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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Protective effect of nimodipine on behavior and white matter of rats with hydrocephalus.

OBJECT: Hydrocephalus, a pathological dilation of the ventricles of the brain, causes damage to periventricular white matter, at least in part, through chronic ischemia. The authors tested the hypothesis that treatment with nimodipine, an L-type calcium channel-blocking agent with demonstrated efficacy in a range of cerebral ischemic disorders, would ameliorate the adverse effects of experimental hydrocephalus. METHODS: Hydrocephalus was induced in 3-week-old rats by injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna. The rats were treated by continuous administration of nimodipine or control vehicle for 2 weeks, beginning 2 weeks after induction of hydrocephalus. During the treatment period, the animals underwent repeated tests of motor and cognitive behavior. At the end of the treatment period, the rat brains were analyzed by histopathological and biochemical means. Nimodipine treatment prevented the declines in motor and cognitive behavior that were observed in untreated control rats. During the treatment period, ventricular enlargement, determined by magnetic resonance imaging, was equal in the two groups, although the corpus callosum was thicker in the treated rats. Myelin content in white matter and synaptophysin content in gray matter, an indicator of synapses, did not differ. CONCLUSIONS: The protective effect of nimodipine is most likely based on improved blood flow, although prevention of calcium influx-mediated proteolytic processes in axons cannot be excluded. Adjunctive pharmacological therapy may be beneficial to patients with hydrocephalus.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Deformation of the notochord by pressure from the swim bladder may cause malformation of the vertebral column in cultured Atlantic cod Gadus morhua larvae: a case study.

This study describes a malformation that frequently occurs in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in intensive culture systems. The malformation is characterised by a slight upward tilt of the head and an indented dorsal body contour at the transition between the head and the trunk, and is first evident to the fish farmer when the cod reach the juvenile stage. These abnormalities are associated with malformations of the neurocranium, the cranial region of the vertebral column and the cranial part of the epaxial lateral muscles. The pathogenesis involves deformation of the notochord, which can be observed in larvae about 7 d post-hatch (dph) and onwards. The deformation consists of an increase in dorsal curvature of the notochord in the region above the swim bladder. In the same region, the notochord has an abnormal cross-sectional outline, characterised by a groove-shaped, longitudinal impression along the ventral surface of the sheath. In most cases, the swim bladder fills the impression, and in severely affected larvae it forms a hernia-like lesion in the notochord. The deformation of the notochord seems to be conveyed to the vertebral body anlagen (chordacentra), which in teleosts are formed by mineralisation within the notochordal sheath. The vertebral bodies adopt an abnormal wedge shape, with a ventral concavity, and the neural arches are most often S-shaped. A continuous range of degrees of the malformation can be observed. All these pathomorphological characteristics are compatible with the notion that the notochord has been subjected to an upward mechanical force, probably generated by a persistent increase in pressure between the swim bladder and the notochord during the period of development of the vertebral anlagen. Our results thus indicate that the critical time window with regard to development of the malformation is from 18 to 36 dph, when the initial formation of the vertebrae takes place. Chronic overinflation of the swim bladder or pathological dilatation of the digestive tract may cause the lesions, and aetiology may be related to factors that influence the function of these organs.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Role of emphysema in the etiology of functional impairment in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Study with high resolution computerized tomography].

PURPOSE: To investigate whether high-resolution CT (HRCT) can detect the subjects with massive emphysematous destruction in a group of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and therefore be of help in selecting the candidates to surgical lung volume reduction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined 40 former smokers with severe COPD (FEV1, < or = 40% of the predicted value, with no major improvement after inhalation of bronchodilators). Clinico-functional assessment included: a flow/volume loop (mean FEV1 = 28.6% of predicted), arterial blood gas analysis at rest breathing room air (mean values: PaO2 = 65.2 mmHg, PaCO2 = 47.4 mmHg), hematocrit value (mean: 45.2%) and the body mass index (mean value: 23.8). The patients were divided into two groups, namely bronchitic (21) and dyspneic (19) subjects, according to onset symptoms. All the patients underwent HRCT with evaluation of emphysema presence, type, site and extent: centrilobular emphysema was seen in 11 cases, panlobular emphysema in 3 and mixed emphysema in 26 cases; the site was superior in 75%, inferior in 7.5% and diffuse in 17.5% of cases; the mean visual score was 40.8%. The presence, type, site and severity of airways disease were also studied, as well as the pathologic dilatation of the pulmonary artery. The patients were divided into three groups (mild, moderate, severe) according to emphysema extent and they were considered to have bronchial disease in the presence of at least 2 of the 6 signs of bronchial involvement. RESULTS: The emphysema extent score was significantly correlated with the hematocrit value and Tiffeneau index (p < .2) in all the 40 patients. The severity of bronchial obstruction was the same in bronchitic and dyspneic patients. The subjects with chronic bronchitis had milder emphysema (mean extent 35% versus 47% in the dyspneic subjects) and a higher frequency of bronchial involvement. A decrease in FEV1 was significantly correlated with emphysema extent (p < .1) in dyspneic, but not in bronchitic, patients. Moreover, the former had better arterial blood gas and lower hematocrit values. CONCLUSIONS: HRCT is a useful tool in diagnosing the presence of emphysema in vivo and in assessing its extent in COPD patients because it permits to divide the patients into two groups which roughly correspond to the clinical patterns of types A (dyspneic) and B (bronchitic). Severe emphysema patients are the best candidates to surgical lung volume reduction. Airways involvement might play a major role in causing bronchial obstruction in the subjects with mild emphysema. In our series HRCT did assess the severity of emphysema in COPD subjects, but our lung function screening failed to predict emphysema extent.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Regional differences in retinal vascular reactivity.

PURPOSE: Although glaucomatous visual field defects are more common in the superior field than in the inferior field, microaneurysms are more frequent in the superior than in the inferior retina in diabetic retinopathy. The authors hypothesized that differences in vascular hemodynamics in the two areas might contribute to these phenomena. METHODS: The blood flow response to hyperoxia and hypercapnia was evaluated in peripapillary retinal tissue superior and inferior to the optic nerve head using confocal scanning laser Doppler flowmetry. In 14 young, healthy persons, blood flow was measured while breathing room air and during isocapnic hyperoxia (100% O2 breathing) and isoxic hypercapnia (PCO2 increased 15% above baseline). Histograms were generated from pixel-by-pixel analysis of retinal portions of superior and inferior temporal quadrants of the entire image. RESULTS: Baseline blood flow in the inferior temporal quadrant was significantly greater than in the superior temporal quadrant (P < 0.05). However, the inferior region failed to increase in perfusion during hypercapnia and experienced significant mean blood flow reduction; flow reduction in the pixels at the 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentile of flow; and an increased percentage of pixels without measurable flow, during hyperoxia (each P < 0.05). In contrast, in the superior temporal region, hyperoxia failed to reduce blood volume, velocity, or flow, whereas hypercapnia significantly increased mean flow; increased flow in the pixels at the 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentile of flow; and reduced the percentage of pixels without measurable flow (each P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The inferior temporal quadrant of the peripapillary retina is, in comparison with the superior temporas region, less responsive to vasodilation and more responsive to vasoconstriction. These differences could contribute to different susceptibility to visual field defect or vascular dysfunction in the superior and inferior retina.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Endoluminal repair of aortic aneurysms. Our experience].

From February 1998 and March 2000 fourteen patients underwent "custom made" aortic self-expanding endoprostheses implantation (World Medical Talent Sunrise): nine of them for dilative pathology of thoracic aorta and 5 for abdominal aortic aneurysm below renal arteries. The etiology was degenerative in 8 patients, false aneurysm in 2, chronic dissection in 2 cases, acute dissection in one patient and post traumatic in the last one. All patients underwent preoperative Computed Tomography and Substraction Angiography studies. Stent-graft implantation was successful in all cases but one who required the conversion of the endovascular procedure in traditional surgery for technical problems. There were no perioperative deaths or major complications. We registered 2 cases of dissection of the femoral artery used to introduce the stent-graft, and treated with an iliac-femoral prosthetic bypass. There were no cases of paraplegia or renal failure or bowel ischemia. With the exception of one patient, died for a car accident, the others are alive and continue their scheduled follow-up controls. Our experience shows that this procedure is safe, allowing favorable results, if compared to traditional surgery, even if it requires further long-term evaluations.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

The use of the treadmill for assessing exercise-induced asthma and the effect of varying the severity and duration of exercise.

Running produces a greater amount of post-exercise bronchoconstriction than other forms of exercise carried out a similar metabolic rates. The treadmill can be used to provide a standardized form of exercise when studying the asthmatic child. The severity of post-exercise bronchoconstriction depends upon the rate of working on the treadmill and the duration of exercise. A maximum response is obtained by six minutes of running at an uphill slope of 10% at a speed of 5 kmph (3 mph). Even with this type of test, there is still considerable variation in the response from time to time and greatest reporducibility is obtained by repeating the test within one week. Treadmill exercise tests may be used in the diagnosis of asthma and in the assessment of its likely severity.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Medullary sponge kidney.

"Medullary sponge kidney" applies to pathologically dilated collecting tubules within one or more renal pyramids of one or both kidneys, almost always diagnosed radiographically, of uncertain etiology, and presenting a clinical spectrum varying from an asymptomatic, incidental finding to severely complicating calcareous-infective disease, renal insufficiency, and death. Recognition of the characteristic urographic pattern affords the patient presenting clinically with hematuria, ureteral colic, urinary tract infection, or nephrocalcinosis a prompt diagnosis with a frequently benign prognosis, and usually averts more extensive or invasive investigations.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2003

[Choice criteria and complications of urinary diversions].

The choice of urinary diversion is conditioned to patient's disease, performance status, age and life style. Ureterointestinal anastomosis is a critical stage in urinary diversion, allowing urinary transit and preventing reflux. We have examined urinary diversion frequently used in our clinical practice. In ureterosigmoidostomy and MAINZ pouch II , ureterointestinal anastomosis isn't refluent. Ileal conduit, reserved to patient with advanced disease and/or low life expectation, normally the implantation is direct. In continent reservoir and orthotopic neobladder, detubularization produces low pressure. In these urinary diversion anti-reflux anastomosis isn't mandatory, because the risk of stenosis is higher. Urinary infection is an important criterion in choice of anastomosis. After all is emphasized that success of ureterointestinal implantation doesn't depend on surgeon's level of experience.

Colon↗
PubMed2006

[Biliary abnormalities associated to portal Cavernoma. About 17 cases].

UNLABELLED: Portal biliopathy is a newly introduced term, describing the changes observed in the biliary ducts secondary to extrinsic compression by the portal cavernoma. It's a rare condition that is usually not diagnosed. OBJECTIVE: To explore the principles of diagnosis and treatment of portal biliopathy. METHODS: seventeen patients with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction were reviewed prospectively. RESULTS: symptomatic biliary obstruction was found in 82%. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography revealed abnormality of the bile duct wall in all cases, with stricture in 11 patients. Endoscopic treatment was necessary in 10 patients, whether portosystemic shunting was done only in 2 cases. CONCLUSION: Portal biliopathy is frequent and must be diagnosed early.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Stroke in Fabry disease. More than a simple stenosis].

The objective is to analyze the updated evidence on the physiopathological mechanisms that can generate cerebrovascular damage in Fabry disease. Fabry disease is the result of the deficiency of alpha-galactosidasa A, which causes pathological storage of glycosphingolipids, in different cells. Associated to renal and cardiac insufficiency, cerebrovascular complications can derive in the death of the patients. During a long time the only reported mechanism was the vascular occlusion by deposit of lipids at endothelial level. At the present time, other mechanisms are postulated. The arrival of enzyme replacement therapy has generated great expectation on the possibility of reversion of these alterations. Although the evidence is scarce and more long-term studies are necessary, some reports demonstrate that after months, the treatment has managed to revert some of the mechanisms involved.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Delay of appearance of spermatozoa in the ejaculate after vaso-epididymostomy e vaso-vasostomy.

After ultimately successful microsurgery for male infertility the delay for appearance of spermatozoa in the ejaculates of the patients is not uniformly immediate. For the older latero-lateral epididymo- vasostomy it could take several months. It is much shorter when the actual microsurgical techniques are used. Occasionally however, even in the latter group, very long delays have been observed. There is no definite satisfying answer for this. The most likely explanation is a combination of reinforced peristalsis in the previously pathologically dilated epididymal tubules and the secondary breakthrough of a plug of epithelial sloughs and fibrin at the site of microsurgical anastomosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Value of laboratory tests and echography in the diagnosis of biliary disease in the initial phase of acute pancreatitis].

The aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of serum bilirubin, aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (APh) and real time ultrasonography (US) in distinguishing between gallstone and non gallstone related acute pancreatitis (A.P.). The second aim was to evaluate whether or nor there was biliary tract hypertension. Both aims were designed in order to evaluate them in the early stage of A.P. Two Groups of patients were studied. Group 1--gallstone related A.P., 63 pts. Group 2--Non gallstone related A.P. 21 pts. Fifty nine (93.6%) of Group 1 and 11 (52.3%) of Group 2 had surgical confirmation. In the other, the diagnosis was based on US and C.T. Blood samples were taken during the three days after admission for biochemical test and US was performed within the same period. Statistical evaluation and Student's t test were used. Biochemical test: when the cut off level was expressed by the upper limit of normal (ULN), the highest diagnostic sensibility was (table 1): ALT 85.7%, APH 80.9%. AST 71%, bilirubin 65%. When the cut off level was chosen at twice the ULN (Table 1), the sensibility was: ALT 61.9%, bilirubin and AST 47%, APh 30%, Group 2 (Table 2) values higher than the ULN were: AST 42.8%, bilirubin 33%, ALT 19%, APh 14.2%. The differences between the two Groups were statistically significant: APh and bilirubin P less than 0.001, ALT less than 0.05 m AST, NS. Ultrasonography: Group 1: gallstones were detected in 96.6% (58/60). Biliary tree was not visualized in 10 (15.8%), diagnosed as normal in 38 (60.3%) and pathologic (dilatation and/or lithiasis) in 15 (23.8%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

[Antenatal diagnosis of obstructive uropathies].

Many cases of low or bilateral obstructive uropathy due to malformations lead to death, either in utero or at birth, as the absence of diuresis leads to oligoamnios, which in turn causes hypoplasia of the lungs that does not allow neonatal survival. The associated chromosomal anomalies or multiple malformations also have harmful effects. These severe prenatal forms had not been taken into account for pediatric statistics, and were previously not studied. Thus it proved essential for prenatal medicine not to be content with arriving at diagnoses, but rather to try and foresee the prognosis of the abnormalities revealed by assessing the renal function of the fetus in each case. A number of data on fetal urine, such as the sodium, 2-microglobulin or calcium levels, make this assessment possible. Correlations between the fetal urinary parameters and the renal function in the child at age one have been established. These criteria now allow distinguishing the fetuses that will not survive from those that will have renal insufficiency and, finally, from those whose renal function will be normal at age 1.

Constriction, Pathologic↗
PubMed1987

Deep breaths and airway obstruction in asthma.

Spontaneously obstructed asthmatics constrict their airways after a DI. Such behavior is also seen in chronic bronchitis in which there is a prominent inflammatory component. Induced obstruction is reversed by a deep breath in asthmatic and chronic bronchitic patients and probably represents constriction of smooth muscle in conducting airways to give a predominance of airway hysteresis. Bronchodilation results in a constrictor effect of a DI which probably represents relaxation of smooth muscle in conducting airways, thereby decreasing airway hysteresis and allowing parenchymal hysteresis to dominate. As can be appreciated in Figure 3, all possible responses to a DI are seen and become coherent within the framework of the relative hysteresis analysis. The response of airways to a deep breath may relate to both site and mechanism of obstruction. It is suggested that defining the airway response to a deep breath in an asthmatic may relate not only to site and mechanism but may dictate what therapeutic agents should be given at that time.

Asthma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Surgical anatomy of the popliteal fossa].

This communication provides accurate details of the surface anatomy of the popliteal space (french and latin nomenclature). The author describes the muscular reference points, and the relationships between arteries, veins and the internal and external popliteal sciatic nerve. This region has a variety of pathologies: dilatation of the venae comites, of the sapheno-popliteal junction, doubling of the femoral and femoro-popliteal, with aneurysmal dilatation; abnormal veins (popliteal space vein), aneurysm of the popliteal vein; multiple compression due to arterial and nerve structures.

Genetic Variation↗