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The paper contains descriptions of the entomological methods which can be used in determining time of death. It based on the knowledge of groups of arthropods (waves of succession), characteristic for stages of decomposition of the corpse as well as the biology and longevity of development of necrophagous insects.
The entomological method of determining date of death is used in police investigation more frequently. In order for correct determination of this date, the entomologist must correctly collect and rear the necrophagous insects, feeding and breeding on the corpse. Therefore, in this paper, methods of collecting, rearing and preservation of flies, water insects and beetles are described.
The main aim of Forensic Entomology has always been, and is today, to establish the time of death (P.M.I.: Postmortem Period) or, more exactly, how long a carrion has been exposed in the environment. Most of the invertebrate fauna occurring on corpses consists of insects (mostly Diptera and Coleoptera). They are selectively attracted by the decomposing status of the carrion, and form complex communities or biocenosis within necrophagous or sarcophagous species and their predators, parasites and parasitoids, competing each one another. The rapid and continuos changes of the micro-ecosystem (the body), until its breakdown, does not permit the achievement of a steady state or an equilibrium in the animal communities. These continuous modifications give us the possibility to estimate when (and where) the death has occurred, by the identification of the species feeding on the corpse, the knowledge of their life history, and the length of each stage of their cycle at varying the temperature and the other abiotic factors, external to the carrion ecosystem. The P.M.I. today is still largely based on the tables of faunal succession on human cadavers recognised by Mégin in 1894, with few changes proposed by Authors from other countries. In the last years, however, it happens more and more often, that the natural communities are subverted by the presence of allocton species, which can compete, predate or parasite the most common local sarcophagous insects, modifying, this way, the succession waves and the trophic nets. The immission in the environment of foreign species may be voluntary or casual, but in any case is due to anthropic activities. The voluntary immission happens when some species, employed in the biological struggle against pest or dangerous insects, for pollination of allocton plants, or for other commercial utilities, are beyond man's control and swarm onto the environment; the casual spread is due to the globalisation phenomenon, that distributes the "little organisms" by chance, together with travellers, goods and food items. Together with human migratory flows, raw materials and vegetal foodstuffs travelling from Tropical developing Countries to the North of the world, also many tropical and subtropical insects can be carried out from their original lands. Eurioecious and polyphagous species, and species that evolved mechanisms (as diapausa or hibernation) to get over critical environmental conditions have the highest probability of survival. Saprophagous insects, and flies in particular, evolved such capabilities. The mortality of foreign species due to the difference of temperature and seasonally between tropical and temperate areas was, in the past, the most effective factor limiting the geographic propagation of insects. The ongoing global climate changes induce insect populations, now confined to the tropics, to most likely spread towards middle latitudes, where their specific competitors, predators and parasites, which regulate the population growth, are often absent. The lack of a biological control, the warming up of atmosphere temperature and the fall of the differences among seasons induce a more rapid development and an increased number of generations in new species, that often displace the autocton ones. This phenomenon is much more clear in little and simple ecosystems (such as carrion), mostly occur than in large and complex ecosystems, where many more components, vegetal organisms and phytophagous animals included, are present. To demonstrate how globalisation and climate changes are breaking the geographic barriers, we present some cases in which, during our entomoforensic investigations, performed mainly in North-eastern Italy, Neotropical, African and Asiatic necrophagous flies, beetles and wasp parasitoids have been collected, some of which rare or new for Italy or Paleartic Region. In particular, we report our studies on the american black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), that is showing a heavy competition with the local saprophagous species and is reaching great importance in some man activities and in cattle health.
This paper describes a number of cases in which the determination of the time of death was based on entomological methods. These cases took place in the Pomorskie Province, and the autopsies were carried out in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk.
This paper summarized the application of RAPD techniques in insect taxology and ecology, relative of species, systemic development, identification of pest, diagnosing for pest resistance, construction of molecular linkage map, and molecular assistant breeding. The problems existing in the applications of RAPD in entomology were indicated, and their countermeasures were given. It was mentioned that with the development of theories and experimental techniques, insect molecular biology would make new progress and conquer all those problems.
Results of a survey of veterinarians in British Columbia included 25 past cases of myiasis and 10 active cases. Most respondents received at least 5 to 10 cases per year, with some as high as 30 per year. This study revealed some advantages and disadvantages of using forensic entomology in living animals.
An entomological study of the species of Anopheles genus existing in Albaisa, a rural area located in Camagüey province, was conducted through catching on human bait during an intensive surveillance stage of a malarial outbreak. This study was made from November to December 1990. The species Anopheles albimanus contributed the highest values of abundance and parity. By evaluating the last biotic variable, it will be possible to achieve a reliable assessment of the infective capacity of this species whereas the calculation of abundance in An. vestitipennis and An. crucians may indicate the epidemiological risk represented by these species. Despite the fact that both species were numerically less important as compared to An. albimanus, they should be taken into account when there are marked population fluctuations. Among the studied anopheles, we observed well-differentiated strategies as to abundance-parity and the climatic parameters considered for the study.
The recent biotechnological revolution in Molecular Entomology explores new promising tools for the control of vector borne diseases through genetic manipulation of vectorial competence. The gene transfer technology is hoped to make the malaria vectors incapable of supporting the development of malaria parasite which will ultimately lead to eradication of the parasites and the disease.
Review of the most important contributions of the-25-year-old Department of Medical Parasitology and of the ten-year-old Reference Laboratory for Medical Arachno-Entomology at the Sanitary Inspection and Institute, District of Leipzig, as an example for the performance of hygienic zoology in the German Democratic Republic.
Entomological studies on prevalence of adult and immatures of Aedes aegypti along with associated ecological factors have been conducted in a dengue endemic area of Jalore, Rajasthan from 1992 to 1993. Studies in two areas; reportedly affected and unaffected revealed more adults and higher breeding indices in the affected area as compared to the unaffected one. Mosquitoes harbouring dengue antigen were found only in the affected locality. Presence of dengue antigen in field caught mosquitoes in the affected locality was observed mainly during the months of January to April in both the years. Statistical analysis of data has shown a correlation to be significant between adult house index and breeding index in the affected area while this association was found insignificant in the unaffected locality. Water storage practices of the population due to irregular water supply in the affected area is the possible cause for a higher vector concentration in the locality. Seasonality of occurrence of dengue fever patients in a particular period of the year is associated with a relatively higher vector density and the presence of infected mosquitoes which is due to favourable temperature, relative humidity, water temperature and pH.
The tasks of medical entomology are analyzed with special reference to the development of methods of protection against the harmful influence of arthropods on human health and the use of these animals in health sciences. Special attention is paid to the following problems: characterization of individual and group features of humans and their relationship with arthropods, elucidation of the properties of arthropods, determination of the state of their populations, estimation of the efficiency of controlling measures, their ecological consequences, etc.
Joseph von Quarin (1733-1814), court physician to the Emperor of Austria at the end of the 18th century, had studied medicine in Vienna and Freiburg im Breisgau. His Freiburg doctoral dissertation is still of great interest today. In a first chapter it defines the term "insect", in a second it describes diseases insects can cause, and a final chapter discusses medical uses of insects. Quarin tried to unite traditional knowledge with new findings. His brief work is a survey of the knowledge of medical entomology in his time.
This is a review of current post-harvest entomology research conducted by the Agricultural Research Service, the research branch of the US Department of Agriculture. The review covers both durable and perishable commodities. Research on biochemistry, genetics, physiology, monitoring and control of insects infesting stored grain, dried fruits and nuts, and processed commodities is reviewed. Research on development of quarantine treatments, particularly for fruit flies, is also reviewed, including research on thermal and irradiation treatments and a discussion of risk management for quarantine pests. Two areas of research are covered more extensively: a project to map the genome of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and the use of near-infrared spectroscopy for detection of hidden infestations in grain, quantification of insect fragments in food, determination of quality in dried fruits, identification of insect species and age-grading insects. Future research directions are identified.
Prompted by four autochthonous cases of malaria in 1994 and 1995 in Evros Province, northern Greece, we conducted an entomological study between 1997 and 1999 in Nipsa and Chandras, rural locations where two of the four cases had occurred, and in Feres where two additional autochthonous malaria cases had been diagnosed in 1998. In Nipsa and Chandras, we identified 29 Anopheles breeding sites and characterized them by physicochemical parameters. Larvae were collected both at these sites and in a brackish water breeding site near Feres in the Evros River delta. Adults were caught in sheds at all three locations. Morphology was used to classify larvae and adults as A. superpictusor as species belonging to the A. claviger or A. maculipennis species complexes. The latter were further identified by PCR as being A. maculipennis s.s., A. melanoon and A. sacharovi. Of the A. maculipennis complex larvae collected inland, approximately 94% were A. maculipennis s.s. and 6% A. melanoon, whereas all larvae collected in the coastal region were A. sacharovi. In contrast, the A. maculipennis adults were A. maculipennis s.s. and A. melanoon (both 47%), and A. sacharovi (6%). In the coastal region, no A. maculipennis s.s. adults were caught. The ratio of A. melanoon adults collected to A. sacharovi was about 3:1. As shown by a bloodmeal ELISA, only 5 of 266 fed females (1.9%) had ingested human blood, whereas 232 (87%) had fed on goats. Of the mosquitoes containing human blood, two were A. melanoon, one A. sacharovi and one A. maculipennis s.s. One human blood specimen could no longer be assigned to a particular mosquito.
Baseline entomological surveillance was carried out in a rural area of The Gambia during the rainy season in 1988, one year before the implementation of a malaria control programme using insecticide-impregnated nets and targeted chemoprophylaxis in villages with a primary health care (PHC) system. Mosquito collections took place in 6 pairs of settlements each with untreated bed nets; within each pair there was a large PHC village with a resident village health worker (VHW) and traditional birth attendant (TBA) and a smaller non-PHC village without either a VHW or a TBA. The most common vectors in the study area were Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and, to a lesser extent, An. arabiensis. These mosquitoes were found in appreciable numbers for at least 4 months of the year (geometric mean/bedroom/night = 32.5, 95% confidence interval 18.2-57.3). Numbers of mosquitoes collected in PHC villages or non-PHC villages were not significantly different. Greater numbers of mosquitoes were found in villages closer to the River Gambia than in those further away. Evidence for DDT resistance due to elevated glutathione S-transferase activity was found in one of the 12 villages, but there was no evidence of resistance to organophosphate or carbamate insecticides as suggested by the low esterase levels and carbamate sensitive acetylcholinesterase.
In the present study, we aimed to carry out an epidemiological and entomological survey on a visceral leishmaniasis (VL) focus located on the northern central part of Anatolia, Turkey. Five villages of Corum province, where five confirmed cases of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) (one patient/village) were reported between June 1998 and August 2001 were included in the study. A total of 625 children and 131 dogs were sampled and the physical examination was carried out by authorized physicians and veterinarians. An indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was performed by standard procedures for human and dog sera, while the direct agglutination test (DAT) was only performed for dog sera. Sand fly collection was performed in three villages by CDC miniature light traps. Hepatosplenomegaly and hepatomegaly were detected in two and eight children, respectively. The seropositivity rate among children was found to be 0.16% (1/625) in the region. The seroprevalence of canine infection in these five villages ranged between 0.0% and 28.26%. In two villages, named Ahlatcik and Asagifindikli, no seropositive dogs were found. A total of 1218 sand flies were collected throughout the study. Six species of Phlebotomus were identified: P. transcaucasicus, P. neglectus, P. halepensis, P. tobbi, P. papatasi, and P. jacusieli. P. transcaucasicus was found to be the predominant species in Cevizli (47.44%; 343/723) and Ucoluk (79.95%; 351/439) villages, while P. tobbi was abundant in Kucukerikli (42.85%; 24/56).
BACKGROUND: The reported frequency of systemic reactions to challenge sting varies greatly. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the interaction of clinical and entomological factors that determine the outcome of a challenge sting. METHODS: Patients allergic to yellow jacket were stung and monitored for systemic reaction. The frequency and severity of sting reactions were analyzed in relation to the species of insect used and patient characteristics. RESULTS: Objective systemic reactions occurred in 21 of 69 patients (30%) stung with Vespula maculifrons and in 8 of 71 patients (11%) with Vespula germanica (P=.005). Systemic reactions were more frequent in patients with a severe history (9/30; 30%) than in those with a mild or moderate history (21/145; 14%; P=.04). In only 1 of 111 patients (0.9%) was the reaction to sting challenge more severe than previous reactions. The reaction rate was higher when venom skin tests were positive at <1.0 microg/mL (17/75=23%) than when sensitivity was milder (9/100=9%; P=.012). We compared sting outcome and venom-induced histamine release in relation to insects collected in July or in October, and found no difference. CONCLUSION: Allergic reactions to sting challenge are determined by the species of yellow jacket used, the severity of previous sting reactions, and the degree of skin test sensitivity, but not by the time of year. These factors are important to clinicians when they evaluate the chance of reaction to a future sting and to researchers when they design and report sting challenge studies.
This paper presents the results of an extensive search of the formal and informal literature on annual Plasmodium falciparum entomological inoculation rates (EIR) across Africa from 1980 onwards. It first describes how the annual EIR data were collated, summarized, geo-referenced and staged for public access on the internet. Problems of data standardization, reporting accuracy and the subsequent publishing of information on the internet follow. The review was conducted primarily to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of malaria exposure in Africa and supports the idea of highly heterogeneous risk at the continental, regional and country levels. The implications for malaria control of the significant spatial (and seasonal) variation in exposure to infected mosquito bites are discussed.