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PubMed1996

Differential cytokine mRNA expression by neonatal pulmonary cells.

The purpose of this study was to describe cytokine profiles of human neonatal pulmonary cells isolated by tracheal aspiration (TA) and by deep pulmonary lavage (DPL). We hypothesized that mRNA phenotyping, using the technique of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), would reveal differences in cytokine expression patterns between cells from proximal and distal airway compartments. We reasoned that cells derived by DPL may reflect pathogenic pathways indicative for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the premature infant. Here we have described the detection of mRNA for IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Fourteen paired TA and DPL samples from six premature infants were collected at 1, 7, or 28 d of age. Two of 14 samples were negative for beta-actin (a ubiquitous mRNA) by RT-PCR and were excluded from further analysis. Each of the remaining 12 samples expressed IL-8. Furthermore, each cytokine could be expressed by TA or DPL cells. Cytokine mRNA phenotype profiles were found to differ between TA and DPL cells in four of five paired samples. Our results show that cells retrieved from these two pulmonary compartments are sources for these cytokines and suggest that RT-PCR of TA/DPL cells can be used to test hypothetical predictive markers for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid↗
PubMed1990

[Immunologic disorders in children with developmental thoracic defects].

As the result of immunological examination of 21 children with developmental defects of the chest and analysis of the course of the postoperative period in 136 children, among which 36 had hereditary syndromes of systemic connective-tissue dyshistogenesis, it was found that suppurative complications of thoracoplasty, which are encountered in 15% of children with isolated developmental chest defects and in 33.3% of those with the above mentioned syndromes, were caused to a great measure by disorders of the immune status. The most serious immunological deviations were encountered in the Marfan syndrome due to impaired phagocytic activity of neutrophils and monocytes, decreased number of T, T active, and B lymphocytes, and diminished function of T helpers. In unclassified complexes of developmental defects with Marfaneic ++ phenotypes, the immunological disorders were similar, but less deep. In the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, a decrease of the number of immunocompetent cells, function of T helpers, and neutrophils was mainly revealed. In isolated forms of funnel chest the function of monocytes and the number of immunoglobulins are mainly decreased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Time-dependent expression of intestinal phenotype in signet ring cell carcinomas of the human stomach.

Signet ring cell carcinomas of the stomach are thought to arise from the proper gastric mucosa without intestinal metaplasia. It was recently reported that intestinal phenotypes appear along with tumor progression. In this study, we performed several experiments to reconsider the significance of this intestinalization in the growth of signet ring cell carcinoma. We applied mucin histochemistry with monoclonal antibodies MUC2 (Ccp58) and M1 (45M1), and paradoxical concanavalin A staining for class III mucin [PCS(III)] reaction to 29 intramucosal and 25 deeply invasive carcinomas of this type and correlated the phenotypic expression with the size of the mucosal spread and the depth of tumor invasion. It was found that the larger the size of the mucosal lesion, the more frequently the intestinal phenotypes were demonstrated. There was no significant increase in the expression of the intestinal phenotype as the tumor invaded the deeper part of the mucosa or as the intestinal metaplasia increased in the background mucosa. The intestinal expression appeared to be suppressed in the earlier phase of deep invasion. In the mucosal part of the tumor, the intestinal phenotype was often expressed regionally and incompletely, coexisting with gastric phenotypes at the cellular and the tissue levels. These findings indicate that the expression of the intestinal phenotype is a time-dependent and unstable phenomenon probably based on the accumulation of genetic changes and plays a neutral role in progression of signet ring cell carcinomas.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The role of HLA A2 and Cw2 in the pathogenesis of human demodicosis.

BACKGROUND: Demodicosis is a chronic skin disease caused by parasitic mites of the genus Demodex. It usually affects the face area causing major esthetical problems. The pathogenesis of demodicosis is not fully understood; however, it is quite apparent that immunological mechanisms mediate its development. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to study the correlation between immunological and immunogenetic data obtained from patients with demodicosis in order to clarify the pathogenesis of Demodex infestation. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with demodicosis and 13 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects participated in the study. The presence of mites was determined by microscopic inspection of sebum gland secretions. The immune response was evaluated by identifying membrane markers of different immune cells using monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD16+, CD20+ and CD95+) while the concentration of IgA, IgM and IgG was measured by simple radial immunodiffusion. The level of circulating immune complexes and total hemolytic complement as well as the preparatory and digestive function of neutrophils and the functional activity of leukocytes were also studied. Patients were typed for HLA A, B, Bw and Cw using the microlymphocytotoxicity method. RESULTS: The comparison between patients with and without the A2 phenotype showed that the latter have lower numbers of CD8+, lower functional activity of leukocytes, higher concentrations of IgA, larger affected skin areas and are more often affected by deep papular and papulopustular forms of demodicosis than those with the A2 phenotype, showing that this allele has a protective role in demodicosis. Patients exhibiting the Cw2 phenotypes were rather susceptible to demodicosis. They showed decreased numbers of CD3+, increased levels of phagocytic activity, higher mite density and severer skin damage as compared to patients lacking Cw2. CONCLUSIONS: The HLA A2 and Cw2 phenotypes have an important diagnostic, prognostic and pathogenetic significance and could play a role in resistance or susceptibility to demodicosis by regulating the end phase of the immune response.

Adult↗
PubMed2025

Smarter stomata: emergent technologies unlocking yield potential in a changing climate.

Stomata, the gatekeepers of leaf gas exchange, regulate carbon dioxide uptake and water loss, functions increasingly critical as crops face more frequent, intense heat and drought. Under dry conditions, stomatal conductance (g s) typically decreases, limiting carbon assimilation and yield. Heat stress, in contrast, elicits variable g S responses: sometimes increasing to facilitate transpirational cooling, while at other times decreasing, especially when combined with drought. Heat and drought also induce complex, context-dependent shifts in stomatal anatomy. Smaller, denser stomata improve drought resilience in some cases, while reduced density confers greater tolerance in others. The optimal stomatal ideotype remains unknown, and different or even opposing traits may confer resilience dependent on the environmental scenario. Substantial genotypic variation in g s and stomatal anatomy, high heritability and co-localized quantitative trait loci for stomatal traits and yield highlight their untapped potential as breeding targets for climate-resilient crops. However, stomatal traits remain largely absent from breeding pipelines due to challenges of phenotyping at scale. This is changing rapidly. Advances in deep learning, porometry, digital microscopy, and remote sensing now enable high-throughput measurement of stomatal physiology and anatomy. Next-generation breeding technologies including clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), multi-omics approaches, and artificial intelligence-driven ideotype selection models could revolutionize breeding, allowing precise engineering of stomatal traits for resilience to environmental stress. The time has come to move beyond characterizing stomatal traits and start actively incorporating them into breeding strategies. By leveraging these technologies, stomatal traits can become high value targets, unlocking their potential to enhance crop performance in a hotter, drier future.

abiotic stress↗
PubMed2003

Colliding gastric and intestinal phenotype well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach developing in an area of MALT-type lymphoma.

A 73-year-old man presented with an abnormal gastric shadow during a check-up of atomic bomb survivors. Radiological examination and endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract revealed a protruding tumor, type 0-I+IIa, on the lesser curvature of the midstomach. An initial diagnosis of early gastric cancer was made and a segmental gastrectomy was planned. However, distal gastrectomy with D3 lymph node dissection was necessary, because intraoperative frozen section showed that the paraaortic lymph nodes (N3) were positive for cancer. The tumor in the resected specimen was, microscopically, a well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma (tub1) with pT2 (MP), pN3, ly2, and v1, in final (f) stage IV. The tumor cells of the type 0-I segment appeared as gastric phenotype and those of the type 0-IIa segment as intestinal phenotype. The border between the two was distinct. The tumor had focally invaded the muscularis propria where only the gastric phenotype was shown and the histological type became less differentiated. Thus, special attention should be paid to possible unexpected deep-wall invasion and lymph node metastasis in well-differentiated adenocarcinomas of the gastric phenotype. Further, in this patient, diffusely proliferating low-grade lymphoma was also observed incidentally in the gastric mucosa within and around the carcinoma. This was diagnosed as mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-type lymphoma with aberrant expression of BCL10. Finally, this case was considered to be a colliding gastric and intestinal phenotype well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach developed in an area involved by MALT-type lymphoma. Because no Helicobacter pylori was detected throughout the mucosae and the patient had no history of its infection, the three tumors may have developed under the same conditions as those seen in Helicobacter pylori infection, but without this infection.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2000

Phylogenetic analysis of psychrophilic bacteria isolated from the Japan Trench, including a description of the deep-sea species Psychrobacter pacificensis sp. nov.

Phylogenetic positions of psychrophilic bacteria isolated from the Japan Trench were determined by sequencing analysis of PCR-amplified bacterial small subunit (16S) rRNA genes. Between surface and deep-sea psychrophiles, distinct positions clearly differed within the gamma-Proteobacteria. In phylogenetic analysis using neighbour-joining, maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood, strains from surface seawater were inferred to be located in the Halomonas aquamarina-meridiana clade within the family Halomonadaceae. Strains from deep seawater (5000-6000 m), however, formed a novel monophyletic clade within the Moraxella-Psychrobacter branch in the family Moraxellaceae, showing separation from terrestrial and Antarctic relatives. These deep-sea strains were also discriminated from other known Psychrobacter species in phenotype, e.g. limited growth in the absence of NaCl (optimum at about 3% NaCl), positive urease activity, acid production from xylose and arabinose, and the presence of multiple fimbriae. DNA relatedness values among six deep-sea strains were > 85% in DNA-DNA hybridization experiments and > 98% in aligned 16S rDNA sequences. From this evidence, a new species, Psychrobacter pacificensis, is proposed for these deep-sea psychrophiles; the type strain of Psychrobacter pacificensis is strain NIBH P2K6T (= IFO 16270T). Occurrence of psychrobacters in cold Japan Trench deep seawater and at the Antarctic sea surface suggests that deep-sea bacterial habitation and evolution have been mediated by global deep-ocean circulation linked to the sinking of cooled seawater in polar regions.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed2026

Genome mining reveals an architecturally expanded pyoluteorin-associated biosynthetic gene cluster and a divergent flavin-dependent halogenase-like sequence in deep-sea Pseudomonas Aeruginosa from the Gulf of Guinea.

BACKGROUND: Marine deep-sea environments harbour microorganisms with extraordinary biosynthetic potential, yet their secondary metabolite repertoires remain largely uncharacterised. RESULTS: This study reports the isolation, phenotypic characterisation, and whole-genome analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain E1, recovered from deep Atlantic seawater (Gulf of Guinea, ~2500 m depth), which exhibits antifungal activity against multidrug-resistant Candida parapsilosis. Three presumptive P. aeruginosa isolates (E1, E17, and E44) showed > 99% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity to P. aeruginosa reference sequences, while whole-genome dDDH analysis of strain E1 yielded 95.2% (95% CI: 93.6-96.4%; formula d4) relative to the P. aeruginosa type strain DSM 50071ᵀ (= ATCC 10145ᵀ), supporting its species-level assignment. Antifungal screening and PCR-based detection of flavin-dependent halogenase genes identified strain E1 as the primary candidate for genomic investigation. Illumina whole-genome sequencing produced a 6.33 Mb draft genome assembly (113 contigs, 5862 protein-coding genes, 66.4% GC content). Genome mining with antiSMASH 8.0 identified 27 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) spanning nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), polyketide synthase (PKS), phenazine, terpene, and metallophore pathways. Region 7.1 of strain E1 harbours a predicted 50.8 kb pyoluteorin-associated BGC, comprising 34 genes, substantially larger than its terrestrial counterpart (~ 22 kb, ~ 17 genes), and featuring nine transport genes and three regulatory elements. Phylogenetic analysis resolved three halogenase genes: ctg7_146 showed 98.7% amino acid identity to PltA, and ctg7_149 showed 99.2% amino acid identity to PltM, supporting their annotation as PltA-like and PltM-like components of the predicted pyoluteorin biosynthetic pathway. Among the characterised reference enzymes included in this analysis, ctg7_143 showed the highest amino acid identity to PltM from P. fluorescens Pf-5. However, the identity remained low at approximately 30.4%, supporting its placement as a divergent FDH-like sequence rather than a close PltM orthologue. CONCLUSION: This study provides the first comprehensive genomic characterisation of a pyoluteorin-BGC-harbouring marine P. aeruginosa strain, demonstrating conservation of the core biosynthetic machinery alongside an expanded transport architecture and a divergent FDH-like sequence that may represent a candidate for future biochemical investigation. These findings expand current knowledge of FDH-like sequence diversity in deep-sea bacteria and support further investigation of Gulf of Guinea microorganisms as a potential source of biosynthetic and enzymatic diversity.

Multigene Family↗
PubMed2005

[Unclassified mature T cell leukemia with cerebriform nuclei].

A 53 year-old male visited our hospital for evaluation of his leukocytosis, which was first diagnosed more than 6 years previously. He was asymptomatic and there were no remarkable findings on physical and laboratory examinations except for the lymphocytosis. Abnormal lymphocytes with deep folded nuclei were seen on light microscopy, whose phenotype was CD3+, CD4-, CD8-, CD7-, CD16 , CD56-, CD45RO+ and CD45RA- . Electron microscopy revealed 'cerebriform nuclei' which were characteristic of Sézary cells. Adult T cell leukemia (ATL) and Sézary syndrome (SS) were ruled out because of the negative HTLV-1 test and the absence of skin lesions, respectively. T-prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), which is characterized by a marked increase in leukocytes having a CD7-phenotype and a progressive fatal course, was also excluded. Recently, the TCL1 onco-protein has been shown to be overexpressed in progressive T-PLL but not in other mature T cell leukemias including Sézary syndrome. Peripheral mononuclear cells in the present patient did not overexpress TCL1. In its morphology and phenotypes, our case resembled 'Sézary cell leukemia (SCL)' but the clinical course was much more indolent. This case did not match any of the mature T cell leukemias defined in the WHO classification.

Cell Nucleus↗
PubMed1998

A mutation of the active protein S gene leading to an EGF1-lacking protein in a family with qualitative (type II) deficiency.

The genomic analysis of a 70-year-old man with recurrent deep venous thrombosis having a protein S (PS)-deficient phenotype corresponding to both type III and type II evidenced two different mutations: a +5 g-->a mutation in the donor splice site of intron e (ivs e) and a ser 460 to Pro mutation. The propositus' son, who had a type II PS deficiency phenotype, only bore the ivs e +5 g-->a mutation. The study of platelet PS mRNA prepared from this subject showed that the ivs e, +5 g-->a mutation led to the generation of two abnormal transcripts, one lacking exon 5 and the other lacking exons 5 and 6. The presence of an additional PS band with a decreased molecular mass on immunoblots performed in reducing conditions suggested the presence of truncated PS lacking EGF1 (encoded by exon 5). Two monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) were used to further characterize the nonfunctional plasma PS. Comparison of PS levels measured with each of these MoAbs and PS levels in conventional assays was consistent with the presence of an abnormal inactive protein in the plasma of both patients bearing the ivs e, +5 g-->a mutation, suggesting that variant PS lacking EGF1 is secreted but is devoid of activated protein C cofactor activity.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Increased release of glucuronoxylomannan antigen and induced phenotypic changes in Trichosporon asahii by repeated passage in mice.

Clinically important fungi such as Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans are known to undergo phenotypic changes after repeated subculture or passages in vivo. However, there are no reports describing this phenomenon in Trichosporon species. This study investigated whether in-vivo passages of environmental isolates of Trichosporon asahii in mice changes their phenotype; three environmental isolates and 14 clinical isolates (from deep-seated infections) were used. The shape of the colony and cell type were observed, and the titre of glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) antigen and concentration of (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan were measured for each isolate. Changes in these features were also examined after three passages of the environmental isolates in mice. The shape of colonies and cell types were clearly different in environmental and clinical isolates. Furthermore, the clinical isolates released significantly higher levels of GXM antigen than environmental isolates (titre: log2 9.4 SD 0.7 versus log2 5.4 SD 1.4). The phenotype of passaged isolates was significantly different from the original environmental isolates with respect to the morphology of colonies and cell type and GXM release (titre: log2 10.0 SD 0.7 versus log2 5.4 SD 1.4). These results suggest that the phenotypic changes in T. asahii occur as a result of in-vivo passages. This process may allow a proportion of the fungal population to escape eradication by the host immune system, as GXM antigen is considered to protect the fungi against phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Association of infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype O11 with intravenous abuse of pentazocine mixed with tripelennamine.

From July 1979 to June 1983, 25 of 40 intravenous drug addicts with systemic infections had Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the etiological agent; by 1982, P. aeruginosa had replaced Staphylococcus aureus as the most common pathogen. At least 21 of the 25 addicts with P. aeruginosa infection abused pentazocine mixed with tripelennamine (commonly known as T's and blues) compared with 6 of 15 addicts infected with other pathogens (P = 0.006). Of the 25 P. aeruginosa isolates, 23 were of serotype O11. Phenotypic patterns in isolates from addicts and in 22 serotype O11 control isolates from nonaddicts were determined by pyocin and electrophoretic enzyme typing, as well as by susceptibility to heavy metals and antibiotics. Of 25 isolates from addicts, 20 were identical or differed by only one marker, whereas the 22 nonaddict serotype O11 isolates were distributed among 17 distinct phenotypic patterns. We postulate that the emergence of P. aeruginosa as the major cause of deep infection in addicts is a consequence of contamination of their paraphernalia during preparation of pentazocine and tripelennamine for self-injection. The phenotypic similarity among isolates from addicts may reflect acquisition from related environmental sources and an unusual ability of certain serotype O11 strains to survive preparation of the drugs or to be invasive.

Drug Contamination↗
PubMed1991

A case of Marfan's syndrome phenotype associated with neurogenic muscle atrophy.

A 23 year-old man was admitted because of weakness and atrophy in both tights. He was 184 cm in height with arachnodactyly and had a mild dilatation of the ascending aorta which was detected by cardiac echogram and chest CT scan. A laboratory examination revealed normal serum values for mucopolysaccarides and amino acids, and 46XY chromosomes. These findings indicate a Marfan's syndrome phenotype. A neurological finding showed a proximal dominant muscle atrophy and increased deep tendon reflexes. The EMG revealed a polyphasic action potential, and a subsequent muscle biopsy demonstrated a small group atrophy and atrophy of Type II fibers. Neuroradiological studies of brain and spinal cord indicated no substantial abnormalities. Only 4 cases of Marfanoid habit accompanied by primary nervous system disturbances have been reported and these had variable complications or severe neurological deficits. The present case, which involved mild neurogenic muscle atrophy and brisk deep tendon reflexes without complications except myopia, was unique.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Experimental models of growth factor-mediated angiogenesis and blood-retinal barrier breakdown.

Following chronic ischemia, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is induced primarily in the ganglion cell layer of the retina. This often results in neovascularization (NV) that originates from the vascular bed closest to the ganglion cell layer. To study the effects of VEGF, independent lines of transgenic mice that express VEGF in the lens and in the retina have been generated. Expression in the lens results in excessive proliferation and accumulation of angioblasts and endothelial cells in proximity to the lens. However, VEGF expression is not sufficient to direct blood vessel organization or maturation in the prenatal mouse. Abnormal vessels do form on the retinal surface, but not until the second postnatal week. In transgenic mice expressing VEGF in the photoreceptors, NV originates from the deep capillary bed--the vascular bed closest to the photoreceptors. NV is accompanied by localized blood-retinal barrier breakdown. NV is also induced in PDGF-B transgenic mice. PDGF-B expression in the lens occurs prenatally and, during this time, mainly affects the perilenticular vessels. Postnatally, transgenic mice expressing PDGF-B in the lens or photoreceptors show a similar phenotype. In both models, a highly vascularized cell mass containing endothelial cells, pericytes, and glia forms in the superficial retina, and the formation of the deep capillary bed is inhibited. The phenotype suggests that an additional factor is necessary for the maturation and penetration of vascular endothelial cells into the retina to form the deep capillary bed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effects of Phenotyping Environment on Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Rice Root Morphology under Anaerobic Conditions.

In the rainfed lowlands, rice (Oryza sativa L.) develops roots under anaerobic soil conditions with ponded water, prior to exposure to aerobic soil conditions and water stress. Constitutive root system development in anaerobic soil conditions has been reported to have a positive effect on subsequent expression of adaptive root traits and water extraction during water stress. We examined effects of phenotyping environment on identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for constitutive root morphology traits using 220 doubled-haploid lines (DHLs) from the cross of 'CT9993-5-10-1-M' (CT9993; japonica, upland adapted) x 'IR62266-42-6-2' (IR62266; indica, lowland adapted) in four greenhouse experiments. Broad sense heritability (h(2)) was 75, 60, and 64% on average for shoot biomass, deep root morphology, and root thickness traits, respectively. Quantitative trait loci analysis identified 18 genomic regions associated with deep root morphology traits, but only three were identified consistently across experiments. Three out of a total of eight QTLs for root thickness traits were found in more than one experiment. The maximum genetic effects caused by a single QTL were increments of 0.05 g of deep root mass below a 30-cm soil depth, 0.9% of deep root ratio, 1.6 cm of rooting depth, and 0.09 cm of root thickness, with phenotypic variation explained by a single QTL ranging from 6.8 to 51.8%. The results demonstrate the importance of phenotyping environment and suggest prospects for selection of QTLs for deep root morphology, root thickness, and vigorous seedling growth under anaerobic conditions to improve the constitutive root system of rainfed lowland rice. There was some consistency in QTL regions identified, despite the presence of QTL x environment interactions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

In vitro and in vivo characterization of a Bordetella bronchiseptica mutant strain with a deep rough lipopolysaccharide structure.

Bordetella bronchiseptica is closely related to Bordetella pertussis, which produces respiratory disease primarily in mammals other than humans. However, its importance as a human pathogen is being increasingly recognized. Although a large amount of research on Bordetella has been generated regarding protein virulence factors, the participation of the surface lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during B. bronchiseptica infection is less understood. To get a better insight into this matter, we constructed and characterized the behavior of an LPS mutant with the deepest possible rough phenotype. We generated the defective mutant B. bronchiseptica LP39 on the waaC gene, which codes for a heptosyl transferase involved in the biosynthesis of the core region of the LPS molecule. Although in B. bronchiseptica LP39 the production of the principal virulence determinants adenylate cyclase-hemolysin, filamentous hemagglutinin, and pertactin persisted, the quantity of the two latter factors was diminished, with the levels of pertactin being the most greatly affected. Furthermore, the LPS of B. bronchiseptica LP39 did not react with sera obtained from mice that had been infected with the parental strain, indicating that this defective LPS is immunologically different from the wild-type LPS. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the ability to colonize the respiratory tract is reduced in the mutant, being effectively cleared from lungs within 5 days, whereas the parental strain survived at least for 30 days. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that, although B. bronchiseptica LP39 was impaired for adhesion to human epithelial cells, it is still able to survive within the host cells as efficiently as the parental strain. These results seem to indicate that the deep rough form of B. bronchiseptica LPS cannot represent a dominant phenotype at the first stage of colonization. Since isolates with deep rough LPS phenotype have already been obtained from human B. bronchiseptica chronic infections, the possibility that this phenotype arises as a consequence of selection pressure within the host at a late stage of the infection process is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Synchronous effects of temperature, hydrostatic pressure, and salinity on growth, phospholipid profiles, and protein patterns of four Halomonas species isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal-vent and sea surface environments.

Four strains of euryhaline bacteria belonging to the genus Halomonas were tested for their response to a range of temperatures (2, 13, and 30 degrees C), hydrostatic pressures (0.1, 7.5, 15, 25, 35, 45, and 55 MPa), and salinities (4, 11, and 17% total salts). The isolates were psychrotolerant, halophilic to moderately halophilic, and piezotolerant, growing fastest at 30 degrees C, 0.1 MPa, and 4% total salts. Little or no growth occurred at the highest hydrostatic pressures tested, an effect that was more pronounced with decreasing temperatures. Growth curves suggested that the Halomonas strains tested would grow well in cool to warm hydrothermal-vent and associated subseafloor habitats, but poorly or not at all under cold deep-sea conditions. The intermediate salinity tested enhanced growth under certain high-hydrostatic-pressure and low-temperature conditions, highlighting a synergistic effect on growth for these combined stresses. Phospholipid profiles obtained at 30 degrees C indicated that hydrostatic pressure exerted the dominant control on the degree of lipid saturation, although elevated salinity slightly mitigated the increased degree of lipid unsaturation caused by increased hydrostatic pressure. Profiles of cytosolic and membrane proteins of Halomonas axialensis and H. hydrothermalis performed at 30 degrees C under various salinities and hydrostatic pressure conditions indicated several hydrostatic pressure and salinity effects, including proteins whose expression was induced by either an elevated salinity or hydrostatic pressure, but not by a combination of the two. The interplay between salinity and hydrostatic pressure on microbial growth and physiology suggests that adaptations to hydrostatic pressure and possibly other stresses may partially explain the euryhaline phenotype of members of the genus Halomonas living in deep-sea environments.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The nature of the genotype and heredity].

The term "genotype" is used for both hereditary information and its substantial bearer. The most important property of the information is relatively of its content which means very weak dependence on properties of the information substantial bearer (genotype of the second meaning) and very strong dependence on properties of the information recipient. Hereditary information (genotype in the first meaning) is addressed to the ontogenesis system, that is, to phenotype. From this it follows: 1) The genotype content is determined not so much by properties of its substantial bearer as by properties of the phenotype to which it is addressed; 2) Certainty of the genotype content depends not so much on stability of its elements, genes, as on stability of the phenotype of adaptive norm; 3) Genotype possess certain content only for a phenotype inherited from the ontogeny of other (maternal) organism or from a previous ontogenetic stage of the same organism; 4) Genotype (and this is true for any hereditary information of an organism) can not be localized in the primary structures of the nucleic acids. It is an aspect of phenotype and not a part thereof and, in this sense, does not possess independent being; 5) Each element of the phenotype, including genotype, relative to its other elements, is both recipient and bearer of hereditary information; 6) Genotype, as genetic code, is specialized but, not the only, "organ" of storing and transferring of hereditary information; 7) There is no two identical genotypes existing in nature; 8) The only operational definition of the genotype is its treating as genetic information localized in one or several loci; 9) Rather strong relation between certain symbols of genetic code (genes) and certain phenotypic characters reflects stability of reactional system of adaptive norm; 10) High semantic university of some symbols of genetic code indicates deep phylogenetic unity of all existing organisms; 11) Biological sense of structural separateness of the genotype within phenotype is creating and supporting of an information pool undestroyable during ontogenetic development; 12) All and only living systems possess reciprocally determining processes of individual and historic development; 13) Heredity, as an ability of descendants to reproduce safely in their ontogeneses the properties of their ancestors is an integral undecomposable (more exactly, decomposable but for operational purposes) property of the life. There is no and could not be any "heredity substance, as there is no and could not be an "information substance".

Animals↗