items of safety equipment (13 per cent) than the variation in safety behaviours with no cost implications (3 per cent). CONCLUSIONS: Most of the variation in the number of safety practices is not explained by socio-demographic characteristics and further work is required to examine other possible determinants of safe practice.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1983

A model to explain the effect of soft lens design specifications on movement.

A model is presented which explains the movement of a contact lens in terms of its primary design specifications. The model is supported by clinical evidence. The interrelation between lens thickness, sagittal depth, and diameter is explained. The model explains why fewer base curves are needed as lens thickness is reduced.

Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic↗
PubMed2001

The ventilatory response to arousal from sleep is not fully explained by differences in CO(2) levels between sleep and wakefulness.

1. Arousal from sleep is associated with transient stimulation of ventilation above normal waking levels that predisposes to subsequent breathing instability and central apnoea. The transient hyperpnoea at arousal is normally explained by differences in arterial partial pressure of CO(2) (P(a,CO2)) between sleep and wakefulness, with a higher P(a,CO2) in sleep leading to stimulation of ventilation at arousal according to the awake ventilatory response to CO(2). Surprisingly, however, the validity of this current model in fully explaining the increased ventilation at arousal from sleep has not been directly tested. 2. This study tests the hypothesis that the level of ventilation at arousal from non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep is greater than that produced by elevating P(a,CO2) in wakefulness to the sleeping level, i.e. the ventilation predicted by the current model. 3. Studies were performed in five dogs. Inspired CO(2) was used to increase end-tidal partial pressure of CO(2) (P(ET,CO2)) in wakefulness and measure the ventilatory response. The same P(ET,CO2) was then maintained in non-REM sleep. Ventilation was measured for 10 breaths before and after arousal from non-REM sleep induced by a 72 dB tone. 4. Arousal from sleep produced a transient surge in ventilation of 1.42 +/- 0.35 l min(-1) (P = 0.005). This increased ventilation was due to arousal from sleep per se as the tone alone produced no change in awake ventilation. In support of the hypothesis, ventilation at wake onset from sleep was greater by 0.83 +/- 0.28 l min(-1) (P = 0.031) than the ventilation elicited in wakefulness by raising P(ET,CO2) to the sleeping level. 5. The results show that > 50 % of the increase in ventilation at wake onset from sleep is not attributable to the awake ventilatory response to the elevated P(a,CO2) that was previously present in sleep. This result leads to important modifications of the physiological model currently used to explain the ventilatory consequences of arousal from sleep.

Animals↗