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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Risk factors associated with dropout and readmission among First Nations individuals admitted to an inpatient alcohol and drug detoxification program.

BACKGROUND: There is a need for clinically relevant research into treatment for substance abuse among Aboriginal people. In this study, I aimed to provide a predictive model of dropout from and readmission to an inpatient detoxification program in a large treatment sample of Aboriginal patients. METHODS: I reviewed the medical charts of all self-reported First Nations people (n = 877) admitted to an inpatient detoxification centre in British Columbia, between Jan. 4, 1999, and Jan. 30, 2002, and used binary logistic regression models to identify predictors of dropout from and readmission to the program. Each of these models was validated using an independent subset of the treatment sample. RESULTS: Overall, 254 (29.0%) people dropped out of the program, and 219 were readmitted. Statistically significant predictors of treatment dropout were a preferred drug other than alcohol (odds ratio [OR] 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-2.50) and self-referral (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.28-2.80). Statistically significant predictors of readmission to inpatient detoxification within a 1-year period were a previous history of detoxification treatment (OR 3.52, 95% CI 2.16-5.75) and residential instability (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.11-2.99). INTERPRETATION: Although factors were identified that are associated with each of treatment dropout or readmission for detoxification, only the latter can be reliably predicted by them.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Reasons for dropout from exercise programs in post-coronary patients.

The dropout rate in the 7-yr Ontario Exercise Heart Collaborative Study of post-coronary men engaged in exercise programs was examined in order to determine possible contributing factors. A questionnaire pertaining to psychosocial and program-related variables was distributed to 728 subjects who were previously assigned randomly on the basis of four prognostic risk factors (occupation, personality, hypertension, and angina) into exercise groups: low intensity exercise (LIE), and high intensity exercise (HIE). Comparisons of answers by the 639 respondents (266 dropouts; 373 compliers) were made initially by chi-square analysis to determine significant categories of questions and, subsequently, by a logistic transform to determine the specific questions which related significantly to the dropout rate. It was found that three main categories were associated with a high dropout rate: convenience aspects of the exercise center, perceptions of the exercise program, and family/lifestyle factors. These three main categories should be carefully considered when designing and implementing potential compliance-improving strategies for secondary prevention exercise programs entailing long-term adherence.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed1996

Random regression with imputed values for dropouts.

The random regression model (RRM) has been advocated as a potential solution to problems of statistical analysis posed by dropouts in clinical trials. However, the power of the RRM tests for differences in rates of change can be seriously attenuated by presence of dropouts. The use of imputed scores and other modifications are examined in an attempt to render a simple growth-curve form of the RRM analysis more robust against dropouts. Methods that extrapolate from an individual's own performance were found effective, although inclusion of time-in-treatment as a covariate was documented to be important under identifiable conditions. Of the methods evaluated, those that used group data to impute missing values for dropouts produced nonconservative bias. The results suggest the importance of careful evaluation of potential bias when integrating any group-based imputation procedure into the RRM analyses.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Personal problems related to illicit drug use in dropouts compared to students].

The consumption of psychoactive drugs and the personal problems related to substance use were evaluated among school dropouts and students. Results obtained from a self-administered questionnaire among 435 school dropouts were compared with those obtained in a previous study among 3,212 students. Drug consumption is significantly higher in school dropouts than in students. The proportions of male or female youths who report personal problems related to drug use increase progressively among the consumers of cannabis, hallucinogens, solvents and cocaine for each of the two groups. Moreover, the proportions of school dropouts or students who mention difficulties with psychotropic drugs vary inversely with the percentages of users for these products. These results suggest that the identification of the drug type represents an index for the frequency of personal problems related to drug use, and that adolescents at risk form small groups of consumers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Allelic dropout in long QT syndrome genetic testing: a possible mechanism underlying false-negative results.

BACKGROUND: Genetic testing for congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) has been performed in research laboratories for the past decade. Approximately 75% of patients with high clinical probability for LQTS have a mutation in one of five LQTS-causing cardiac channel genes. Possible explanations for the remaining genotype-negative cases include LQTS mimickers, novel LQTS-causing genes, unexplored regions of the known genes, and genetic testing detection failures. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of allelic dropout as a possible mechanism underlying false-negative test results. METHODS: The published primers currently used by many research laboratories to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the 60 translated exons in the KCNQ1 (LQT1), KCNH2 (LQT2), SCN5A (LQT3), KCNE1 (LQT5), and KCNE2 (LQT6) genes were analyzed for the presence of common intronic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Repeat mutational analysis, following primer/amplicon redesign using polymerase chain reaction, denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography, and DNA sequencing, was performed on a cohort of 541 consecutive, unrelated patients referred for LQTS genetic testing. RESULTS: Common (>1% minor allele frequency) intronic SNPs were discovered within the primer sequences of five of 60 translated exons. Following primer redesign to eliminate the possibility of allelic dropout, four previously genotype-negative index cases were found to possess LQTS-causing mutations: R591H-KCNQ1 and R594Q-KCNQ1 for exon 15 and E229X-KCNH2 in two unrelated cases. Repeat examination of these two amplicons in 400 reference alleles did not identify these or any additional amino acid variants. CONCLUSION: Allelic dropout secondary to intronic SNP-primer mismatch prevented the discovery of LQTS-causing mutations in four cases. Considering that many LQTS genetic testing research laboratories have used these primers, patients who reportedly are genotype negative may benefit from re-examination of those regions susceptible to allelic dropout due to primer-disrupting SNPs, particularly exon 15 in KCNQ1 and exon 4 in KCNH2.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

The self-concepts of regular transcendental meditators, dropout meditators, and nonmeditators.

Regular meditators, dropout meditators, and nonmeditators were administered the Tennessee Self Concept Scale twice over a six month period (N = 32 Australian men and women). Results showed that regular meditators as compared to dropout meditators were found to have significantly fewer of the characteristics associated with psychosis. Nonmeditators as compared to dropout meditators were found to have significantly fewer characteristics associated with psychosis and personality integration. Regular meditators as compared to nonmeditators have a more positive perception of their behavior. The findings provide a personality description of the dropout meditators which may be useful for screening prospective meditators.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Alcohol intoxication and school dropout.

The aim of the study was to investigate if alcohol intoxications predict dropout from senior high school over and beyond the effect of alcohol consumption and to seek out potential confounding or mediating mechanisms in the form of a longitudinal cohort-sequential survey. The participants were a nationally representative sample of Norwegian junior and senior high school students (n=5308). Measures used were of alcohol consumption, number of intoxications, school dropout, conduct problems, drug use, friends' problem behaviour, truancy, attitude to school, educational aspirations, grades, homework, youth centrism, leisure time activities, religiosity, depression, academic self-concept, attachment to parents. Intoxications did override the effect of alcohol consumption and predicted dropout. This effect was confounded by parental attachment, whereas truancy and associating with peers high in problem behaviour mediated the effect of intoxications. Frequent alcohol intoxications increase the risk for school dropout by means of increased truancy and differential association with counternormative peers.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Assessing allelic dropout and genotype reliability using maximum likelihood.

A growing number of population genetic studies utilize nuclear DNA microsatellite data from museum specimens and noninvasive sources. Genotyping errors are elevated in these low quantity DNA sources, potentially compromising the power and accuracy of the data. The most conservative method for addressing this problem is effective, but requires extensive replication of individual genotypes. In search of a more efficient method, we developed a maximum-likelihood approach that minimizes errors by estimating genotype reliability and strategically directing replication at loci most likely to harbor errors. The model assumes that false and contaminant alleles can be removed from the dataset and that the allelic dropout rate is even across loci. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed method marks a vast improvement in efficiency while maintaining accuracy. When allelic dropout rates are low (0-30%), the reduction in the number of PCR replicates is typically 40-50%. The model is robust to moderate violations of the even dropout rate assumption. For datasets that contain false and contaminant alleles, a replication strategy is proposed. Our current model addresses only allelic dropout, the most prevalent source of genotyping error. However, the developed likelihood framework can incorporate additional error-generating processes as they become more clearly understood.

Alleles↗
PubMed2005

Predicting dropout in male youth soccer using the theory of planned behavior.

This investigation prospectively predicted dropout among young soccer players, using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). First, behavioral beliefs required to develop a TPB-questionnaire were elicited from 53 male soccer players, aged 13-15 years. Second, at the beginning of the soccer season, 354 different male soccer players aged 13-15 years completed this questionnaire, thereby assessing direct dimensions (intention, attitude, subjective norm, perceived control) and indirect dimensions (attitudinal, normative and control beliefs) derived from TPB. Nine months later--upon termination of the soccer season--these players were classified into 323 perserverers and 31 dropouts, with TPB being applied prospectively to predict these two groups. For both direct and indirect dimensions, between-group comparisons revealed significant differences in favor of the perseverers. Discriminant analyses revealed five measures (intention, attitude, subjective norm, a normative belief, and a control belief), which enabled a 22.1% a priori dropout prediction when used within a suitable equation. In conclusion, TPB may have a promising application to prospectively discriminate dropouts from perseverers, providing a potential predictive a priori classification model for sport participation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Allele dropout in PCR-based diagnosis of Wilson disease: mechanisms and solutions.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the mechanisms leading to allele dropout-the nonamplification of 1 of the alleles-in PCR-based diagnosis of Wilson disease (WD). METHODS: We extracted genomic DNA from blood samples from 6 WD patients (P1-P6) with allele dropouts detected in a previous study of WD in a Hong Kong Chinese population. We amplified the ATP7B gene by PCR and performed direct DNA sequencing of all exons of the ATP7B gene. To support the proposed mechanism of allele dropout, we used proofreading DNA polymerase, primer design avoiding single-nucleotide polymorphism sites, and duplex PCR. RESULTS: Patients P1-P4 were all apparently homozygous for a known disease-causing mutation, c.2975C > T (p.P992L) in exon 13. Patient P5 was apparently homozygous for a novel mutation, c.2524G > A, and patient P6 was apparently homozygous for another known mutation, c.522_523insA (p.K175K-fs). In all cases, we determined that the patients were actually heterozygous for these mutations. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm that allele dropout is the mechanism causing apparent homozygosity of heterozygous mutations in these WD patients.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1993

Are reminder stickers effective in reducing immunization dropout rates in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia?

A field trial to assess the effectiveness of a reminder sticker in reducing immunization dropout rates was conducted in two districts of Addis Ababa between 14 October 1991 and 31 January 1992. A total of 703 children were entered into the study. The study population was randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received a reminder sticker and the control group did not. All other services were identical. A baseline interview documented the socio-demographic and maternal characteristics potentially related to immunization services utilization and revealed no statistically significant differences between the two groups. The dropout rates were 7.3 and 13.3% in the intervention and control groups respectively. This difference is clinically and statistically (P < 0.01) significant. Therefore, it is concluded that the reminder sticker is effective in reducing immunization dropout rates. Further investigations under operational conditions are recommended prior to the routine introduction of stickers into the immunization services.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1998

Psychological outreach programmes for the depressed elderly: a meta-analysis of effects and dropout.

Utilization of psychiatric services by depressed elderly is low compared to younger adults. Outreach programmes in which treatment is actively offered to depressed elderly in the community can be used to improve access of these elderly to mental health care. In this study a meta-analysis is carried out to study the effectiveness of these outreach programmes. Fourteen studies were found in which psychological treatment is offered to depressed elderly in the community. The effect size is large (0.77), comparable to the effect sizes found in younger adults. In a regression analysis it was found that the effect sizes of cognitive behavioural therapies are larger than those of other therapies. The mean dropout rate is 23%. It was also found that dropout was larger in group interventions, in cognitive behavioural therapies, in interventions with more female participants and in interventions offering more sessions. Analyses of the dropout rate should be part of every meta-analysis of intervention studies. Future research is needed to examine the differences between depressed persons who volunteer for a research programme and persons participating in an outreach programme. It is also necessary to examine if outreach programmes reach depressed persons who otherwise would not have sought help.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Factors affecting dropout rate from cognitive-behavioral group treatment for bulimia nervosa.

The aim of this study was to retrospectively identify clinical variables assessed prior to treatment which were predictive of patients' dropping out versus completing a 10 week group cognitive-behavioral treatment program for bulimia nervosa. Following a lengthy initial assessment, 81 women meeting DSM-III-R criteria for bulimia nervosa (BN) were referred to one of twelve 10-week groups of 8 to 12 patients having bulimic symptoms. The dropout rate for those meeting full DSM-III-R criteria for BN was found to be 28.7%. A series of seven discriminant function analyses were performed to determine whether dropouts differed from completers in terms of depression, anxiety, difficulties in trust and relating to others, bulimic symptom severity, family environment, weight history and symptom duration and severity of bulimic cognitions. Of these, only the factor assessing difficulties trusting and relating to others was found to significantly discriminate dropouts from completers. Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of clinical and research relevance in the field of eating disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

In search of predictors of dropout from inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to investigate risk factors associated with premature dropout in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN). METHOD: Eighty-one women who received free inpatient treatment for AN on a clinical research unit at a university-based psychiatric facility participated in this study. Demographic, lifetime, and baseline clinical characteristics as well as self-report measures of eating disorder symptomatology and associated psychopathology were assessed upon admission. RESULTS: Results indicated that AN subtype was [corrected] modestly predictive of treatment dropout. DISCUSSION: With the exception of AN subtype [corrected], successful completion of inpatient treatment may be unrelated to the severity of eating disorder symptomatology and associated psychopathology. Continued empirical research into factors that influence treatment dropout is clearly needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Eating ability in head and neck cancer patients after treatment with chemoradiation: a 12-month follow-up study accounting for dropout.

BACKGROUND: Head and neck cancer patients treated with chemoradiation have difficulty eating a normal diet. This study was designed to characterize eating ability over 12 months after chemoradiation treatment. Analyses take patient dropout into account. METHODS: Two hundred fifty-five patients with head and neck cancer treated with chemoradiation were followed for 12 months. Eating ability was analyzed using generalized linear model methods that accounted for non-ignorable dropout. RESULTS: Eating ability was compromised immediately after treatment and improved over 12 months to near pretreatment levels. Ability to eat at most 50% of the diet orally did not return to baseline levels (p <.05). However, the percent of patients eating a normal diet did return to baseline levels. Accounting for dropout modified the results, but the pattern of significance was similar. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of head and neck cancer with chemoradiation has a significant effect on eating ability, which improves after 12 months after treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Treatment dropouts in hindsight: a follow-up study.

In a comprehensive rehabilitation center serving the mentally ill 64 dropouts and 42 successful terminees were interviewed monthly for 18 months following termination. The interview schedules elicited information about employment, heterosexual adjustment, living conditions, rent payment, social preferences, intimate friendships, and rehospitalization episodes. Analysis revealed that dropouts and successful terminees typically differed significantly on these variables for at least part of the follow-up period, but that by the end of the follow-up period there were no significant differences between the two groups on any of the variables, whether or not rehospitalization was controlled for. This hindsight examination of dropouts in comparison with successful terminees shows the concept of "dropping out" to be a time-limited concept.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiological aspects of school dropouts in children between 7-15 years in rural Maharashtra.

A study on school dropouts from primary and secondary school children was undertaken in September '91 from 16 schools at the headquarters of 8 Primary Health Centres, where 172 school dropouts were identified. A home visit was paid and information about socio-economic and cultural aspects was collected and a psychological screening was undertaken. Although there was no significant difference in overall dropout rates for both sexes, it increased sharply at 11 years of age in girls. The majority of children dropped out due to financial problems or unsatisfactory scholastic performance, and 142 (82.5%) of the 172 children studied were poor performers in one or more function tests. Maximum difficulty was observed in concept formation 87 (50.5%), followed by numerical ability in 78 (45%). Identification of children with learning difficulties and intervention using special educational methods within the framework of existing network of primary and secondary schools in rural areas is suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Characteristics of dropouts from a child psychiatry clinic in Hong Kong.

There is, to date, no study on the pattern of dropping out from child and adolescent psychiatry clinics in a non-western setting. This study aims to investigate this phenomenon in Hong Kong. The database and medical charts of 235 new cases were reviewed 1 year after the initial assessments. The clinical, demographic and family data of the dropout and non-dropout groups were compared. An overall dropout rate of 27.2% was found. Boys and children with attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder and infantile autism were less likely to drop out. No interaction with gender was found. Compared with western literature, there are some important differences in the factors associated with dropping out of treatment. Our study highlights the importance of socio-cultural influences on the characteristics of clinic drop-outs.

Chi-Square Distribution↗