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PubMed2000

[The lipid composition characteristics of the blood serum and aortic wall in the modelling of different types of arteriosclerosis].

Executed was modelling of Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis by injection into rabbits monoiodacetat, ergocalciferol; cholesterol atherosclerosis and combined type of lesion by simultaneous intake of cholesterol and monoiodacetat. Examined was the content of lipoproteins of different classes in blood serum, in aorta tissue--cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids. During all implemented ways of actions the change in comparative content of lipoproteins was indicated, what can be estimated as atherogenic. Monoiodacetat model of arteriosclerosis is accompanied with denominated accumulation of lipids in aorta walls, ergocalciferol model with accumulation of triglycerides only.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Vitamin D deficiency among immigrants].

Vitamin D deficiency in immigrants has been known in the UK for 30-40 years. In Denmark, we have become aware of the problem only recently. Of 69 randomly chosen Palestinian women living in Denmark 85% were found to have very low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (< 10 nmol/l). Vitamin D deficiency is caused by inadequate exposure to sunlight and a low dietary content of vitamin D and calcium. Typical symptoms are muscle pain, muscle spasms, diminished muscular strength, deep bone pain, and paraesthesias. The diagnosis can be tested by three blood tests: serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, serum PTH, and serum alkaline phosphatase. If a combination of low 25-hydroxyvitamin D and secondary hyperparathyroidism is found, the treatment should be high-dose ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol (100,000 IU weekly). If only (isolated) low 25-hydroxyvitamin D is found, treatment with 1000 IU of ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol in combination with one gram of calcium daily will be adequate.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D 2↗
PubMed1989

[Uptake of osteotropic agents in the spine in laboratory rats after the administration of biphenyl derivatives].

The effect of the derivative trichlorobiphenyl and of ergocalciferol on calcium uptake into the spinal column was studied in young laboratory rats. The substances were administered in the period of suckling. Before sacrificing the animals the bone seeker 85 Sr was administered. The uptake of the seeker decrease after administration of the derivative trichlorobifenyl. Ingestion of the biphenyl derivative and of ergocalciferol resulted in a mild increase in bone seeker uptake. The increase was comparable to the uptake level in control animals. The effect of the derivative trichlorobiphenyl is accounted for by blockade of cytoplasmic receptors of chondrocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

24-Hydroxylation of 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol. An unambiguous deactivation process.

1,24,25-Trihydroxyergocalciferol was isolated from bovine kidney homogenates incubated with 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol and from chick kidney homogenates incubated with 24,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol. The identity was established by ultraviolet absorbance, sensitivity to periodate, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry. The new metabolite had an affinity equal to 1,24,25-trihydroxycholecalciferol for the bovine-thymus and chick-intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D receptor and had an affinity twice that of 1,24,25-trihydroxycholecalciferol for the rat-intestinal receptor. It was 3- and 6-fold less competitive than either 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or 1,24,25-trihydroxycholecalciferol, respectively, for the rat plasma vitamin D transport protein. 1,24,25-Trihydroxyergocalciferol was at least 10-fold less active than 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol, and 1,24,25-trihydroxycholecalciferol at stimulating intestinal-calcium transport and was also relatively ineffective at stimulating bone-calcium resorption in rats. Moreover, in rats, [3H]1,24,25-trihydroxyergocalciferol was cleared from plasma approximately 40% faster than [3H]1,24,25-trihydroxycholecalciferol. These data suggest that C-24 hydroxylation of 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol represents a significant in vivo deactivation step, whereas equivalent deactivation of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol seems to involve metabolic steps subsequent to C-24 hydroxylation (C-24 ketonization). C-24 ketonization of 1,25-trihydroxyergocalciferol would not be anticipated due to the presence of the 24(S)-methyl group. These results reveal further dissimilarities between ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol metabolism in mammals and suggest a mechanism for the lesser tendency of ergocalciferol to cause hypercalcemia relative to cholecalciferol.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Free radical oxidation of lipids and erythrocyte stability to hemolysis in healthy and sick children].

Simultaneous estimation of malonic dialdehyde (MDA) and intensity of hemolysis in erythrocytes under conditions of Fe2+-ascorbate dependent lipid peroxidation (LP) as well as after addition of alpha-tocopherol and ergocalciferol into the samples was carried out in healthy children and adults as well as in prematurely born children and in children with diseases of kidney and of cardiovascular system. Distinct accumulation of MDA was observed in erythrocytes of prematurely born children and of children with kidney and cardiovascular system diseases, whereas the intensity of erythrocyte hemolysis was increased only in the cases of cardiovascular diseases. Initiation of LP by means of Fe2+-ascorbate increased the rate of erythrocyte hemolysis and MDA content only when their initial level was low. alpha-Tocopherol decreased the LP rate and did not affect the erythrocyte stability in healthy persons; in erythrocytes of diseased children it often stimulated the cell hemolysis but not affect the LP rate. Ergocalciferol exhibited the distinct pro-oxidant effect and increased the erythrocyte hemolysis in healthy persons; in the diseased children both these effects of the vitamin were decreased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Vitamin D is a membrane antioxidant. Ability to inhibit iron-dependent lipid peroxidation in liposomes compared to cholesterol, ergosterol and tamoxifen and relevance to anticancer action.

Vitamin D is a membrane antioxidant: thus Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and its active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and also Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and 7-dehydrocholesterol (pro-Vitamin D3) all inhibited iron-dependent liposomal lipid peroxidation. Cholecalciferol, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and ergocalciferol were all of similar effectiveness as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation but were less effective than 7-dehydrocholesterol; this was a better inhibitor of lipid peroxidation than cholesterol, though not ergosterol. The structural basis for the antioxidant ability of these Vitamin D compounds is considered in terms of their molecular relationship to cholesterol and ergosterol. Furthermore, the antioxidant ability of Vitamin D is compared to that of the anticancer drug tamoxifen and its 4-hydroxy metabolite (structural mimics of cholesterol) and discussed in relation to the anticancer action of this vitamin.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[comparison of the effects on phosphocalcic metabolism and bone of 3 protocols of vitamin D administration in the elderly].

According to recent studies, vitamin D deficiency may contribute to the osteoporosis observed in elderly subjects, with reduced intestinal calcium absorption and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Vitamin D deficiency is often present in elderly people, due to inadequate diet and confinement at home. The administration of either oral vitamin D in doses of 4,000 IU per day, or six-monthly intramuscular injections of ergocalciferol 600,000 IU, combined with a daily intake of at least 1 g of calcium brings back to normal both 25 OH D concentrations and parathyroid hormone levels. When pursued for one year, these treatments also maintain the formation of cortical bone, as shown by the metacarpal index. As for the concentration of 25 OH D, it seems that 60 to 75 nmol/l are necessary to restore calcium homeostasis. The dietary habits of elderly people are such that a supplement of medicinal calcium is required. Finally, we regard the parenteral form of ergocalciferol as being preferable to the oral form at that age for better compliance with treatment.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1994

The dietary requirement of juvenile grass shrimp (Penaeus monodon) for vitamin D.

Two 8-wk experiments were conducted to determine the adequate level of dietary vitamin D for juvenile grass shrimp (Penaeus monodon). In Experiment 1, purified diets with six levels (0, 0.1, 0.5, 2.5, 12.5 and 62.5 mg/kg diet) of supplemental ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol were fed to P. monodon (mean weight 0.19 +/- 0.02 g). In Experiment 2, we used 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.0 mg/kg of supplemental cholecalciferol in basal diet fed to the shrimp (mean weight 0.25 +/- 0.03 g). In both experiments, shrimp fed vitamin D-deficient diets grew poorly. In Experiment 1, poorer growth performance was observed in shrimp fed diets containing ergocalciferol compared with those fed the diets containing cholecalciferol. In Experiment 2, weight gain was highest in shrimp fed the diet supplemented with 0.2 mg cholecalciferol/kg diet, followed by the groups fed 0.1 mg/kg, then 0.3 mg/kg, 0.05 and 0.6 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, and finally the unsupplemented control group. The differences among these groups were significant (P < 0.05). The feed efficiency ratio and alkaline phosphatase activity generally followed the same pattern as the weight gain. Analysis by brokenline regression of weight gain and alkaline phosphatase activity of the shrimp in Experiment 2 indicated that the adequate dietary cholecalciferol concentration for growing P. monodon is approximately 0.1 mg/kg.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2006

Renal function and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations predict parathyroid hormone levels in renal transplant patients.

BACKGROUND: Recent guidelines suggest supplementation with ergocalciferol (vitamin D(2)) in chronic kidney disease stages 3 and 4 patients with elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels <75 nmol/l. These guidelines are also applied to renal transplant patients. However, the prevalence rates of 25OHD deficiency and its association with PTH levels in renal transplant populations have not been extensively examined. We aimed to document the prevalence rates of 25OHD deficiency [defined by serum levels <40 nmol/l (<16 ng/ml)] and insufficiency [<75 nmol/l (<30 ng/ml)] in a single renal transplant centre, and examine its relationship with PTH levels. METHODS: Serum 25OHD and PTH concentrations were measured in 419 transplant patients attending a single renal transplant clinic over a 4-month period. Demographic and biochemical data were also collected, including serum creatinine, calcium, phosphate and albumin. Simple and multiple linear regression analysis were performed. RESULTS: In 27.3% of the patients, 25OHD deficiency was present, and 75.5% had insufficiency. On univariate analysis, 25OHD, serum albumin and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were significantly associated with PTH levels (P < 0.0001, P = 0.004 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Multiple linear regression demonstrated that only 25OHD, eGFR and serum phosphate were significantly predictive of PTH levels (R(2) = 0.19, P < 0.0001). In this model, a 75 nmol/l increase in 25OHD will only result in a maximal reduction in PTH of 2.0 pmol/l. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that 25OHD deficiency and insufficiency are common in renal transplant patients and may exacerbate secondary hyperparathyroidism. However, 25OHD, eGFR and phosphate only account for 19% of the variability in PTH levels. In addition, even a large increase in serum 25OHD levels is likely to result in only a small reduction in PTH. Therefore, alternative approaches to managing hyperparathyroidism in renal transplant recipients rather than supplementation with ergocalciferol are warranted.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2005

Vitamin D and adult bone health in Australia and New Zealand: a position statement.

A significant number of Australians are deficient in vitamin D--it is a fallacy that Australians receive adequate vitamin D from casual exposure to sunlight. People at high risk of vitamin D deficiency include elderly people (particularly those in residential care), people with skin conditions where avoidance of sunlight is advised, those with dark skin (particularly if veiled), and those with malabsorption. Exposure of hands, face and arms to one-third of a minimal erythemal dose (MED) of sunlight (the amount that produces a faint redness of skin) most days is recommended for adequate endogenous vitamin D synthesis. However, deliberate sun exposure between 10:00 and 14:00 in summer (11:00-15:00 daylight saving time) is not advised. If this sun exposure is not possible, then a vitamin D supplement of at least 400 IU (10 microg) per day is recommended. In vitamin D deficiency, supplementation with 3000-5000 IU ergocalciferol per day (Ostelin [Boots]; 3-5 capsules per day) for 6-12 weeks is recommended. Larger-dose preparations of ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol are available in New Zealand, Asia and the United States and would be useful in Australia to treat moderate to severe vitamin D deficiency states in the elderly and those with poor absorption; one or two annual intramuscular doses of 300 000 IU of cholecalciferol have been shown to reverse vitamin D deficiency states.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Effect of parathyroid hormone on cAMP and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D formation and renal handling of phosphate in vitamin D-dependent rickets.

Studies were carried out to compare the effects of parathyroid extract (PTE) on the serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D), 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25[OH]2D), 25,26-dihydroxy vitamin D (25,26[OH]2D) and cAMP, and the urinary excretion of calcium, phosphorus, and cAMP in two normal adult subjects, and in a girl with vitamin D-dependent rickets. The concentration of 1,25[OH]2D was markedly decreased even when she was receiving a daily dose of 25,000 IU of ergocalciferol. PTE infusion resulted in a prompt and distinct increase in the serum levels and the urinary excretion of cAMP in the patient and control subjects. In the control subjects the serum concentration of 1,25[OH]2D increased after the PTE infusion, whereas there was no response in the patient with vitamin D-dependent rickets. The two other dihydroxylated metabolites of vitamin D showed no consistent response to the PTE infusion in the control subjects or the patient. The patient showed no phosphaturic response to PTE while she was receiving high-dosage ergocalciferol treatment. By contrast, when the patient was re-studied after therapy with 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D, PTE infusion resulted in an increase in urinary phosphate excretion. These findings might lend support for the notion that 1,25[OH]2D has an effect on tubular phosphate resorption and has a permissive role in the phosphaturic effect of parathyroid hormone. The present findings also confirm that the formation of 1,25[OH]2D is impaired in vitamin D-dependent rickets and indicate that the renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha-hydroxylase is unresponsive to the stimulatory effect of parathyroid hormone in this condition.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-Hydroxylase↗
PubMed1992

Annual injection of vitamin D and fractures of aged bones.

In order to investigate the effect of a supplementation of vitamin D in the prophylaxis of fractures of the bones of aged people, an annual intramuscular injection of ergocalciferol (150,000-300,000 IU) was given to two series of aged subjects: first to 199 (45 male) of 479 subjects (110 male) aged more than 85 years who were living in their own home, and second to 142 (29 male) of 320 (58 male) subjects aged 75-84 and living in a home for aged people. This prospective series was divided into treatment groups according to month of birth. These injections were given annually from September to December in the years 1985-1989, two to five times to each participant. The fracture rates, laboratory values, vitamin D levels, possible side effects, and mortality were followed until October 1990. A total of 56 fractures occurred in the 341 vitamin D recipients (16.4%) and 100 in 458 controls (21.8%) (P = 0.034). The fracture rate was about the same in both outpatient and municipal home series. Fractures of the upper limb were fewer in the vitamin D recipients, 10/341 = 2.9% (P = 0.025), than in the controls, 28/458 = 6.1%, during the follow-up. A similar result was obtained in fractures of ribs, 3/341 = 0.9% and 12/458 = 2.6%, respectively. Fractures of the lower limbs occurred almost as frequently, 31/341 = 9.1%, among the vitamin D recipients as among the controls, 49/458 = 10.7%. The fracture rate was higher in females (22.2%) than in males (9.5%). The fractures were fewer in the vitamin D recipients only in females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Myocardial calcification caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism due to dietary deficiency of calcium and vitamin D.

A 6-year-old girl presented with respiratory distress. Chest radiographs exhibited calcifications in the mediastinum. Further imaging revealed extensive cardiac calcifications on computed tomography of the chest. The laboratory parameters were consistent with findings of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Detailed review of her dietary history revealed a prolonged history of dietary deficiency of calcium and vitamin D. Treatment consisted of adequate daily replacement of calcium and ergocalciferol. On follow-up, her parathyroid hormone level was significantly reduced and substantially reduced cardiac calcifications were seen on echocardiogram. Pediatric cardiologists must be aware of this potentially fatal but treatable disease in children with cardiac calcifications unexplained by other causes.

Calcinosis↗
PubMed1992

Preparative isolation of vitamin D2 from previtamin D2 by recycle high-performance liquid chromatography.

A preparative high-performance liquid chromatographic method, based on recycle chromatography, to separate vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) from previtamin D is described. The method provides efficient separation by means of a mixture of methanol, acetonitrile and hexane as eluent on a reversed-phase C18 column. Scale-up to a 2-in. diameter column resulted in the collection of 100% pure fractions based on UV detection at 265 nm. The total throughput and the economics of the purification were also optimized.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1996

Vitamin D treatment and bone mineral density in the aged.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether long-term vitamin D treatment increased bone mineral density in the aged. The bone mineral density in the distal forearm and femoral neck did not differ between nine residents (mean age 81.0 years) of an old peoples' home who had received an annual injection of 150,000 IU ergocalciferol during the foregoing 2-7 years (mean 5.1 years) and nine age-, weight- and height-matched control subjects who had subnormal 25 hydroxyvitamin D level. The alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone levels were clearly higher when the 25 hydroxyvitamin D level was below 10 nmol/1. The authors suggest that the ability of vitamin D treatment to diminish fracture incidence may derive from improved bone quality, not measurable by the standard dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and/or improved nervous and muscular control of movements to counter the tendency to fall.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Regio and stereoselective oxidations of unsaturated steroidal compounds with H2O2 mediated by CH3ReO3.

We have investigated the oxidative behavior of sterols such as cholesteryl acetate (1), 7-dehydrocholesteryl acetate (2), ergosteryl acetate (3), cholecalciferol acetate (Vitamin D(3) acetate) (4) and ergocalciferol acetate (Vitamin D(2) acetate) (5) with the oxidant system methyltrioxorhenium/H(2)O(2)/pyridine in order to check potential parameters controlling the selectivity. The reactions, performed in CH(2)Cl(2)/H(2)O at 25 degrees C, have shown good regio- and stereoselectivity. All oxidation products were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and characterized by MS(EI) or FAB, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, APT, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, ROESY and NOEDS measurements. Seven new oxygenated compounds were also obtained. Under the experimental conditions adopted in this work, only the diene steroids, i.e. 7-dehydrocholesteryl acetate and ergosteryl acetate, undergo hydrolytic oxirane ring opening, whereas Vitamin D(2) and D(3) acetates, containing the triene system and cholesteryl acetate yield only epoxides. The selectivity seems to be controlled by the nucleophilicity of double bonds and by stereoelectronic and steric effects.

Cholecalciferol↗
PubMed1985

Absorption, dosage, and effect on mineral homeostasis of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in premature infants: comparison with 400 and 800 IU vitamin D2 supplementation.

Because the efficiency of vitamin D absorption or hepatic uptake and 25-hydroxylation appears decreased in very premature infants, the routine use of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) supplementation has been suggested. Absorption studies of a 3 micrograms/kg orally administered dose of 25-OHD3 showed peak serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and -vitamin D3 (25-OHD) concentrations at 4 to 8 hours similar in timing but of lesser magnitude to those seen in adults. Administration of 1 microgram/kg birth weight/day of 25-OHD3 corrected moderately low, but not very low serum (25-OHD) concentrations, and 2 micrograms/kg BW/day resulted in rapid and sustained increase in serum 25-OHD. Administration of 800 IU ergocalciferol (D2) also produced significantly higher serum 25-OHD concentrations than those in infants given 400 IU vitamin D2, but increases in serum 25-OHD were more gradual than in infants given 25-OHD3. In treatment trials with infants weighing less than 1500 gm, those given 800 IU D2, compared with those given 400 IU D2, had higher serum calcium concentrations and less frequent moderate or severe hypomineralization. Infants given 2 micrograms/kg BW 25-OHD3 had a significant increase in serum phosphorus values, but a decrease in serum calcium and magnesium concentrations, and parathyroid hormone also was suppressed to low normal values. The frequency of moderate to severe hypomineralization remained the same as in infants given 400 IU D2. In a subgroup of infants, serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was elevated over adult values, both in infants given 25-OHD3 (68.5 +/- 8.4 pg/ml) and in infants given vitamin D2 (60 +/- 6.7 pg/ml). Serum vitamin D concentrations were undetectable in four of six infants receiving 25-OHD3, but were elevated (5 to 31 ng/ml) in four infants receiving vitamin D2. Although 800 to 1000 IU D2 can be recommended as routine vitamin D supplementation in very premature infants fed standard formula, the use of 25-OHD3 requires further study.

Absorption↗
PubMed1981

Annual high-dose vitamin D prophylaxis in Asian immigrants.

A group of vitamin-D-depleted Asians was identified in the spring of 1980 and treated with 2.5 mg ergocalciferol in the autumn of that year. Treatment produced a sustained rise in the serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D which lasted until the spring of 1981. The response was more predictable after oral than after intramuscular administration. Treatment in the autumn provides an effective, efficient, and cheap means of prophylaxis against vitamin D deficiency in Asians during the winter. A "once a year" regimen promises a much higher compliance rate than could be achieved by daily supplementation.

Administration, Oral↗