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PubMed2005

EMBASE search strategies for identifying methodologically sound diagnostic studies for use by clinicians and researchers.

BACKGROUND: Accurate diagnosis by clinicians is the cornerstone of decision making for recommending clinical interventions. The current best evidence from research concerning diagnostic tests changes unpredictably as science advances. Both clinicians and researchers need dependable access to published evidence concerning diagnostic accuracy. Bibliographic databases such as EMBASE provide the most widely available entrée to this literature. The objective of this study was to develop search strategies that optimize the retrieval of methodologically sound diagnostic studies from EMBASE for use by clinicians. METHODS: An analytic survey was conducted, comparing hand searches of 55 journals with retrievals from EMBASE for 4,843 candidate search terms and 6,574 combinations. All articles were rated using purpose and quality indicators, and clinically relevant diagnostic accuracy articles were categorized as 'pass' or 'fail' according to explicit criteria for scientific merit. Candidate search strategies were run in EMBASE, the retrievals being compared with the hand search data. The proposed search strategies were treated as "diagnostic tests" for sound studies and the manual review of the literature was treated as the "gold standard." The sensitivity, specificity, precision and accuracy of the search strategies were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 433 articles about diagnostic tests, 97 (22.4%) met basic criteria for scientific merit. Combinations of search terms reached peak sensitivities of 100% with specificity at 70.4%. Compared with best single terms, best multiple terms increased sensitivity for sound studies by 8.2% (absolute increase), but decreased specificity (absolute decrease 6%) when sensitivity was maximized. When terms were combined to maximize specificity, the single term "specificity.tw." (specificity of 98.2%) outperformed combinations of terms. CONCLUSION: Empirically derived search strategies combining indexing terms and textwords can achieve high sensitivity and specificity for retrieving sound diagnostic studies from EMBASE. These search filters will enhance the searching efforts of clinicians.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2005

Randomised controlled trials relevant to aggressive and violent people, 1955-2000: a survey.

BACKGROUND: Randomised trials remain the gold standard for evaluating health interventions. This applies to the criminal justice system as well as to health. AIMS: To identify and survey randomised trials relevant to forensic mental health services. METHOD: We searched 29 electronic bibliographic databases and acquired randomised trials involving sex offenders, arsonists or people clearly and actively aggressive, or abusive of children or spouse. Two researchers reliably extracted data. RESULTS: Of 409 studies found, we able to acquire 300 for further inspection. They all involved particularly violent people (total n=28 669), mostly adult men; the mean study size was 197 (median 52, mode 60, range 1-1200).In these randomised trials over 700 interventions were evaluated and short-term outcomes were recorded on 345 different scales. CONCLUSIONS: Wider collaboration, rationalising treatments and simplifying outcomes could further strengthen the tradition of trialling in forensic psychiatry. Systematic reviews of these studies are overdue.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The Telemedicine Information Exchange: 10 years' experience.

The Telemedicine Information Exchange (TIE) Website has provided information on telemedicine since 1995. The site could be considered successful from its longevity alone; however, it can also be considered a success using other measures. The usage of the site has grown steadily over the years, to more than 20,000 visitors per month by 2005. The Bibliographic database has over 16,000 telemedicine-related citations, more than found anywhere else, and is the most visited section of the Website. The second most visited database, Active Telemedicine Programs, is the result of 10 years of tracking activity and growth using a voluntary online survey. This continuous monitoring of telemedicine literature and activity has allowed TIE research staff to anticipate user needs and interests. For instance, a Home Telehealth section was initiated after it became apparent that interest in the subject was increasing. Longevity also provides a perspective about the best ways of maintaining a content-heavy online resource. Efforts to augment federal funding (the TIE's sole source of support) by selling packaged information products have taught us that online users will not pay for information. Our raison d'être for the past 10 years has been the provision of credible, up-to-date information, and our reward has been positive feedback from thousands of TIE users.

Communication↗
PubMed2005

[Toward a model of communications in public health in Latin America and the Caribbean].

OBJECTIVE: So far, there have been no bibliometric or scientometric studies that make it possible to examine, with quantitative, retrospective, and comprehensive criteria, the scientific output on public health in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Further, the weakness of the existing information systems makes it impossible to examine the relevance, quality, and impact of this scientific output, with a view to evaluating it in terms of societal needs and existing patterns of scientific communication. This article presents the results of a bibliographic analysis of the scientific output in the area of public health in Latin America and the Caribbean. The ultimate goal of the analysis is to build a model of scientific communication in this field, to help researchers, managers, and others working in the area of public health to make decisions and choose actions to take. METHODS: We conducted a literature review in order to identify the distribution of publications on public health that were produced by LAC researchers and published in each of the LAC countries from 1980 through 2002. The review used the Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Saúde Pública (LILACS-SP) (Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Public Health) bibliographic database. That database is operated by the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (BIREME), which is in São Paulo, Brazil. We processed the LILACS-SP data using two software packages, Microsoft Excel and Bibexcel, to obtain indicators of the scientific output, the type of document, the language, the number of authors for each publication, the thematic content, and the participating institutions. For the 1980-2002 period, there were 97,605 publications registered, from a total of 37 LAC countries. RESULTS: For the analysis presented in this article, we limited the sample to the 8 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean that had at least 3,000 documents each registered in the LILACS-SP database over the 1980-2002 study period. In descending order of the number of publications registered, the 8 nations were: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela. Those 8 countries were responsible for 83,054 publications (85.10% of the total of 97,605 registered documents produced by the 37 LAC countries). Of those 83,054 publications from the 8 countries, 56,253 of them (67.73%) were articles published in scientific journals and 24,488 were monographs (29.48%). The proportion of works produced by two or more coauthors was relatively high (56.48%). The 56,253 articles appeared in a total of 929 different journals. Of the 929 journals, 91 of them published at least 150 articles over the study period. In descending order, LAC journals with the largest number of articles on public health were: Revista de Saúde Pública (Brazil); Cadernos de Saúde Pública (Brazil); Revista Médica de Chile; Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición (Venezuela); and Salud Pública de México. The 91 journals that published at least 150 articles represented 29 different specialties. The most common of the specialties for the 91 journals were general medicine (18 journals) and pediatrics (10 journals). In descending order, the populations that the publications dealt with primarily were human beings in general, females, males, and adults; and, in descending order, a relatively small number of publications dealt with pregnant women and middle-aged or elderly persons. The topics most often covered in the publications were risk factors, health policy, and primary health care, as well as family doctors in the case of Cuba. CONCLUSIONS: This research produced a preliminary model of communications in public health in LAC countries that will hopefully help lay the groundwork for further research to develop a model of scientific communication in LAC nations.

Argentina↗
PubMed1999

[Systematic reviews on infectious diseases. The Cochrane Collaboration].

BACKGROUND: Theoretically, doctors update their knowledge from the scientific literature, and bibliographic databases have made it possible to overcome many of the limitations with this information, but not all of them. When faced with a therapeutic issue, the practice of evidence based medicine requires the efficient access to information derived from controlled clinical trials (CCT). Reviews of the scientific literature are of increasing importance. The Cochrane Collaboration is dedicated to preparing, maintaining and disseminating updated, systematic reviews of CCTs of health care interventions, which are published in the Cochrane Library. OBJECTIVE: To describe the Cochrane Collaboration and to locate, with the greatest exhaustiveness possible, CCTs published in the journals "Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica", describe their characteristics and include them in a global database of clinical trials maintained by the Cochrane Collaboration. METHODS: The CCTs were identified by systematic manual searches of all issues of the journal. A descriptive analysis of the CCTs located was made. RESULTS: A total of 24 CCTs were published in 15 years (1.6 per year), 10 were original articles and 14 were communications at congresses. All were done in Spain and the majority were done in hospitals. The most frequently researched question was antibiotic prophylaxis and all evaluated pharmaceutical interventions. The majority of the CCTs published had important information missing (phase of study, randomization, blinding, etc.). CONCLUSIONS: The identification of CCTs is a prerequisite for the development of systematic reviews. There were few clinical trials published in the 15 years of publication of this journal, and the most common characteristic is, clearly, the absence of basic data. The most common is a lack of on the phase of the clinical trial, the follow-up period, and funding sources. The idea of what experimental clinical investigation in infectious diseases is in our country needs to include the identification of CCTs published in other Spanish and international journals.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2000

CISMeF: a structured health resource guide.

In 1999, the Internet has become a major source of health information. The objective of CISMeF is to catalogue and index the main French-speaking health resources. In September 1999, the number of indexed resources totaled over 7,100 with a mean of 75 new sites per week. CISMeF uses two standard tools for organizing information: the Medline bibliographic database MeSH thesaurus and the Dublin Core metadata format. Resources included in CISMeF are described by the following: title, author or creator, subject and keywords, description, publisher, date, resource type, format, identifier, and language. To index resources, CISMeF uses five levels of hierarchy: "meta-term", category, keyword, subheading, and resource type. CISMeF contains a thematic index, including medical specialities and an alphabetic index. CISMeF respects the Net Scoring, criteria to assess the quality of health information on the Internet. The CISMeF project offers a valuable tool for the French-speaking health community: 2,500 computer users visit the Web site each working day.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2000

Croatian Medical Journal at the turn of the millennium.

The turn of the millennium coincided with the inclusion of the Croatian Medical Journal into the bibliographic databases MEDLINE (1998), and Current Contents/Clinical Medicine (1999), which greatly increased the number of submitted manuscripts. The increased pressure on the editorial office prompted us to modify the editorial procedure and sharpen our acceptance criteria. At the same time, we extended our author-friendly policy to all for global medicine and (2) medicine in translational and emerging countries. The Editorial Board and the Advisory Board were critical in developing and improving the Journal and setting the highest standards in all aspects of publication, especially in manuscript selection by high-quality peer review. In this editorial, we finally meet the members of the two Boards in person, or rather, in photographs and short biographies.

Croatia↗
PubMed2000

[Internet--an introduction].

The internet is an excellent medium for storing and quickly disseminating large amounts of information on a global basis. Modern medicine requires a rapid access to information including clinical data from medical records, bibliographic databases, knowledge bases and nomenclature databases. This is especially true for university hospitals and medical schools for training as well as for fundamental and clinical research for diagnosis and therapeutic purposes. Therefore, the internet with its constantly increasing offers plays a more and more important role in scientific research. This review focuses on how developments of this communication technology have become a useful educational resource in medicine, and describes modest ideas in computer network use. Internet basic resources are electronic mailing (e-mail), discussion groups, file transfer, and browsing the World Wide Web (WWW).

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMed2000

Use of Journal Citation Reports and Journal Performance Indicators in measuring short and long term journal impact.

The impact factor has become the subject of widespread controversy. It has gradually developed to mean both journal and author impact. The emphasis on impact factors obscures the main purpose of bibliographic databases created at the Institute for Scientific Information. I will here show how two of these databases, Journal Citation Reports and the Journal Performance Indicators, can be used to study scientific journals and the articles they publish, as well as the evolution of scientific fields.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2001

[Trends on generation and reproduction of knowledge about economic evaluation and health].

This paper identifies the trends and recent progress in the generation and reproduction of knowledge on health economic evaluation. Analysis is organized along nine public health action fields, namely: health determinants and predictors, economic value of health, healthcare demand, healthcare supply, microeconomic evaluation of healthcare, healthcare market balance, evaluation of policy instruments, general evaluation of the health system, and healthcare planning, regulation and supervision. Each action field is defined to place the reader in the proper setting and level of analysis. In addition, thematic research topics developed in each action field are proposed and discussed. The generation and reproduction of knowledge on the different action fields was based on the review of the bibliographic databases MEDLINE and LILACS for the 1992-2000 period. Results lead to the conclusion that development and application of economic evaluation of healthcare has been uneven across different countries and that there is a growing increase of applications starting in 1994, the year of initiation of healthcare reform in Latin America.

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMed2002

How to undertake a clinically relevant systematic review in a rapidly evolving field. Magnetic resonance angiography.

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to determine which generations of the evolving technology of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) are currently of clinical relevance in two clinical applications. Our purpose was to plan a systematic review that would be valuable both to purchasers driven by cost-effectiveness and to practicing clinicians. METHODS: Information was gathered from a search of major bibliographic databases, from a short questionnaire sent to 500 U.K. vascular radiologists and vascular surgeons, and from local clinical experts. We asked which of the MRA techniques were currently used and, assuming availability, what would be their technique of choice. RESULTS: There were 206 published articles that satisfied preliminary inclusion criteria: 69 discussed 2D time of flight (TOF); 47, 3D TOF; and 38, contrast-enhanced techniques. There were 162 questionnaires returned (60 radiologists, 102 surgeons). Of the total respondents, 77/162 (48%) used MRA in the assessment of carotid artery stenosis; 47/77 (61%) used 2D TOF; 32/77 (42%), 3D TOF; and 26/77 (34%), contrast-enhanced techniques. Thirty-five of 162 (22%) respondents used MRA in the assessment of peripheral vascular disease (PVD); 15/35 (43%) used 2D TOF, 4/35 (11%) used 3D TOF, and 22/35 (63%) used contrast-enhanced techniques. For those wishing to use MRA, contrast-enhanced techniques were the method of choice. CONCLUSIONS: The TOF methods that represent earlier generations of the technology remain clinically relevant, and will therefore be included in our systematic review. To ensure complete and relevant coverage in reviews of other evolving technologies, it would be advisable to obtain data for guidance in a similar way.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

What happened to our free bioethics search service? The terrible and premature death of BIOETHICSLINE.

BIOETHICSLINE, in existence from 1973 thorough 2000, was a bibliographic database covering the English-language literature on bioethical issues. It reflected the cross-disciplinary field of bioethics. During 2001, the National Library of Medicine is expected to dismantle BIOETHICSLINE and incorporate its data into two of their other databases, PubMed and LOCATORplus. Once this is completed, BIOETHICSLINE, as a unified database, will be discontinued. The users of BIOETHICSLINE will no longer have access to this important and useful resource specifically targeted to the vocabulary and cross-disciplinary nature of the bioethics literature. As a scholar and student of bioethics, and as a trained and former reference librarian, I feel it is important to examine these changes and their consequences. There are good reasons to integrate BIOETHICSLINE into these other databases on the NLM Gateway, but I argue that, in addition this integration, BIOETHICSLINE should be continued as a distinct database.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2002

Web impact factor: a bibliometric criterion applied to medical informatics societies' web sites.

Several methods are available to evaluate and compare medical journals. The most popular is the journal Impact Factor, derived from averaging counts of citations to articles. Ingwersen adapted this method to assess the attractiveness of Web sites, defining the external Web Impact Factor (WIF) to be the number of external pages containing a link to a given Web site. This paper applies the WIF to 43 medical informatics societies' Web sites using advanced search engine queries to obtain the necessary link counts. The WIF was compared to the number of publications available in the Medline bibliographic database in medical informatics in these 43 countries. Between these two metrics, the observed Pearson correlation was 0.952 (p < 0.01) and the Spearman rank correlation was 0.548 (p < 0.01) showing in both cases a positive and strong significant correlation. The WIF of medicalm informatics society's Web site is statistically related to national productivity and discrepancies can be used to indicate countries where there are either weak medical informatics associations, or ones that do not make optimal use of the Web.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2006

Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically sound treatment studies in EMBASE.

OBJECTIVE: The ability to accurately identify articles about therapy in large bibliographic databases such as EMBASE is important for researchers and clinicians. Our study aimed to develop optimal search strategies for detecting sound treatment studies in EMBASE in the year 2000. METHODS: Hand searches of journals were compared with retrievals from EMBASE for candidate search strategies. Six trained research assistants reviewed fifty-five journals indexed in EMBASE and rated articles using purpose and quality indicators. Candidate search strategies were developed for identifying treatment articles and then tested, and the retrievals were compared with the hand-search data. The operating characteristics of the strategies were calculated. RESULTS: Three thousand eight hundred fifty articles were original studies on treatment, of which 1,256 (32.6%) were methodologically sound. Combining search terms revealed a top performing strategy (random:.tw. OR clinical trial:.mp. OR exp health care quality) with sensitivity of 98.9% and specificity of 72.0%. Maximizing specificity, a top performing strategy (double-blind:.mp. OR placebo:.tw. OR blind: .tw.) achieved a value over 96.0%, but with compromised sensitivity at 51.7%. A 3-term strategy achieved the best optimization of sensitivity and specificity (random:.tw. OR placebo:.mp. OR double-blind:.tw.), with both these values over 92.0%. CONCLUSION: Search strategies can achieve high performance for retrieving sound treatment studies in EMBASE.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2005

The role of title, metadata and abstract in identifying clinically relevant journal articles.

Access to current clinical information involves searches of bibliographic databases, such as MEDLINE, and subsequent evaluation of retrieval results for relevance to a specific clinical situation and quality of the reported research. We establish the amount of information that needs to be provided by an information retrieval system to assist healthcare practitioners in identifying clinically relevant information and evaluating its potential strength of evidence. We find 92% of titles informative enough for a practitioner to correctly classify publications as clinical, but not sufficient for classification of research quality. We suggest automatic organization of retrieval results into strength of evidence categories to supplement title-based judgments and provide quick access to the abstracts of the most promising articles. We find information in the abstracts sufficient to identify articles potentially immediately useful for clinical decision support. These findings are important to the design of information retrieval systems supporting small, low-bandwidth handheld computers.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2006

Journal quality and visibility: Is there a way out of the scientific periphery?

Scientific journals play an important role in the transfer of scientific information, and international visibility is a prerequisite for fulfilling this role. However, entering international bibliographic databases is a major challenge for the journals from the so-called scientific periphery. These journals have an unfavourable starting position because of the small number of manuscripts received, an insufficient pool of reviewers, the low quality of published articles, and poor international visibility, all of which reduce the pool of potential authors and close a "vicious circle of inadequacy". To break this circle, editors have to make a great effort to improve basic journal publishing standards, especially timeliness; to find a "niche" for their journal; to increase the international diversity of the Editorial Board; and to actively seek for authors and help them to improve the quality of their manuscripts. The example of the Croatian Medical Journal (Zagreb, Croatia) shows that it is possible to get out of the scientific periphery if editors have a clear vision and willingness to work really hard.

Croatia↗
PubMed1995

A soft systems approach to designing an information system model to be used as a tool support in the prevention and control of sexually transmitted diseases in a health jurisdiction of Mexico.

The purpose of this work is to present the preliminary results of research in progress on the design of an information system model that is capable of supporting prevention and control activities related to sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in a Mexican health jurisdiction. The project is being developed in the following five phases: 1) informetric indicators on the prevention and control of STD; 2) information flow models representing the access and use of information by the actors involved in the activities; 3) system analysis; 4) system design; and 5) implementation. Bibliometric/scientometric techniques have been applied to conduct the first phase of the project. A soft systems approach is to be conducted throughout phases 2-5. Austin and Kendall and Kendall criteria are to be used for system analysis, design, and implementation. Expected products and benefits include: a) a bibliographic database on the prevention and control of STD in Mexico; b) science policy indicators to improve decision making; c) an information system model/prototype; and d) the development of the soft systems methodology, as applied to improving information-problem-situations in a health system.

Databases, Bibliographic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical problem solving by computer.

Computer access to the medical literature has become more convenient than ever with MEDLINE and other bibliographical databases available on CD-ROM. The benefits of literature searching by computer include improvements in the quality of medical decision making and cost effectiveness of patient care. However, the results obtained by physicians with amateur searching skills are often inferior to those obtained through the traditional service mediated by a skilled librarian. To ensure that future physicians develop the skills necessary for effective use of the medical literature, it is essential to provide training in literature searching by computer at medical school.

CD-ROM↗