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At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Predictors associated with the place of death in a country with increasing hospital deaths.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the contribution of type of illness, socio-demographic factors, and area of residence to the place of death in a country with increasing hospital deaths. DESIGN: Descriptive study of hospital deaths using a 10-year death registration database from the Korean National Statistical Office. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Through the National Vital Statistics System, 2,402,259 deaths were registered in Korea from 1992 to 2001. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: There was a significant trend toward an increase in the proportion of hospital deaths, from 16.6% in 1992 to 39.9% in 2001. The proportion of deaths at home decreased over that period, from 72.9 to 49.2%. The risk of hospital death versus home death was lower for those aged 75 years and over (adjusted odds ratio: 0.212; 95% confidence interval: 0.210-0.214) compared with those <55 years, and for people who were highly educated (2.04; 2.02-2.06), had white-collar jobs (1.55; 1.54-1.57), and resided in areas with more available hospital beds (2.46; 2.42-2.51). Compared with other causes of death, the risk of dying in hospital was higher for patients with ischaemic heart disease (1.83; 1.79-1.86), cancer (1.25; 1.23-1.26) and chronic lower respiratory disease (1.21; 1.18-1.23). CONCLUSIONS: Trends in place of death are influenced by available hospital beds, socio-demographic factors and the nature of the terminal disease, in a country with increasing hospital deaths. These associations should be viewed within the context of culture and local health care systems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[The color of death: causes of death according to race in the State of Sao Paulo, 1999 to 2001].

OBJECTIVE: Assuming that ethnicity might be a basis for social differentiation and that such differences might represent vulnerability to sickness, this study attempts to verify whether race or ethnic origin have an effect on mortality patterns. METHODS: The Sao Paulo State death register was examined from 1999 to 2001 in a contingence table of causes according to the 10th ICD and race or skin-color categories (White, Black, Mulatto and others). Chi-square test was used to check the association between skin-color and cause of death; residual analysis was used to elicit statistically significant excessive occurrences when each category of cause of death and skin color was combined; and correspondence analysis was used to examine overall relations among all categories considered. RESULTS: A total of 647,321 valid death registers were analyzed, among which 77.7% were of Whites, 5.4% of Blacks, 14.3% of Mulattoes and 2.6% of others. A significant association between skin color or race and cause of death was found. It may be observed that, although Blacks and Mulattoes present a similar death profile, on the contrary of Whites and others, which could be aggregated into a single category, the former appear in distinct positions on the multidimensional map presented. Except for mal defined causes, which characterize only the deaths of Blacks, the other causes of death within this group are common to both Blacks and Mulattoes, varying however, in intensity and as to the order in which they appear death. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of mortality according to race or color revealed that death has a color. There is a White death, which has, among its causes, sicknesses, which, although variable, are nothing more than sicknesses. There's a Black death, which is not caused by sicknesses but by external causes, complications in labor and delivery, mental disorders and ill-defined causes.

Brazil↗
PubMed1998

Improvement of the quality and comparability of causes-of-death statistics inside the European Community. EUROSTAT Task Force on "causes of death statistics".

BACKGROUND: Cause-of-death statistics are widely used for comparing health characteristics of European Community (EC) countries. Before attempting to interpret between-country differences, it is essential to assess the biases affecting the comparability of the data. EUROSTAT decided to address globally this problem with the objective to improve the quality and comparability of cause-of-death data within the EC. METHODS: The material is based on a review of results of international comparative cause-of-death studies and on specific inquiries among EC. Both cause-of-death certification and codification practices are analysed. Certification is studied comparing the models of death certificates, the type of information captured, certifiers training and querying practices. The different coding systems are analysed (International classification of diseases (ICD) in use, interpretation of the ICD rules, implementation of automated coding systems). RESULTS: International studies on comparability of certification and coding practices between countries are rare. These studies are based on certification of cases histories and recoding of samples of death certificates. Recent studies on respiratory diseases, cancers and diabetes outline differences that influenced on the reported level of mortality. The specific EUROSTAT investigation (1997) outline general discrepancies: models of death certificates, nature and amount of information entered, way to establish the diagnosis, degree of consistency of the certification process, autopsy practices, certifiers practices, implementation of ICD-10 and implementation of automated coding systems. CONCLUSION: EUROSTAT studies are now focused on causes of death requiring special attention for comparability (e.g. suicide, accidental deaths, drug and alcohol related deaths, unknown and ill-defined causes), on procedures to improve the homogeneity of certifiers training and querying practices, on the effect of the transition to ICD-10. The international model of death certificate recommended by the World Health Organization should be adopted as widely as possible. Uniform complementary information (e.g. surgery, pregnancy, autopsy, place of occurrence of accidental deaths, work accident) should also be adopted. The EUROSTAT investigations must result in definitions of common recommendations and guidelines to EC.

Cause of Death↗
PubMed1998

Beginning counselors' death concerns and empathic responses to client situations involving death and grief.

Beginning counselors' levels of discomfort and ability to respond empathically to clients presenting with death-related issues was investigated. Fifty-eight masters-level counseling students completed the Threat Index and the Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale and viewed a series of 8 videotape vignettes depicting clients with death-related (e.g., grief, AIDS) and non-death-related problems (e.g., marital discord, physical handicap). As hypothesized, significantly higher levels of counselor discomfort were found in responding to client situations involving death and dying, especially when these involved serious illness in the client. In addition, personal fear of death predicted counselors' distress in death counseling. Contrary to expectations, counselors were actually slightly more empathic in responding to grief and loss than other conditions, although the overall level of empathy displayed was low in absolute terms. The least empathic responses were provided by counselors who construed death in fatalistic terms on the Threat Index, and who were "saturated" with death themes by the completion of death attitude questionnaires prior to viewing the videos. The authors concluded that death and loss counseling presents unique challenges to beginning mental health providers, especially for those whose personal death anxieties leave them vulnerable to such work.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Excess deaths attributable to influenza in England and Wales: age at death and certified cause.

The multiple regression statistical method has already been used to estimate excess deaths attributable to influenza in England and Wales by winter period. Now we report further studies of deaths by age group and certified cause of death. During the ten winters since the influenza A/Hong Kong (H3N2) virus first arrived (1968/69 to 1977/78) there have been about 120,000 excess deaths. Of these about 82% were estimated to be in those aged 65+ years, 17% in the 40-64 year age group and 1% in younger adults. Sixty-seven per cent were certified as due to respiratory disease and 31% due to circulatory system disease. Respiratory deaths increased in all age groups during an epidemic, but of the deaths certified as due to circulatory disease, cerebrovascular deaths were mostly in the 65+ age group and ischaemic heart disease deaths in the 40-64 year age group. In this 40-64 year age group there was evidence that the effects of cold weather and epidemic influenza were multiplicative rather than additive. During the worst influenza winter of 1969/70 respiratory deaths increased by approximately 55% and circulatory system deaths by 4%. Deaths in the elderly increased by 10%, in those aged 40-60 years by 8% and in younger adults by 4%. There was no evidence that excess deaths are followed by a deficit during the following year.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The descriptive epidemiology of unnatural deaths in Oregon's state institutions: a 25-year (1963-1987) study. III. A 25-year overview of unnatural deaths in the mental and correctional facilities.

I document 25 consecutive years (1963-1987) of unnatural deaths within the State of Oregon's mental and correctional institutions in Marion County. This study includes 93 unnatural deaths in the Oregon State Hospital, 18 in the Forensic Psychiatric Program, 52 in the Fairview Training Center, and 45 in the Corrections Department facilities. These institutional unnatural deaths are compared with the 2,618 unnatural deaths that occurred during this same period in Marion County (exclusive of these state facilities). Death rates are shown in five 5-year blocks of time to illustrate death trends. Accidents and suicides were the predominant types of unnatural death in the Oregon State Hospital; suicides predominated in the Forensic Psychiatric Program and the corrections facilities; and accidents predominated in the Fairview Training Center. Extremely high total unnatural death rates were found in the Oregon State Hospital (approximately 520/100,000 or 8.46 times that found in Marion County) and the Forensic Psychiatric Program (approximately 561/100,000 or 9.13 times that found in Marion County). The overall accident death rate for the Fairview Training Center was approximately 119/100,000 or 2.84 times that found in Marion County. The overall total unnatural death rate for the corrections facilities was approximately 75/100,000 or 1.23 times that found in Marion County. I compare these data with those of other investigators in the United States, Canada, and western Europe. The total unnatural death rate appears to represent a valid criterion of violent death within a community.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗