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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Ultrastructural classification of the endocrine cells of the large intestine of the calf. Cytochemical evidence of the presence of Viallis's pre-EC cells.

GEP (Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic) endocrine cells were very numerous in the mucosal layer of the large intestine of the calf. Their frequence appeared to increase towards the distal portions of the gut. Endocrine cells were dispersed among epithelial cells lining intestinal glands and were frequently grouped together. Cellular shape was pyramidal or elongated; the cytoplasm was electron-lucent and contained highly characteristic secretory granules. Six different types of endocrine cells were identified on the basis of the ultrastructural aspect and cytochemical characteristics (silver-reactivity) of their secretory granules: EC, L, PP, A, D1 and D cells. EC and L cells were the most abundant in all localisations. They were especially numerous in the rectum. A subpopulation of EC cells was negative to Masson-Singh's reaction showing that they lack 5-HT. This observation enabled us to refer this latter cellular type to the "pre-EC" cells, described by Vialli as an earlier evolutive step of the EC cells population. Their presence in the calf gut might be linked to its possible "immaturity", due either to the age or to the alimentary diet.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

Image analysis of the duodenal endocrine cells in mice with particular regard to optical densitometry.

The endocrine cells in the murine proximal duodenum have been investigated by means of immunohistochemistry and computerized image analysis. Five endocrine cell types were identified, namely secretin-, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)-, gastrin-CCK-, somatostatin- and serotonin immunoreactive cells. The number of endocrine cells/mm3 epithelial cells was estimated and the cell secretory index (CSI) for different endocrine cell types was determined. Furthermore, the optical density of the cellular immunoreactivity and the immunoreactive area in the cell were determined and an index, cell immunoreactivity content was estimated as the optical density multiplied by the immunoreactive area. It has been suggested that the use of this index might better reflect the cellular peptide/amine content than does the CSI. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells were the predominant endocrine cell type, followed by gastrin/CCK-immunoreactive cells. The numbers of secretin-, GIP- and somatostatin immunoreactive cells were almost identical. All endocrine cell types were present both in crypts and in villi, but were, more numerous in the crypts, except for secretin which was more frequent in the villi.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Pulmonary endocrine cells in pulmonary arterial disease.

Pulmonary endocrine cells containing bombesin or calcitonin have been identified in human lungs by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. The numbers of such cells were greatly increased in patients with plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy whether that condition was associated with primary pulmonary hypertension or with pulmonary hypertension from intracardiac shunts. The numbers of endocrine cells tended to be increased, but to a lesser extent in patients with pulmonary hypertension and medial hypertrophy of the muscular pulmonary arteries in the absence of plexogenic arteriopathy. Increased numbers of endocrine cells comprised both greater numbers of solitary cells and a pronounced clustering, often of a disorganized nature.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

[The intraneural endocrine cell--the starting point of the origin of carcinoid tumors?].

Endocrine cells are demonstrable by electron microscopy in the lamina propria of the appendix mucosa. They are always in direct contact with a nerve fibre. The endocrine cell (types EC1, and EC2) and the polyaxonal non-myelinated nerve fibres are separated from the interstitial connective tissue by a common continuous basal lamina. The term "ECZ-NF complex" is suggested by the author to describe this morphological and functional unit. The intraneural endocrine cells may be derived from neuroendocrine-programmed ectoblasts according to Pearse (1977). These intraneural endocrine cells may comprise an additional extraepithelial cellular part of the "diffuse neuroendocrine system". The electron microscopic demonstration of similarly structured "eZ-NF complexes" (polypeptide-producing endocrine cell and nerve fibre) in connection with the demonstration of small nerve fibres within carcinoids of appendix, caecum and rectum allows us to propose a hypothetical pathogenesis of gastrointestinal carcinoids from these intraneural endocrine cells.

Appendix↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in gastric endocrine cells in Balb/c mice bearing CT-26 carcinoma cells: an immunohistochemical study.

The distribution and density of gastric endocrine cells in Balb/c mice bearing CT-26 carcinoma cells were studied immunohistochemically employing specific antisera against serotonin, somatostatin, glucagon, gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK)-8 and human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP). The animals were divided into two groups, a non-implanted sham group and a CT-26 carcinoma cell-implanted group. Samples were collected from two regions of the stomach (fundus and pylorus) at 28 days after implantation of the medium or the CT-26 cells (1x10(5) cells/mouse). Five of the 6 types of immunoreactive (IR) cells were identified, with only the hPP IR cells not being detected. The regional distribution of the gastric endocrine cells in the CT-26 implanted group was similar to that of the non-implanted sham group. However, the endocrine cells were significantly decreased in the CT-26-implanted group as compared to those of the non-implanted sham group. Serotonin- and somatostatin-IR cells in the fundus and pylorus , and gastrin- and CCK-8-IR cells in the pylorus of the CT-26 implanted groups were significantly decreased compared to those of the sham group. In addition, glucagon-IR cells were restricted only to the fundus of the sham animals. hPP-IR cells were not detected in either the T-26 implanted- or the non-implanted group. Since endocrine cells are the anatomical units responsible for the production of gut hormones, a change in their density may reflect a change in their capacity to produce such hormones. Implantation of the tumor cell mass induced severe quantitative changes in gastric endocrine cell density, an abnormality which may contribute to the development of gastrointestinal symptoms, such as anorexia and indigestion, frequently encountered in cancer patients.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Endocrine cells in human intestine: an immunocytochemical study.

The regional and topographic distribution of endocrine cells in the human intestine was examined by immunohistochemistry. The frequency of endocrine cells was greatest in the small intestine with the rectum next in order. The duodenum and jejunum harbored a large number of different endocrine cell types; the spectrum of cell types gradually narrowed distally in the intestine. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-containing enterochromaffin cells were present in all regions of the intestine and comprised the single largest endocrine cell population. In addition, a minor proportion of these cells contained substance P. The second largest cell population consisted of the glicentin cells, which were notably numerous in the ileum and colon. The somatostatin cells also occurred throughout the digestive tract. Cells storing cholecystokinin, motilin, secretin, or gastric inhibitory polypeptide were more numerous in the proximal and middle small intestine than distally. Gastrin cells were few and occurred in the proximal duodenum only. Other cells in the small intestine reacted with antiserum directed against the common C-terminus of gastrin and cholecystokinin. The number of these cells greatly exceeded the sum of cells reactive to gastrin-specific or cholecystokinin-specific antisera. Cells displaying beta-endorphin, pro-gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, or beta-lipotropin immunoreactivity, or a combination of these, were found in the small intestine. Cells storing neurotensin, glicentin, substance P, or pro-gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone increased in number distally in the small intestine. Enterochromaffin cells, glicentin cells, and somatostatin cells were the predominant endocrine cell types in the colon and rectum. The majority of the glicentin-immunoreactive cells also contained glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity. Endocrine cells in the large intestine often possessed basal processes.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Ghrelin is expressed in a novel endocrine cell type in developing rat islets and inhibits insulin secretion from INS-1 (832/13) cells.

Ghrelin is produced mainly by endocrine cells in the stomach and is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). It also influences feeding behavior, metabolic regulation, and energy balance. It affects islet hormone secretion, and expression of ghrelin and GHS-R in the pancreas has been reported. In human islets, ghrelin expression is highest pre- and neonatally. We examined ghrelin and GHS-R in rat islets during development with immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. We also studied the effect of ghrelin on insulin secretion from INS-1 (832/13) cells and the expression of GHS-R in these cells. We found ghrelin expression in rat islet endocrine cells from mid-gestation to 1 month postnatally. Islet expression of GHS-R mRNA was detected from late fetal stages to adult. The onset of islet ghrelin expression preceded that of gastric ghrelin. Islet ghrelin cells constitute a separate and novel islet cell population throughout development. However, during a short perinatal period a minor subpopulation of the ghrelin cells co-expressed glucagon or pancreatic polypeptide. Markers for cell lineage, proliferation, and duct cells revealed that the ghrelin cells proliferate, originate from duct cells, and share lineage with glucagon cells. Ghrelin dose-dependently inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from INS-1 (832/13) cells, and GHS-R was detected in the cells. We conclude that ghrelin is expressed in a novel developmentally regulated endocrine islet cell type in the rat pancreas and that ghrelin inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion via a direct effect on the beta-cell.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Quantitative electron microscopy of endocrine cells in oxyntic mucosa of normal human stomach.

An ultrastructural morphometric study of the endocrine cells of the oxyntic mucosa of the stomach in gastric biopsies collected from five male and five female healthy volunteers aged 19-31 was performed. No sex-related differences were disclosed. Endocrine cells accounted for 1.2 +/- 0.4% of the epithelial volume and 0.9 +/- 0.4% of the mucosal volume, i.e., including the lamina propria. After classification of the specific endocrine cell types according to the ultrastructural morphology of secretory granules, the volume densities of ECL, P and D cells (30 +/- 9%, 24 +/- 7%, and 22 +/- 4% of the entire endocrine cell mass, respectively) were higher than those of other endocrine cell types. In particular, EC cells contributed less than 10% and X cells represented a very low proportion of the total cells. Non-granulated profiles of cells which in all other respects appeared to be endocrine were also found with a volume density of 8 +/- 4%. D cells were distinguished by the high fraction of cytoplasm occupied by secretory granules (31 +/- 5%). Subdivision of the whole mucosa into four horizontal segments revealed the endocrine cells to be mostly distributed in the three lower, with virtually no endocrine cells in the superficial segment. The quantitative ultrastructural analysis of the endocrine cell population of the normal human oxyntic mucosa provided by this study may allow a better evaluation of physiological and pharmacological variations of the endocrine cell population.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Presence of endocrine cells in pancreatic ducts.

Pancreatic endocrine cells were found in close contact with epithelial cells (either the centro-acinar or those lining the ducts). Junctional specializations were present between both cell types, demonstrating that they are structurally associated. In some instances, the endocrine cells present in the wall of the ducts reached the luminal space having direct contact with the pancreatic juice. These cells may well be responsible for the secretion of islet hormones directly in the duct lumen. The islet hormones present in the pancreatic juice as reported previously, seems to play a significant role in the interactions between the gut and the pancreas for optimal regulation of digestive activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

A light microscopic study of the gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine cells of the mink (Mustela vison).

Endocrine cells in the stomach, intestine and pancreas of the mink were investigated, using silver impregnation and immunohistochemical methods, and the following results were obtained. The stomach of the mink possesses a well-developed acid-secreting region which occupies about 70% of the gastric mucosa. Half of Brunner's glands whose excretory duct empties in the most proximal duodenum are located in the duodenal submucosa with the remainder in the pyloric submucosa. The area covered by the glands is 7.5 mm long in rostrocaudal direction. Endocrine cells are numerous in Brunner's glands, in the pyloric gland region and in the duodenum, while they are few in the colorectum. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells are distributed throughout the whole GEP system, while gastrin-immunoreactive cells are located mainly in the pyloric gland region. Secretin-, motilin- and neurotensin-immunoreactive cells are found in the duodenum, jejunoileum and lower jejunoileum, respectively. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells are located mainly in the pancreatic islet and are distributed scarcely in the fundic gland region. A few glucagon-immunoreactive cells are also found in the middle portion of the jejunoileum. In addition to the somatostatin-immunoreactive cells, argentaffin, glucagon- and glicentin-immunoreactive cells in the fundic gland region and argentaffin and gastrin-immunoreactive cells in the pyloric gland region extend cytoplasmic processes along the basement membrane. This suggests a paracrine secretion of these cell types. A few open type cells which are stained with Hellerström-Hellman's or Sevier-Munger's method or are reactive to the somatostatin antiserum are found in the fundic gland region. A possible relation between the present observation of the endocrine cells and the eating habits of the mink is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Endocrine cells in intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. A histochemical and immunohistochemical study.

The endocrine cells in intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms (IPN) of the pancreas have rarely been investigated. In the normal pancreatic ducts of normal pancreases (n = 5) there were a few endocrine cells: argyrophil in 5 (100%), chromogranin A in (100%), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in 3 (60%), and insulin in 7 (20%). These endocrine cells were scattered, and located in the basal portions of pancreatic ducts. In IPN of the pancreas (n = 9), there were many endocrine cells: argyrophil in 7 (78%), argentaffin in 8 (89%), chromogranin A in 8 (89%), PP in 7 (78%), serotonin in 7 (78%), insulin in 4 (44%), and gastrin in 5 (56%). In invasive ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (n = 6), many endocrine cells were also detected: argyrophil cells in (67%), chromogranin A in 3 (50%), insulin in 3 (50%), glucagon in 4 (67%), and somatostatin in 3 (50%). In positive cases, endocrine cells were situated under or among the neoplastic cells and the proportion of endocrine cells in IPN was less than 5% of the total neoplastic cell population. These data show that normal pancreatic ducts contain endocrine cells and that IPN frequently contain argyrophil, argentaffin, chromogranin A, and hormone-containing endocrine cells. These data also suggest that endocrine differentiation occurs during neoplastic transformation and progression of IPN of the pancreas.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗
PubMed1991

Three-dimensional analysis demonstrates the presence of exocrine cytoplasmic vela between endocrine cells and basal lamina in the stomach of mammals.

Three-dimensional analysis demonstrated the presence of cytoplasmic vela extending from exocrine cells into the space between endocrine cells and basal lamina in the gastrointestinal epithelium of the rabbit; these structures were also observed in various other mammals. The following techniques were used to determine the morphologic characteristics of these vela and to study their significance: preparation of semiserial thin sections, three-dimensional reconstruction in plexiglass and lanthanum staining of pericellular spaces. It was found that these fine vela, devoid of major differentiated cell-constituents, sometimes form a pseudocircular crown at the base of endocrine cells. If the zone of basal apposition of the plasma membrane is referred to as ZBA and the zones of lateral apposition as ZLA, the presence of this velum makes it possible to distinguish a zone of immediate apposition without interposition (ZIA) and a mediate zone of apposition with interposition (ZMA) within the ZBA. Exocrine cell processes can also penetrate within endocrine cells in invaginations, and the depth of these invaginations can be demonstrated by lanthanum staining. Adjacent to the membrane zones defined above, other cytoplasmic microdomains-M(ZLA) and M(ZBA), as well as M(ZIA) and M(ZMA) of different morphofunctional significance may also be envisaged.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Intestinal mesenchyme provokes differentiation of intestinal endocrine cells in gizzard endoderm.

The gizzard (muscular stomach) of chicks is deficient in endocrine cells at hatching. It has previously been shown that proventricular types and proportions of endocrine cells can be induced in gizzard endoderm under the influence of proventricular (glandular stomach) mesenchyme. In order to test its capacity to form nongastric endocrine cell types, gizzard endoderm of 3.75- to 5-day chick embryos was combined with mesenchyme from the small intestine of 3.5- to 4-day quail embryos. The combinations were grown as chorio-allantoic grafts until they attained an incubation age comparable to that of hatching chicks. Controls comprised reassociated endoderm and mesenchyme of chick gizzard and of quail intestine. In the experimental grafts, morphogenesis was predominantly intestinal but some grafts showed gizzard-like features, particularly if the endoderm had been provided by older donors. All intestinal endocrine cell types, including those also found in the normal proventriculus (serotonin-, glucagon-, pancreatic polypeptide-, neurotensin- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells) differentiated in experimental grafts, some even where morphogenesis was gizzard-like. Hence progenitors of not only gastric, but also intestinal, endocrine cells are indeed present in gizzard endoderm. The possibility that gizzard mesenchyme is inhibitory to endocrine cell differentiation is mooted. Motilin- and secretin-immunoreactive cells, which are characteristic of the intestine but not of the proventriculus of chicks at hatching, were respectively sparse or absent when the endoderm was derived from older donors. Thus the ability of gizzard endoderm to differentiate into nongastric endocrine cell types declines before its capacity to form gastric types. The unexpected appearance of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-immunoreactive cells, a proventricular type not found in normal chick intestine, suggests that the intestinal mesenchyme, at least in this instance, was exercising a permissive role.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[The endocrine cells of the digestive system (author's transl)].

Endocrine cells occur in the digestive system as micro-organs (islets of Langerhans) or scattered throughout the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract ("diffuse endocrine epithelial organ" of Feyrter). These gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine cells synthesize--in addition to serotonin--a great variety of polypeptide hormones, which regulate both carbohydrate metabolism and digestive processes. The present review deals mainly with cytology and cytochemistry of GEP endocrine cells. A synopsis is presented of the 19 endocrine cell types identified to date, which includes their update nomenclature and their anatomical distribution pattern. Morphological-functional aspects of cell biology, pathology, and cytogenesis of theses cells and their position within superimposed systems (APUD cells, paraneurons) are discussed.

APUD Cells↗
PubMed1989

Endocrine cells in the intrahepatic biliary tree in normal livers and hepatolithiasis.

Endocrine cells in the intrahepatic biliary tree were examined histochemically and immunohistochemically in human infants and adults, as well as in patients with hepatolithiasis. Endocrine cells were sparse but found rather constantly in normal infant livers as well as in adult livers. Almost all endocrine cells were of argyrophil cells or somatostatin-containing cells, and they were usually found in the extramural peribiliary glands in normal livers. On the other hand, in hepatolithiasis in which there were marked proliferation of the peribiliary glands and hyperplasia of surface-lining epithelia, many kinds of endocrine cells were seen in the extramural and intramural peribiliary glands, as well as in the lining epithelial layer. Furthermore, these endocrine cells were hyperplastic in the affected intrahepatic bile duct in two patients with hepatolithiasis. These data suggested that argyrophil cells and somatostatin-containing cells are physiologically present in the intrahepatic biliary tree, and many kinds of other endocrine cells newly appear and even proliferate in hepatolithiasis. These findings imply the participation of reported action of these hormones on bile flow in normal livers and hepatolithiasis.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Selective ligand-induced intracellular calcium changes in a population of rat isolated gastric endocrine cells.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Peripheral regulation of acid secretion depends mainly on stimulation or inhibition of the three major gastric endocrine cells (enterochromaffin-like, gastrin, and somatostatin). The aim of this paper was to define physiological responses of enterochromaffin-like, gastrin, and somatostatin cells in a mixed endocrine cell population by measuring ligand-selective changes of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in individual cells. METHODS: Endocrine cells were enriched from a rat gastric cell suspension by elutriation, a density-gradient fractionation, and a 48-hour short-term culture. [Ca2+]i responses of individual cells to various ligands such as gastrin/carboxy-terminal cholecystokinin octapeptide and selective cholecystokinin antagonists, carbachol, and gastrin-releasing peptide were monitored using video imaging in a perfusion chamber. Characteristic [Ca2+]i changes distinguished the three cell types, confirmed by immunostaining. RESULTS: All enterochromaffin-like cells respond to cholecystokinin-B receptor stimulation, but only a few respond to carbachol. Gastrin cells respond to both gastrin-releasing peptide and carbachol but not to cholecystokinin-receptor agonists. Somatostatin cells have both stimulatory cholecystokinin-A and cholecystokinin-B receptors and inhibitory muscarinic receptors. All cells have inhibitory somatostatin receptors. CONCLUSIONS: Calcium-signaling responses of gastric endocrine cells are distinctive. This allows individual cell types in a mixed population to be characterized and permits an analysis of the hormones and transmitters that act directly on a specific cell type.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Endocrine cells in the human oxyntic mucosa. A histochemical study.

The oxyntic mucosa of the human stomach harbors at least five different endocrine cell types (ECL cells, A-like or X cells, somatostatin cells (D), enterochromaffin (EC) cells, and D1 or P cells). Little is known about their functional roles, and of the hormones they produce only somatostatin has been identified. The relative frequency and regional distribution of the different endocrine cell populations were studied in 13 adults with no manifest gastrointestinal disease. From each of them at least three biopsy specimens were taken at seven fixed locations within the oxyntic mucosa. The specimens were examined for the different endocrine cell types by means of immunocytochemistry (staining with antisera against chromogranin A,5-hydroxytryptamine, and somatostatin) and silver staining techniques (demonstration of argyrophil cells by the methods of Grimelius or Sevier-Munger). Chromogranin-positive cells included all endocrine cells identified by the other staining techniques. Grimelius-positive cells included all endocrine cells except the somatostatin cells. Sevier-Munger-positive cells, finally, included the ECL cells and the EC cells. The frequency of ECL cells could be calculated by subtracting the number of EC cells from the number of Sevier-Munger-positive cells. The ECL cells represented 35% of the total endocrine number, somatostatin cells 26%, and EC cells 25%. The remaining 14% consisted of A-like cells, D1 cells, and P cells. Generally, the endocrine cells predominated in the basal portion of the glands, but the various populations of endocrine cells were not uniformly distributed in the various regions of the oxyntic mucosa. However, representative specimens could be obtained from the main body of the stomach, and the results indicate that the examination of a fairly small number of specimens from the main body of the stomach may be sufficient for assessing the frequency of endocrine cells in the oxyntic mucosa of individual patients.

Adult↗