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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

UK and western European late-age mortality: trends in cause-specific death rates, 1960-1990.

Age, sex and cause-specific death rates for the elderly population of 16 western European countries are examined for 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990. Over the 30 years, the all-cause rates have fallen by around 23-41% depending on age and sex. Mortality from stroke has declined substantially and from cardiovascular disorders has recently fallen, but cancer health rates have increased among men. A comparison of the UK death rates with the west European and Swiss rates finds relative improvement in the UK for male mortality, but that female mortality at the younger ages has worsened sharply. Cardiovascular and stroke mortality is now exceptionally high in the UK among females aged 60-64 years and the 1980s trends for the 60-64 and 70-74 years age groups were unfavourable for several other causes of death.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

Further evidence of a positive correlation between exposure to nitrate fertilizers (NaNO3 and KNO3) and gastric cancer death rates: nitrites and nitrosamines.

Mean age-adjusted death rates for gastric cancer in Chile for 1960, 1962 and 1964 were associated with exposure to sodium nitrate and nitrates (NaNO3 and KNO3) used as fertilizers, by province. The general population exposure to NaNO3 and nitrates exhibited correlation coefficients of 0.745 and 0.718 with the death rates, respectively.

Chile↗
PubMed1990

Accidental death rates and suicide.

Two hypotheses were considered for the association between accidental death rates and suicide rates: (1) that suicidal deaths may be misclassified occasionally as accidental deaths, and (2) that accidental death rates provide an index of the availability of methods for suicide. Correlations over time produced results supporting the second hypothesis.

Accidents↗
PubMed2005

The competing roles of virus replication and hepatocyte death rates in the emergence of drug-resistant mutants: theoretical considerations.

Lamivudine therapy of individuals chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) may eventually fail due to the emergence of drug-resistant mutants. Nonetheless, the durability of the response generally exceeds 6-12 months. This durability appeared surprising in view of published evidence that the replication rate of drug-resistant mutants might be at least 10% of the replication rate of uninhibited wild-type virus. In this case, it might be expected that pre-existing mutants would rapidly spread to any uninfected hepatocytes that arose during therapy. To gain insights into why therapy is at least transiently successful in many patients, we constructed a computational model of the infected liver to account for the rates of replication of wild-type and drug-resistant mutant viruses, rates of death of infected and uninfected hepatocytes, rates of spontaneous mutation to drug resistance, opportunity for polymerase trans-complementation, and the survival or loss of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) during cell division. The analyses suggest that either drug-resistant mutants have much lower replication rates than suspected, or that spread of virus to uninfected hepatocytes that arise in the chronically infected liver is much slower than during de novo infections.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The assessment of premature death rates in Byelarus due to environmental air pollution].

The attributive death rates due to ambient air pollution were estimated in the urban areas of Byelarus. Estimation used the data of daily atmospheric contamination monitoring made by the Main Hydrometereology Committee of Byelarus in 15 towns from 1990 to 1999. To establish a dose-response relationship, the results of the well-known investigations by Dockery were used, which covering prospective cohort studies in 6 towns of the USA, have demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between atmospheric pollution and mortality rates. In Byelarus, about 7.5 thousand premature deaths or 6% of the total annual death rates may be induced by atmospheric pollution. Possible factors that influence the accuracy of estimates are discussed in the paper.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[A study of high artificial fetal death rates in Miyazaki City and surrounding areas].

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated artificial fetal death rates in Miyazaki city and surrounding areas served by the Miyazaki Prefectural Health Center, and examined risk factors related with artificial fetal deaths. METHODS: 1. Based on Vital Statistics and Statistics on Artificial Abortion and Eugenic Operations, rates of artificial fetal deaths and artificial abortions in the research area were compared with those in the whole of Japan. 2. Using fetal death certificates and birth certificates, 279 artificial fetal deaths in legitimate pregnancies from 1990 to 1993 were compared by socio-demographic variables with 1012 randomly selected live births in 1992. RESULTS: The artificial fetal death rate in the research area was 2.1 times that in the whole of Japan, and the rates in the maternal age group under 20 and over 40 years were extremely high. One of the reasons for the high artificial fetal death rate was due to late operation period of abortions, which in Japan is required to be reported as artificial fetal deaths after the 12th week of gestation. The delay was observed frequently in the maternal age group under 20 years, a group in which abortion rate was extremely high. From the comparisons between artificial fetal deaths of the legitimate and live births, it appears that older maternal age, higher number of live birth experiences, and history of past still birth, were related strongly to increased risk of artificial fetal death. Risk of artificial fetal death was significantly higher in urban areas than in rural areas. A large number of abortions were performed in medical facilities that delivered few live births. CONCLUSIONS: The high artificial fetal death rate in Miyazaki city and surrounding areas was due to high frequency of abortions and late operation period. In legitimate pregnancies, maternal age and birth history were related strongly to artificial fetal deaths. Continuous health education in family planning from adolescence through pre-menopause is important to prevent unnecessary artificial abortions.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1996

Severity measurement methods and judging hospital death rates for pneumonia.

Payers and policymakers are increasingly examining hospital mortality rates as indicators of hospital quality. To be meaningful, these death rates must be adjusted for patient severity. This research examined whether judgments about an individual hospital's risk-adjusted mortality is affected by the severity adjustment method. Data came from 105 acute care hospitals nationwide that use the Medis-Groups severity measure. The study population was 18,016 adults hospitalized in 1991 for pneumonia. Multivariable logistic models to predict in-hospital death were computed separately for 14 severity methods, controlling for patient age, sex, and diagnosis-related group (DRG). For each hospital, observed-to-expected death rates and z scores were calculated for each severity method. The overall in-hospital death rate was 9.6%. Unadjusted mortality rates for the 105 hospitals ranged from 1.4% to 19.6%. After adjusting for age, sex, DRG, and severity, 73 facilities had observed mortality rates that did not differ significantly from expected rates according to all 14 severity methods; two had rates significantly higher than expected for all 14 severity methods. For 30 hospitals, observed mortality rates differed significantly from expected rates when judged by one or more but not all 14 severity methods. Kappa analysis showed fair to excellent agreement between severity methods. The 14 severity methods agreed about relative hospital performance more often than expected by chance, but perceptions of individual hospitals' mortality rates varied using different severity adjustment methods for almost one third of facilities. Judgments about individual hospital performance using different severity adjustment approaches may reach different conclusions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Formulas expressing life expectancy, survival probability and death rate in life table at various ages in US adults.

The National Center for Health Statistics (Monthly Vital Statistics Report, 41 (1993) 1-36; Pediatrics, 92 (1993) 743-754) reported the life table for the total population of the United States, 1992, on the basis of vital statistics. The life table shows life expectancy, survival and death rate at various ages. Formulas expressing death rate, survival probability and life expectancy at various ages in US adults are constructed from the data of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). A mathematical model of the 'probacent'-probability equation previously published by the author is employed in this study. Analysis of the computer-assisted predicted values and the data reported by the NCHS indicates that the formulas are accurate and reliable with a close agreement in expressing death rate, survival probability and life expectancy at various ages in US adults of 25 years of age and older. The formulas can determine the relationship between the age and the death rate, the survival probability or the life expectancy and may be of value for epidemiologic evaluation of US adults.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Cause-specific perinatal death rates, birth weight and deprivation in the West Midlands, 1991-93.

OBJECTIVES: To study the relationship between cause-specific perinatal death rates, material deprivation and birthweight among births in 3 consecutive years in the West Midlands Health Region. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: West Midlands Health Region (WMHR). STUDY POPULATION: All births (live and stillbirths) to mothers with addresses in the WMHR in 1991, 1992 and 1993. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cause-specific perinatal death rates--crude and stratified by birthweight. METHODS: Perinatal deaths in the WMHR in 1991-93, collected as part of the national Confidential Enquiry into Stillbirths and Deaths in Infancy, were classified into causes of death by the extended Wigglesworth classification. Crude rates for cause-specific perinatal deaths and rates stratified by birthweight < 2500 g and > or = 2500 g were calculated for each enumeration district (ED) quintile derived by ranking enumeration districts for the whole of the region by Townsend Deprivation Index. Cause-specific rates of death were investigated for a linear trend across ED quintiles. The relative risk of death (most vs least deprived) from specific causes was calculated. Using rates for the least deprived quintile as the reference, deaths from each cause 'attributable' to social inequality were calculated. RESULTS: Positive linear trends in perinatal deaths were noted with increasing deprivation for each specific cause of death except those classified as 'other causes' (Wigglesworth Class E). Relative risk (most vs least deprived) of perinatal death with a congenital anomaly was 1.98 (confidence interval, CI: 1.36,2.89). For deaths related to antepartum events, intrapartum events and immaturity the risks were 1.81 (CI: 1.39,2.38), 1.48 (CI: 1.10,1.98) and 1.92 (CI 1.45,2.56), respectively. Forty-three (35.7%) perinatal deaths per year were due to congenital anomalies, 63 (29.7%) antepartum events, 36 (21.9%) intrapartum events and 61 (32.7%) immaturity and these were statistically 'attributable' to social inequality. Cause-specific perinatal death rates for babies < 2500 g showed no correlation with deprivation; however, for babies > or = 2500 g the association with deprivation persisted. CONCLUSIONS: All cause-specific rates except those due to 'other causes' showed a positive linear trend with increasing deprivation. These trends were found for infants born > or = 2500 g but were not seen for low birthweight infants (< 2500 g). Almost 30% of deaths were statistically 'attributable' to social inequality. The results of this study suggest that material deprivation plays an important role in the causal pathway leading to perinatal death and needs to be addressed in preventive programmes aimed at the reduction of perinatal deaths.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2005

Incidence and hospital death rates associated with heart failure: a community-wide perspective.

PURPOSE: Despite often stated references to the emerging epidemic of heart failure in the United States, relatively little data are available describing the incidence and short-term death rates associated with this clinical syndrome. The objectives of this study were to describe the hospital incidence and death rates associated with acute heart failure and factors associated with an adverse hospital prognosis in residents of the Worcester, Mass, metropolitan area hospitalized at all greater Worcester medical centers with new onset heart failure in 2000. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of patients hospitalized for acute heart failure at all 11 area medical centers during 2000. New onset heart failure was diagnosed using standardized criteria. Regression analyses were performed to examine demographic and clinical factors associated with hospital death rates. RESULTS: During 2000, 2604 men and women from greater Worcester were diagnosed with new onset heart failure; 637 (24.5%) of these cases were initial events. The incidence and attack rates (per 100,000) of heart failure were 219 and 897, respectively. Occurrence of heart failure increased with advancing age, and women were at greater risk for heart failure than men (incidence rates [per 100,000] = 250 and 194, respectively). Hospital case-fatality rates were 5.1%. Hospital death rates were associated with several demographic and clinical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that heart failure is an important clinical syndrome affecting residents of this large northeast community. Several groups at high risk for developing or dying from heart failure can be identified and targeted for preventive efforts as well as for the receipt of effective treatment modalities.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Decline of acute myocardial infarction death rates not due to cause of death coding.

The recent decline in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality has been attributed to reduction in risk factors, improved management and the possibility of statistical artifacts. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of geographic and time variation in the coding of cause of death from death certificates into ICD codes upon CHD mortality rates in Canada. Equal samples of death certificates were recoded for Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan for each of the years 1970 and 1984: 1) a first set of 1,600 death certificates originally coded as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 2) a second set of 800 death certificates from all causes of death. The coding error rates increased with age and with the number of contributing and underlying causes of death reported on the death certificates. The net effect of false positive and false negative AMI codes on death certificates did not vary significantly by province or year. Thus, variation of death certificate coding over time and geographic regions do not contribute toward the explanation of the AMI mortality rate decline.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relation of serum albumin concentration to death rate in nursing home men.

Serum albumin was measured in 126 men (average age 70.6; range 40 to 96) of a Veterans Administration Nursing Home, and was correlated with other items in an extensive clinical data base, including death or survival during the year after the analysis. The reason for institutionalization was chronic neurologic disease or other disabling physical condition in 63 men (group A), and psychiatric disorder in 63 men (group B). In group A, the proportions of men with albumin less than 3.5, 3.5-4.0, and greater than 4.0 g/dl were 6%, 37%, and 57%, respectively. In this group, the serum albumin level was significantly (p less than 0.05) correlated with death rate, hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum cholesterol, and serum lactic dehydrogenase. The death rate in group A during the year after the albumin analysis was 25%. For the patients with albumin level less than 3.5, 3.5-4.0, and greater than 4.0 g/dl, the death rates were 50%, 43%, and 11% respectively (p less than 0.01 for comparison of the former two groups with the latter). The subgroup with albumin 3.5-4.0 g/dl represented only 37% of the men in group A, but accounted for 63% of the group's deaths. In group B, serum albumin level was not significantly correlated with any other clinical variable. Death rate during the year after the albumin analysis was only 2% in group B, and did not correlate with the albumin level. These data indicate that, in nonpsychiatric Nursing Home men, the desirable level for the serum albumin concentration is higher than 3.5 g/dl.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

What is being done about Delaware's high cancer death rate? (1988 through June 1997).

After more than ten years of studies of Delaware's high cancer death rates by Delaware's Division of Public Health, few of the recommendations to reduce the excessive number of cancer deaths have been understood or adopted. Although rural Sussex County's cancer death rate is higher than the other two counties (except for lung cancer), and Delaware has only a few more cancers per population than the national average, industrial toxins commonly continue to be blamed for the State's high cancer mortality rate. People are still not persuaded that over the long run, cancer deaths would be cut by adopting healthy life styles to: 1. Reduce exposures to tobacco (by far the most significant intervention), 2. Stick to low fat, high fiber diets, 3. Have regular screening for cancers with appropriate tests 4. Seek medical attention for early symptoms of cancer. This review is seeking to emphasize the importance of implementing the repeated recommendations to reduce cancer mortality in Delaware without asking for another study, and to stress that health behavior education at home and in the schools is a cost effective way to initiate the adoption of healthy life styles to reduce the risk of getting cancer and dying from it. Efforts in the schools should be continued by extending health promotion activities to workplaces, doctors' offices, and to the general public with a focus on senior citizens. Universal access to health care will be needed especially for the poorly educated with limited fiscal resources who are most at risk. Delaware needs action, not more studies, to reduce its high cancer death rate.

Delaware↗
PubMed1988

Parkinsonism death rates by race, sex, and geography.

Age-adjusted death rates for Parkinson's disease (PD) in the United States from 1959 to 1961 demonstrated significantly lower rates for blacks than for whites, with rates for Oriental Americans the same as for whites. All racial groups showed a male preponderance. Both whites and blacks had a similar excess of PD death rates for residents of the four northern census regions of the US over their rates for the three southern regions. Within each region the sex and race differences remained. Thus, blacks in the US appear to be "protected" against PD, but they share the north: south gradient seen for whites. Race, sex, and geography would therefore seem to be independent risk factors for PD, providing further evidence that this may then be an acquired, environmental disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Fatal uncertainty: death-rate from use of ecstasy or heroin.

We provide a 25-fold range for the ecstacy-related death rate per 10,000 15-24-year-old users in the UK: from 0.2 to 5.3, compared with the death rate of 1.0 from road traffic accidents in the same age-group. The heroin-related death rate in 15-24-year-old heroin users was much higher, but also imprecisely estimated: from 9.1 to 81.5 deaths per 10,000 15-24-year-old users. Data deficiencies which inhibit the calculation of drug-specific rates in this population should be remedied.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1984

Projected population effects of a nutritional blood pressure intervention on death rates from cardiovascular disease.

Evidence is accumulating that blood pressure can be modified by dietary changes. To test whether dietary manipulation could have an important effect on CVD death rates in a population, we used the logistic risk function to project the effects of pharmacological and dietary intervention. Successful pharmacological control of 60%, 80%, and 100% of the population with diastolic blood pressure values of 90 mm Hg or more is projected to result in 11%, 14%, and 18% reductions in CVD death rates, respectively. Reducing dietary fat to 23% and increasing the P/S ratio to 0.98 is projected to result in a 47% reduction in CVD death rates. The dietary intervention is projected to reduce the population requiring medication by 50% and reduce costs of hypertension treatment by 30%. On the basis of these projections, we conclude that dietary interventions for hypertension control can have an important effect both on death rates and treatment costs.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Explaining variations in hospital death rates. Randomness, severity of illness, quality of care.

We used administrative (Part A Medicare) data to identify a representative sample of 1126 patients with congestive heart failure and 1150 with acute myocardial infarction in hospitals with significant unexpectedly high inpatient, age-sex-race-disease-specific death rates ("targeted") vs all other ("untargeted") hospitals in four states. Although death rates in targeted hospitals were 5.0 to 10.9 higher per 100 admissions than in untargeted hospitals, 56% to 82% of the excess could result from purely random variation. Differences in the quality of the process of care (based on a medical record review) could not explain the remaining statistically significant differences in mortality. Comparing targeted hospitals with subsets of untargeted ones, eg, those with lower than expected death rates, did not affect this conclusion. Severity of illness explained up to 2.8 excess deaths per 100 admissions for patients with myocardial infarction. Identifying hospitals that provide poor-quality care based on administrative data and single-year death rates is unlikely; targeting based on time periods greater than 1 year may be better.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

The intrinsic radiosensitivity of lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, quantitatively determined independently of cell death rate factors.

Survival curve shape for lymphocytes X-irradiated in vitro is governed by death rate as well as intrinsic radiosensitivity. We have resolved into these two components the survival curves obtained for CLL lymphocytes by use of a simple mathematical model. A multiple correlation coefficient comparing the predicted with the experimental survival curves was close to unity (0.954-0.999). For 14/18 patients with unequivocal B-cell CLL, the leukaemic (colchicine ultrasensitive) cells behaved as a homogeneous population (D37 0.32-1.28 Gy). This is similar to the more radiosensitive class of lymphocytes of normal blood (believed to include the B cells) and is some 4-fold less than the more radioresistant class (comprising most of the T cells). The lethally hit cells were homogeneous in death rate, which followed first order kinetics. The half-life (range 9-87 h) was, on average, some 50 per cent shorter than the more radiosensitive normal lymphocytes. The remaining four patients constituted a miscellaneous group. From one of these, it can be seen that an excessively slow death rate can give the misleading impression of radioresistance. It is hypothesized that the benefit afforded certain CLL patients treated with low-dose total body irradiation (TBI) or splenic irradiation (SI) may reside, partly, in the sparing of T lymphocytes of the helper type and in accompanying selective elimination (or functional inactivation) of those of the suppressor type.

Cell Survival↗