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PubMed2002

Choosing appropriate temporal and spatial scales for ecological restoration.

Classic ecological restoration seems tacitly to have taken the Clementsian "balance of nature" paradigm for granted: plant succession terminates in a climax community which remains at equilibrium until exogenously disturbed after which the process of succession is restarted until the climax is reached. Human disturbance is regarded as unnatural and to have commenced in the Western Hemisphere at the time of European incursion. Classic ecological restoration thus has a clear and unambiguous target and may be conceived as aiming to foreshorten the natural processes that would eventually lead to the climax of a given site, which may be determined by its state at "settlement". According to the new "flux of nature" paradigm in ecology a given site has no telos and is constantly changing. Human disturbance is ubiquitous and long-standing, and at certain spatial and temporal scales is "incorporated". Any moment in the past 10,000 years that may be selected as a benchmark for restoration efforts thus appears to be arbitrary. Two prominent conservationists have therefore suggested that the ecological conditions in North America at the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary, prior to the anthropogenic extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna, be the target for ecological restoration. That suggestion explicitly assumes evolutionary temporal scales and continental spatial scales as the appropriate frame of reference for ecological restoration. However, ecological restoration should be framed in ecological spatio-temporal scales, which may be defined temporally in reference to ecological processes such as disturbance regimes and spatially in reference to ecological units such as landscapes, ecosystems, and biological provinces. Ecological spatio-temporal scales are also useful in achieving a scientifically defensible distinction between native and exotic species, which plays so central a role in the practice of ecological restoration and the conservation of biodiversity. Because post-settlement human disturbances have exceeded the limits of such scales, settlement conditions can be justified scientifically as appropriate targets of restoration efforts without recourse to obsolete teleological concepts of equilibria and without ignoring the presence and ecological influence of indigenous peoples.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[An approach to the theoretical meaning of ecological remediation of contaminated soil].

The objectives of contaminated soil remediation are to transfer and transform the hazardous contaminants in soil, to eliminate and reduce their toxicity, and to restore or partly restore the ecological service function of soil. Since soil contamination is always a combined one, it is essential to use multiple methods to remediate contaminated soil. It is a tendency of soil remediation to use a uniform method, which aims to restore the ecological service function of soil by combining the restoration of internal function with external clean function. This paper discussed the concepts of ecological remediation of contaminated soil, and the ecological principles which should be obeyed in ecological remediation. Bioremediation is very important for ecological remediation, and the method organization should obey the principles of technique optimization. Remediation efficiency can be improved if self clean function of soil system is strengthened and activated, together witb external clean function. Ecological factor adjustment is essential for contaminated soil remediation, and also, a basic characteristic of ecological remediation and an important means for the enhancement of remediation efficiency. Ecological remediation should be harmonious, efficient, and stable. The final objective of ecological remediation is to restore the ecological service function of soil, in which, the evaluation of ecological remediation is the base. Ecological remediation theory shall play an important role in contaminated soil remediation.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2004

[Applied ecology: retrospect and prospect].

Applied ecology is evolved into a principal part of modern ecology that rapidly develops. The major stimulus for the development of applied ecology roots in seeking the solutions for the problems of human populations, resources and environments. Through four decades, the science of applied ecology has been becoming a huge group of disciplines. The future for the applied ecology should concern more with human-influenced and managed ecosystems, and acknowledge humans as the components of ecosystems. Nowadays and in future, the top-priorities in applied ecology should include following fields: sustainable ecosystems and biosphere, ecosystem services and ecological design, ecological assessment of genetically modified organisms, ecology of biological invasions, epidemical ecology, ecological forecasting, ecological process and its control. The authors believe that the comprehensive and active research hotspots coupled some new traits would occur around these fields in foreseeable future.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed2002

[On the basic concepts and contents of ecological security].

Security is the inverse function of risk, generally regarded as safeguard degree expectation state of assessment object or reliability of prevent imperfect and uncertainty event to happen. Ecological security can defined as mankind's ensure degree un-effected by ecological destroy and environmental pollution in yield, living and health, including basic element of water and food security, air quality and green environment. The mostly content of ecological security consists of ecological health diagnosis, regional ecological risk analysis, landscape security pattern, ecological security monitoring and prediction, and ecological security management and guarantee etc. Study on regional ecological security has characteristics of macro-scope and pertinence, assessment criterion of relativity and expansibility. Ecological security prediction and design should embody the capability of human activity. At last, authors discuss the measures of the ecological security ensure of inland watershed and ecological security analysis of oasis landscape.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed2003

The legacy of Biosphere 2 for the study of biospherics and closed ecological systems.

The unprecedented challenges of creating Biosphere 2, the world's first laboratory for biospherics, the study of global ecology and long-term closed ecological system dynamics, led to breakthrough developments in many fields, and a deeper understanding of the opportunities and difficulties of material closure. This paper will review accomplishments and challenges, citing some of the key research findings and publications that have resulted from the experiments in Biosphere 2. Engineering accomplishments included development of a technique for variable volume to deal with pressure differences between the facility and outside environment, developing methods of atmospheric leak detection and sealing, while achieving new standards of closure, with an annual atmospheric leakrate of less than 10%, or less than 300 ppm per day. This degree of closure permitted detailed tracking of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and trace gases such as nitrous oxide and ethylene over the seasonal variability of two years. Full closure also necessitated developing new approaches and technologies for complete air, water, and wastewater recycle and reuse within the facility. The development of a soil-based highly productive agricultural system was a first in closed ecological systems, and much was learned about managing a wide variety of crops using non-chemical means of pest and disease control. Closed ecological systems have different temporal biogeochemical cycling and ranges of atmospheric components because of their smaller reservoirs of air, water and soil, and higher concentration of biomass, and Biosphere 2 provided detailed examination and modeling of these accelerated cycles over a period of closure which measured in years. Medical research inside Biosphere 2 included the effects on humans of lowered oxygen: the discovery that human productivity can be maintained with good health with lowered atmospheric oxygen levels could lead to major economies on the design of space stations and planetary/lunar settlements. The improved health resulting from the calorie-restricted but nutrient dense Biosphere 2 diet was the first such scientifically controlled experiment with humans. The success of Biosphere 2 in creating a diversity of terrestrial and marine environments, from rainforest to coral reef, allowed detailed studies with comprehensive measurements such that the dynamics of these complex biomic systems are now better understood. The coral reef ecosystem, the largest artificial reef ever built, catalyzed methods of study now being applied to planetary coral reef systems. Restoration ecology advanced through the creation and study of the dynamics of adaptation and self-organization of the biomes in Biosphere 2. The international interest that Biosphere 2 generated has given new impetus to the public recognition of the sciences of biospheres (biospherics), biomes and closed ecological life systems. The facility, although no longer a materially-closed ecological system, is being used as an educational facility by Columbia University as an introduction to the study of the biosphere and complex system ecology and for carbon dioxide impacts utilizing the complex ecosystems created in Biosphere '. The many lessons learned from Biosphere 2 are being used by its key team of creators in their design and operation of a laboratory-sized closed ecological system, the Laboratory Biosphere, in operation as of March 2002, and for the design of a Mars on Earth(TM) prototype life support system for manned missions to Mars and Mars surface habitats. Biosphere 2 is an important foundation for future advances in biospherics and closed ecological system research.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

[Engineering issues of microbial ecology in space agriculture].

Closure of the materials recycle loop for water-foods-oxygen is the primary purpose of space agriculture on Mars and Moon. A microbial ecological system takes a part of agriculture to process our metabolic excreta and inedible biomass and convert them to nutrients and soil substrate for cultivating plants. If we extend the purpose of space agriculture to the creation and control of a healthy and pleasant living environment, we should realize that our human body should not be sterilized but exposed to the appropriate microbial environment. We are proposing a use of hyper-thermophilic aerobic composting microbial ecology in space agriculture. Japan has a broad historical and cultural background on this subject. There had been agriculture that drove a closed loop of materials between consuming cities and farming villages in vicinity. Recent environmental problems regarding garbage collection and processing in towns have motivated home electronics companies to innovate "garbage composting" machines with bacterial technology. Based on those matured technology, together with new insights on microbiology and microbial ecology, we have been developing a conceptual design of space agriculture on Moon and Mars. There are several issues to be answered in order to prove effectiveness of the use of microbial systems in space. 1) Can the recycled nutrients, processed by the hyper-thermal aerobic composting microbial ecology, be formed in the physical and chemical state or configuration, with which plants can uptake those nutrients? A possibility of removing any major components of fertilizer from its recycle loop is another item to be evaluated. 2) What are the merits of forming soil microbial ecology around the root system of plants? This might be the most crucial question. Recent researches exhibit various mutually beneficial relationships among soil microbiota and plants, and symbiotic ecology in composting bacteria. It is essential to understand those features, and define how to conduct preventive maintenance for keeping cultivating soil healthy and productive. 3) Does microbial ecology contribute to building sustainable and expandable human habitation by utilizing the on site extraterrestrial resources? We are assessing technical feasibility of converting regolith to farming soil and structural materials for space agriculture. In the case of Mars habitation, carbon dioxide and a trace amount of nitrogen in atmosphere, and potassium and phosphor in minerals are the sources we consider. Excess oxygen can be accumulated by woods cultivation and their use for lumber. 4) Is the operation of space agriculture robust and safe, if it adopts hyper-thermophilic aerobic microbial ecology? Any ecological system is complex and non-linear, and shows latency and memory effects in its response. It is highly important to understand those features to design and operate space agriculture without falling into the fatal failure. Assessment should be made on the microbial safety and preparation of the preventive measures to eliminate negative elements that would either retard agricultural production or harm the healthy environment. It is worth to mention that such space agriculture would be an effective engineering testbed to solve the global problem on energy and environment. Mars and Moon exploration itself is a good advocate of healthy curiosity expressed by the sustainable civilization of our humankind. We propose to work together towards Mars and Moon with microbial ecology to assure pleasant habitation there.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

[Effects of land use structure change on regional ecological health--taking Shapingba County as an example].

Land resource is the carrier for the exchange of matter, energy and information flows, while the change velocity and the intensity of land use has strong effects on the ecological processes such as matter circulation, energy flow, and biologic diversity. Land use structure change will alter the type, area, and spatial distribution of ecosystem, and in the meantime, result in the changes of regional ecological health. Employing the principles and methods of landscape ecology, and through endowing relative ecological value to land use type, this paper analyzed the charaeteristics of recent 10 years land use change in Shapingba County of Chongqing, and discussed the effects of land use change on regional ecological health, aimed to provide scientific references for land use planning and sustainable land resource utilization. The results indicated that transformation often occurred among different land use types, and the land use structure in each transformation phase differed quite obviously. Under different land use structure, there was a great disparity in relative ecological value of sub-ecosystems, which played various roles in regional ecological health. In general, the regional relative ecological value embodied both increase and decrease. In the future, the relative ecological value of sub-ecosystem would represent three tendencies, i.e., increase first and decrease then, continuous decrease, and continuous increase. The situation of regional ecological health would gradually become better.

Biodiversity↗
PubMed2006

[Provincial ecological footprint of China in the year of 2002].

Based on the calculation of actual yield per unit area in 2002, this paper analyzed the ecological footprint and its composition of each province in China. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the ecological footprint and its composition among different provinces, e. g., cropland changed from 0. 078 hm2 x cap(-1) in Shaanxi to 0.126 hm2 x cap(-1) in Beijing, grazing land changed from 0.020 hm2 x cap(-1) in Jiangxi to 0.372 hm2 x cap(-1) in Xizang, forestland changed from 0.020 hm2 x cap(-1) in Guizhou to 0.209 hm2 x cap(-1) in Beijing, fishery area changed from 0.001 hm2 x cap(-1) in Xizang to 0.011 hm2 x cap(-1) in Shanghai, built-up area changed from 0.013 hm2 x cap(-1) in Guizhou to 0.045 hm2 x cap(-1) in Neimenggu, and fossil energy changed from 0.251 hm2 x cap(-1) in Guangxi to 2.854 hm2 x cap(-1) in Shanxi. The eastern and southern provinces were mostly in a state of ecological deficit, while the western and northern provinces were mostly in a state of ecological remainder. As for the relationships among ecological footprint, economic development and technological progress, great difference existed in different provinces, e. g. , the ecological footprint was about 1 hm2 x cap(-1) in Fujian, Henan, Sichuan, Anhui, Yunnan, Shaanxi and Guizhou, while the GDP per capita changed from 1.35 x 10(4) yuan in Fujian to 0.3 x 10(4) yuan in Guizhou, and the ecological footprint per 1 x 10(4) yuan GDP changed from 0.74 hm2 in Fujian to 3.51 hm2 in Guizhou. Therefore, to resolve the conflicts between the shortage of natural resources and the economic development of China, emphasis should be put on the provinces with big ecological footprint per capita, low GDP per capita, and high ecological footprint per 1 x 10(4) yuan GDP. In these provinces, economic growth mode and industrial structure should be changed, dependence of economy on natural resources should be decreased, use efficiency and economic output of natural resources should be improved, and ecological, resources and economic sustainability should be realized.

China↗
PubMed2002

Ecologic niche modeling and differentiation of populations of Triatoma brasiliensis neiva, 1911, the most important Chagas' disease vector in northeastern Brazil (hemiptera, reduviidae, triatominae).

Ecologic niche modeling has allowed numerous advances in understanding the geographic ecology of species, including distributional predictions, distributional change and invasion, and assessment of ecologic differences. We used this tool to characterize ecologic differentiation of Triatoma brasiliensis populations, the most important Chagas' disease vector in northeastern Brazil. The species' ecologic niche was modeled based on data from the Fundação Nacional de Saúde of Brazil (1997-1999) with the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-Set Prediction (GARP). This method involves a machine-learning approach to detecting associations between occurrence points and ecologic characteristics of regions. Four independent "ecologic niche models" were developed and used to test for ecologic differences among T. brasiliensis populations. These models confirmed four ecologically distinct and differentiated populations, and allowed characterization of dimensions of niche differentiation. Patterns of ecologic similarity matched patterns of molecular differentiation, suggesting that T. brasiliensis is a complex of distinct populations at various points in the process of speciation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Linkage failures in ecological studies.

Ecological studies require a methodological theory distinct from that used in individual-level epidemiological studies. This article discusses the special problems that need to be considered when planning ecological studies or using the results of such studies. Ecological studies are much more sensitive to bias from model mis-specification than are results from individual-level studies. For example, deviations from linearity in the underlying individual-level regressions can lead to inability to control for confounding in ecological studies, even if no misclassification is present. Conditions for confounding differ in individual-level and ecological analyses. For ecological analyses of means, for example, a covariate will not be a confounder if its mean value in a study region is not associated with either (i) the mean exposure level across regions, or (ii) the mean outcome (disease rate) across regions. On the other hand, effect modification across areas can induce ecological bias even when the number of areas is very large and there is no confounding. In contrast to individual-level studies, independent and nondifferential misclassification of a dichotomous exposure usually leads to bias away from the null hypothesis in aggregate data studies. Failure to standardize disease, exposure and covariate data for other confounders (not included in the regression model) can lead to bias. It should be borne in mind that there is no method available to identify or measure ecological bias. While this conclusion may sound like a general criticism of ecological studies, it is not. It does, however, serve as a reminder of the problems that need to be considered when one designs, analyses, or critically evaluates ecological studies.

Bias↗
PubMed2002

Ecological benefits of contaminated sediment remediation.

Contaminated sediment has been identified as a source of ecological impacts in marine and freshwater systems throughout the world, and the importance of the contaminated sediment management issue continues to increase in all industrialized countries. In many areas, dredging or removal of sediments contaminated with nutrients, metals, oxygen-demanding substances, and persistent toxic organic chemicals has been employed as a form of environmental remediation. In most situations, however, the documentation of the sediment problem has not been quantitatively coupled to ecological impairments. In addition, the lack of long-term, postactivity research and monitoring for most projects has impeded a better understanding of the ecological significance of sediment contamination. Establishing quantitatively the ecological significance of sediment-associated contamination in any area is a difficult time- and resource-consuming exercise. It is, however, absolutely essential that it be done. Such documentation will likely be used as the justification for remedial and rehabilitative action(s) and also as the rationale for proposing when intervention is necessary in one place but not another. Bounding the degree of ecological impact (at least semiquantitatively) provides for realistic expectations for improvement if sediment remediation is to be pursued. It should also provide essential information on linkages that could be used in rehabilitating other ecosystem components such as fish or wildlife habitat. The lack of information coupling contaminated sediment to specific ecological impairments has, in many instances, precluded a clear estimate of how much sediment requires action to be taken, why, and what improvements can be expected to existing impairment(s) over time. Also, it has likely resulted in either a delay in remedial action or abandonment of the option altogether. A clear understanding of ecological links not only provides adequate justification for a cleanup program but also represents a principal consideration in the adoption of nonintervention, alternative strategies. In developing this understanding, it is important to know not only the existing degree of ecological impairment associated with sediment contaminants but also the circumstances under which those relationships and impacts might change (i.e., contaminants become more available and more detrimental). Because contaminated sediment remediation often costs millions of dollars per area, adequate assessment, prediction, and monitoring of recovery would seem obvious. However, experience has shown that this is not always the case, particularly for prediction and monitoring of ecological recovery. This scenario would never happen in the business world and should not occur in the environmental management field.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Toward measuring the impact of ecological disintegrity on human health.

Ecological integrity refers to the ability of environmental life-support systems to sustain themselves in the face of human-induced impacts. We used a correlational, aggregate-data study design to explore whether life expectancy, as a general measure of population health, is linked to large-scale declines in ecological integrity. Most of the data were obtained from World Resources Institute publications. Selected surrogate measures of ecological integrity and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (as a socioeconomic confounder) were modeled, for the first time, using linear regression techniques with life expectancy as the health outcome. We found a modest relation between ecological integrity and life expectancy, but the direction of the association was inconsistent. When GDP per capita was controlled, the relation between ecological integrity and life expectancy was lost. GDP per capita was the overwhelming predictor of health. Any relation between ecological integrity and health may be mediated by socioeconomic factors. The effect of declines in ecological integrity may be cushioned by the exploitation of ecological capital, preventing a direct association between measures of exposure and outcome. In addition, life expectancy may be too insensitive a measure of health impacts related to ecological decline, and more sensitive measures may need to be developed.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2002

[Retrospect and prospect of pollution ecology].

Since 1970s, pollution ecology has gone through several historical stages including the natal, growing and developing and expanding stage with the rise in environmental sciences and the development of applied ecology. The theoretical system and researching methods with special characteristic of the subject has taken shape. So far pollution ecology has become an independent discipline to probe into interactions between biological systems and polluted environment and to control and remedy polluted environment using ecological principles, is an important component part of applied ecology and derives from amalgamation and intersection between ecology is faced with challenges and opportunities. A breakthrough and good progresses will be made in its branches and frontal fields such as ecology of combined pollution, contaminant ecotoxicology, ecological processes of pollutants and ecological remediation of contaminated environment.

China↗
PubMed2002

[International trends of applied ecology and its future development in China].

Internationally applied ecology was born around 25-40 years ago in order to adapt and serve the needs of mitigating increasingly environmental pollution and ecological destroy in developed western countries at that time. All the times applied ecological principles thus underpin most efforts at solving increasingly deterioration of natural resources and serious eco-environmental problems as its keystone and researching kernel with the development of the subject. At the advent of the 21st century, human beings enter into the age of applied ecology. There are five international features of applied ecology, including more attention to many-sided applications, special emphasis on the intersection with engineering, strongly keeping on mutual links with basic ecology, omnidirectional adoption of new methods and new technology, and side-by-side trends of microcosmic mechanisms and macroscopical regulation. Although we must connect with international applied ecology and absorb distillates from the subject in developed western countries, development of applied ecology in China in the future, in particular, at the beginnings of the 21st century should not deviate from aiming at the solution of increasingly environmental pollution and ecological destroy that is one of the most important basic situations of the country.

China↗
PubMed2006

[Responses of regional ecological service value to land use change: A case study of Shapingba County in Chongqing].

Land use has significant effects on the products and services provided by ecosystem, through its interaction with ecosystem processes and services. Taking Shapingba County in Chongqing as an example, and by the Costanza method and ecological sensitivity analysis, this paper analyzed the effects of land use change on ecological service value. The results indicated that from 1992 to 2002, the ecological service value of this County was from dollar 1.74 x 10(7) to dollar 16.8 x 10(7), i. e. , dollar 0.54 x 10(5) was lost. Accordingly, each hectare land suffered an average loss of dollar 13.62. The ecological service value coefficient assigned to different categories of land use had little effects on the total ecological service value, and the total change of ecological service value was inelastic. The summation of the ecological service value coefficients assigned to cultivated land, forestland and garden land was very close to regional actualities. But, the ecological service value coefficient assigned to the waters was higher than the actual value, while rectifying 30 percent of the previous coefficient by 5 667 dollar x hm(-2) x yr(-1) would be very close to the actual one. Applying Costanza method to estimate the change of regional ecological service value was practicable, and would make a reference for the evaluation of land use benefits and the organization of land use planning.

China↗
PubMed2006

[Application of entropy weight and fuzzy synthetic evaluation in urban ecological security assessment].

Ecological security is one of the foundations of regional security, and the basis of sustainable development. Urban ecological security refers to the ecological support and main ecological issues of a city, which do not threaten its survival and development. To develop the research method on the ecological security of urban social-economic-natural complex ecosystem, an assessment indicator system of urban ecological security was set up based on Pressure - State - Response Model, which included 3 key factors and 33 concrete items. The five most developed cities of China were taken as the cases to assess their ecological security situation by using entropy weight and fuzzy synthetic evaluation method. The results showed that the urban ecological security of Suzhou and Beijing was at relatively safe level, while that of Shenzhen, Shanghai and Guangzhou was critical safe in the year of 2003. The urban ecosystem of Shenzhen was under heavy press, while that of Suzhou behaved best both in system status and system response. Comparing with other assessment methods, this evaluation method was easier and more reasonable. The results were basically consistent to the fact of these cities, suggesting that the urban ecological security indicator system and the entropy weight and fuzzy synthetic evaluation approach were feasible to some extent.

Ecology↗
PubMed2001

Effective planning and implementation of ecological rehabilitation projects: a case study of the regional municipality of Waterloo (Ontario, Canada).

The literature guides environmental planning and, specifically, how to use ecological rehabilitation projects to achieve long-term planning goals and landscape-scale environmental sustainability. There is, however, a perceived gap between principles in the literature and the use of them by practitioners involved in smaller-scale ecological rehabilitation projects. Using interviews with practitioners involved in 11 projects within the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, we tested whether practitioners used five principles for effective planning and implementation of ecological rehabilitation that we derived from the literature. These five principles were: establishing political and ecological context, using ecologically appropriate objectives and practices, using comparative multidisciplinary and cross-scale approaches, using adaptive planning and implementation, and establishing good communication within and external to projects. Few projects followed all five principles, and practitioners indicated that they used three more project-specific principles: obtaining political/social support, promoting projects and changing attitudes about projects, and securing sufficient and persistent funding to maintain a project's life. While the literature emphasizes that ecological rehabilitation is only effective if projects are coordinated on a watershed basis, most practitioners focused solely on the goals of their specific project. The gap between literature and practice may arise because most practitioners are new to the field of ecological rehabilitation and still are focused on the methods involved. Time pressures force practitioners to obviate the literature and get projects started quickly, lest support evaporate. Complicating these difficulties is decreased support from federal and provincial governments for large-scale environmental planning. It is unclear whether ecological rehabilitation projects in Waterloo Region (at least) will ever become effective at promoting landscape-scale ecological goals or remain smaller-scale stop-gaps.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Changes during storage in conventional and ecological wine: phenolic content and antioxidant activity.

Polyphenol content, free radical scavenging capacity, and changes during storage over 7 months in the dark were studied in ecological and conventional red and white wines. In red wines, the most changeable components during storage were the anthocyanins since during storage anthocyanins content decreased 88% in conventional wine and 91% in ecological wine. Initially, the total flavonol contents of the conventional and ecological red wines were 163.88 +/- 2.69 and 153.58 +/- 1.71 mg/L, respectively, and no significant variations occurred during storage. No differences in hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives content between conventional and ecological red and white wines were observed. The flavonol level in white wines was very low, as expected since these compounds are found in grape skin. The initial antioxidant activity was 5.37 +/- 0.14 and 5.82 +/- 0.31 mM equivalents Trolox for conventional and ecological red wines, respectively; no significant differences were observed (p = 0.2831), and these values were 7-8 times higher than the antioxidant activity observed in conventional and ecological white wine. In contrast with other studies, the total concentrations of phenolic compounds in conventional and ecological red and white wines were not related to antioxidant activity (p > 0.05). In red wines, no significant differences were observed in the antioxidant activity of ecological and conventional red wine (p = 0.28), while in white wine significant differences were observed in the antioxidant activity between conventional and ecological white wine (p = 0.006).

Anthocyanins↗