Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “DIGESTION”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Effect of age and exogenous amylase and protease on development of the digestive tract, pancreatic enzyme activities and digestibility of nutrients in young meat-type chicks.

Day-old male meat-type chicks were fed a commercial starter diet supplemented with 2 levels of enzyme preparations containing amylase and proteases up to 14 d of age. Enzyme supplementation had no significant effect on feed intake or growth rate, and was accompanied by a significant decrease in gizzard content and small intestine weight. The intestine contents increased and this increase was accompanied by a significant decrease in its pH. Enzyme supplementation depressed the activity of chymotrypsin in the pancreas and the activity of amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents. Some carry-over effects were observed on d 42, 4 weeks after the cessation of the enzyme supplements. These were mainly a significant depression in the activity of trypsin in the intestinal contents. In a balance study, diets supplemented with 0,250 and 1,000 micrograms/kg enzyme preparations were supplied. Exogenous enzyme supplements had no significant effect on the digestibility of all the nutrients studied except for the highest level of enzyme supplementation, which improved slightly but consistently the digestibility of amino acids. Some age effects were observed, mainly a decrease in the digestibility of fat and starch, and in the ME of the diet from weeks 1 to 2 followed by an increase during week 3. Protein digestibility and retention of nitrogen decreased with age.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

Digestion in the pig between 7 and 3 d of age. 2. The digestion of dry matter and the pH of digesta in pigs given milk and soya-bean proteins.

1. In two separate experiments, forty-four pigs weaned at 4--5 d of age were given diets containing milk or soya-bean proteins until slaughtered at 14, 28 or 35 d of age. 2. The retention times of digesta in the stomach and the entire gastro-intestinal tract did not differ between pigs given pelleted diets containing milk or soya-bean protein. 3. Digesta retention times in the stomach were shorter (61 v. 145 min) in pigs given a milk-protein diet in a liquid form than in pigs given the same diet in a pelleted form. The retention times in the whole gastro-intestinal tract were 42 . 8 v. 29 . 6 h on the respective diets. 4. The total retention time of digesta in the gastro-intestinal tract increased with age of pigs between 14--35 d of age when given pelleted diets but not when given a liquid diet. 5. The daily amount of digesta flowing through the anterior small intestine was unaffected by the source of protein. Greater endogenous secretions into the anterior small intestine were observed when pigs were fed ad lib. than when fed at 2 g nitrogen (45 d dry matter (DM)/kg live weight 0 . 75 per d. 6. The apparent digestion of DM to the ileum of pigs given milk, isolated soya-bean protein (ISP) (Promine D) or soya-bean meal (SBM) protein at 28 d of age was 0 . 826, 0 . 825 and 0 . 644 respectively. 7. The apparent digestion of DM to the ileum of pigs given ISP (Supro 610) significantly increased with age of pigs from 0 . 851 at 14 d of age to 0 . 883 at 35 d of age. No increase was observed for pigs given milk protein. 8. Differences in the digestibility of DM between protein sources were greater to the ileum than over the entire gastro-intestinal tract. The greatest increase in DM digestion from the ileum to the faeces occurred in pigs given SBM (0 . 644--0 . 874). 9. Neither the protein source nor age of pigs influenced gastric pH values, the mean value being 4 . 05. pH increased along the small intestine and was not affected by the protein source of age of pig.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

Digestibility and digestive organ development in indigenous and improved chickens and ducks fed diets with increasing inclusion levels of cassava leaf meal.

Growing indigenous Cambodian chickens and ducks, and broiler chickens and White Pekin ducks were fed diets containing 0%, 7%, 14% and 20% of cassava leaf meal (CLM) to study the effects of CLM level on diet digestibility and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and organ development. The coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of dry matter (DM) and intake of digestible DM decreased with increased dietary CLM. DM and digestible DM intake was higher for local breeds than for the corresponding exotic breeds, and higher for ducks than for chickens (p < 0.001), although there were no species or breed effects on CTTAD of DM (p > 0.05). Weight of small intestine, caeca, gizzard and pancreas, expressed as per kg body weight, increased with increased CLM in the diet (p < 0.001). There was no consistent diet effect on liver weight. Length of small intestine and caeca, expressed on a mass-specific basis, increased with dietary CLM content (p < 0.001). When expressed as per kg body weight small intestine, proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas and liver weights, and small intestine length, were higher in ducks than in chickens (p < 0.001), and were higher in the indigenous than in the improved breeds (p < 0.01), except for small intestine weights, which were similar. However chickens had higher weight of caeca (p < 0.001) and colon (p < 0.01) in absolute units and per kg body weight.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1979

[Role of the digestive microflora and of the crystalline structure of starch in digestion and dietary efficiency in the chicken. Study of tropical tubers].

The influence of microflora in the utilization of starches, the X ray pattern which was of A or B type, was studied by balances and carcasses analysis with growing axenic or holoxenic chickens, put in isolators. Five tropical tubers were used : Manihot utilissima and Dioscorea dumetorum of A-type, Dioscorea cayenensis and alata and Canna edulis of B-type. They were introduced in isoenergetic (4,460 Kcal/g D.M.) and isoproteic (18 p. 100) diets. The A-type starches are entirely digested (95 p. 100) and the B-type are poorly digested (40-60 p. 100). The first ones induced a better growth than the second. The influence of digestive microflora changes with the two types of tubers used. With A-type starches the microflora lowered the feed intake, the growth and the energy and protein efficiency respectively--25 and--10 p. 100. When the diet included tubers with B-type starches, the low digestibility of starch and the low metabolisable energy in the diets induced poor growth and retentions. The results are discussed in relation with the starch breakdown into glucose, lactic acid and volatile fatty acids.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Normal digestive physiology and the evaluation of digestive function.

Normal digestion is a complex and coordinated process that breaks food into constitutive molecules, some of which are absorbed and others passed through the body as waste. Many of the conditions associated with wasting syndromes alter normal digestive function and can lead to or exacerbate malnutrition. Digestive function can be defined by applying the principles of normal physiology. Our laboratory has developed a relatively comprehensive stable isotope method to assess function, which shows promise as a screening tool in evaluating patients with wasting syndromes. This and other tests of digestive function can be used to define the abnormalities associated with wasting and to direct or optimize antiwasting therapy.

Diagnostic Techniques, Digestive System↗
PubMed2006

Human rectal mucosal gene expression after consumption of digestible and non-digestible carbohydrates.

The effect of regular consumption of the low-digestible and prebiotic isomalt versus the digestible sucrose on gene expression in rectal mucosa was examined in a randomized double-blind crossover trial. Nineteen healthy volunteers received 30 g isomalt per day or 30 g sucrose as part of a controlled diet over two 4-week test periods with a 4-week washout period in between. At the end of each test phase rectal biopsies were obtained. After RNA extraction mucosal gene expression was assayed using GeneChip microarrays. In addition, expression of cathelicidin hCap18/LL37, cellular detoxification enzymes GSTpi, UGT1A1 and CYP3A4, cyclooxygenase 2 and barrier factors MUC2 and ZO-1 were determined by real-time RT-PCR. Microbiological analyses of fecal samples revealed a shift of the gut flora towards an increase of bifidobacteria following consumption of the diet containing isomalt. Isomalt consumption did not affect rectal mucosal gene expression in microarray analyses as compared to sucrose. In addition, the expression of cathelicidin LL37, GSTpi, UGT1A1, CYP3A4, COX-2, MUC2 and ZO-1 was not changed in rectal biopsies. We conclude that gene expression of the human rectal mucosa can reliably be measured in biopsy material taken at endoscopy. Dietary intervention with the low digestible isomalt compared with the digestible sucrose did not affect gene expression in the lining rectal mucosa.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Digestibilities of the protein in various foods as determined in vitro by an immobilized digestive enzyme assay (IDEA).

The digestibility of the protein in various foods or food components was analyzed using an immobilized digestive enzyme assay (IDEA) system. The assay consists of two bioreactors, one containing pepsin and the other containing trypsin, chymotrypsin and intestinal mucosa peptidases. The fraction of the peptide bonds hydrolyzed during an extent of hydrolysis assay was correlated with independent in vivo determinations of the digestibilities. A correlation coefficient of 0.80 was obtained. The derived linear regression equation can be used to predict digestibility. The method is sensitive to structural modification of protein, as for example, those caused by effects of heat treatment.

Chromatography, Ion Exchange↗
PubMed1997

Digestion and digestive-transport surfaces in cestodes and their fish hosts.

The structural and functional organization of digestive-transport surfaces in some lower cestodes and their fish hosts was studied. It has been shown that the ultrastructure of cestode microtriches and fish enterocyte microvilli being the basis of membrane-linked digestion is quite similar. These organelles increase the digestive-transport surfaces both in helminths and fishes. However, the hydrolytic enzyme activity in helminths is usually 2-4 times lower than that of the fishes. Desorption (adsorption) characteristics of various hydrolases in helminths and fishes are also different. In helminths the easily desorbed fraction of each enzyme is always more abundant than in fishes. In contrast, the intensity of transport processes in helminths is higher when compared with fishes. The adaptation of digestive-transport surfaces and enzyme systems to feeding conditions is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Lactose (mal)digestion evaluated by the 13C-lactose digestion test.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of genetically determined lactase nonpersistence is based on the results of the lactose H2 breath test. This test, however, is an indirect test, which might lead to misinterpretation. DESIGN: We determined lactase activity in healthy Chinese and Dutch students using a novel 13C-lactose digestion test. The cut-off value of this test was established in a Chinese population with a homogenous genetic background of lactase nonpersistence and was compared with the results obtained in a Caucasian population. Twenty-five grams of a 13C-lactose solution was consumed by 12 known H2-positive and 5 H2-negative Chinese students and 48 Dutch students and, subsequently, 13C-glucose concentration in plasma and H2 excretion in breath were measured. RESULTS: A similar 13C-glucose response curve was found in all Chinese students. The mean response curve in the Dutch students was more pronounced (P < 0.01). The 1 h (peak) plasma 13C-glucose concentration was the best discriminator between lactose digesting and maldigesting subjects. The cut-off level of 2 mmol L-1 13C-glucose in plasma was defined in the H2-positive Chinese students group. Based on the 13C-glucose response the prevalence of lactose maldigestion in the Dutch subjects was 25%; based on the lactose H2 breath test 17%. CONCLUSIONS: Using the 13C-lactose digestion test the results demonstrate a higher prevalence of lactose maldigestion in a Caucasian population than indicated by the results of the H2 breath test. A moderate increase in the plasma 13C-glucose concentration after consumption of 13C-lactose in the young adult Chinese subjects indicates a residual lactase activity in that age group, even when a positive H2 breath test result is obtained. These results indicate that the 13C-glucose concentration in plasma more accurately reflects the small intestinal lactose digestion capacity than the lactose H2 breath test.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The effect of crude fibre on apparent digestibility and digestible energy content of extruded dog foods.

The apparent digestibility of nutrients and energy of 38 commercial dry extruded dog foods was measured using six adult (2 to 3 year-old) female Beagles. Diets contained [in g/kg dry matter (DM)]: 164-360 crude protein (CP); 79-261 ether extracts (EE); 8-33 crude fibre (CF) and 318-585 nitrogen free extracts (NFE). Apparent energy digestibility ranged from 77.3 to 91.6%, and was closely related to CF content (r=-0.85), yielding the resultant equation: GED (%)=94.00 - 4.04 x CF (% DM). The estimation of digestible energy content of foods from digestibility coefficients predicted from the above equation and gross energy measured or estimated from the Weende fractions, provides a more accurate prediction of experimental values than the Atwater approach followed by the National Research Council and the Association of American Feed Control Officials.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Digestion of wheat gluten and potato protein by the preruminant calf: digestibility, amino acid composition and immunoreactive proteins in ileal digesta.

Three milk substitute diets, in which the protein was either provided exclusively by skim milk powder or partially (52%) substituted by a native wheat gluten or a potato protein concentrate, were given to intact or ileo-caecal cannulated preruminant calves. The apparent faecal nitrogen digestibility was lower (P < 0.05) with the potato than with the gluten and control diets (0.90, 0.93 and 0.95, respectively). The same trend was observed at the ileal level (0.83, 0.87 and 0.91, respectively). Apparent digestibilities of most amino acids were lower with the potato than with the control diet (P < 0.05 for glutamic acid, proline, cystine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine and lysine). The same trend was observed with the gluten diet. Apparent digestibilities of glutamic acid and cystine were also lower (P < 0.05) with the potato than with the gluten diet. Protein fractions of Mr 43,000 and below 14,000 were detected immunochemically in ileal digesta corresponding to the potato diet, but no immunoreactivity was found in digesta with the gluten diet. However, the considerable enrichment of digesta in glutamic acid and proline with gluten indicates that dietary protein fractions rich in these 2 amino acids escaped digestion in the small intestine. With the potato diet, the undigested fractions contained high levels of aspartic acid, glutamic acid and cystine.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1981

Digestion in the pig between 7 and 3 d of age. 3. The digestion of nitrogen in pigs given milk and soya-bean proteins.

1. In two separate experiments, forty-four pigs weaned at 4--5 d of age were fed on diets containing milk or soya-bean protein until slaughtered at 14, 28 or 35 d of age. 2. Daily amounts of nitrogen flowing through the stomach and proximal small intestine of pigs were similar with both sources of protein fed. 3. Endogenous N flows in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of pigs given an N-free diet were 22 . 9, 7 . 4 and 4 . 6 g N/kg dry matter (DM) intake. Endogenous N in faeces was 0 . 970 g N/kg DM intake. 4. The apparent and true digestibility of N to the ileum of 28-d-old pigs was 0 . 86 and 0 . 92 for the pigs given the milk-protein diets, 0 . 80 and 0 . 86 for the pigs given the isolated soya-bean protein (ISP; Promine D) diets and 0 . 51 and 0 . 62 for pigs given the soya-bean meal (SBM)-protein diet. These values over the entire gastro-intestinal tract were 0 . 98 and 1 . 00 for milk, 0 . 92 and 0 . 95 for ISP and 0 . 82 and 0 . 85 for SBM. 5. The apparent and true digestibility of N to the ileum of 14-d-old pigs given a liquid milk diet was 0 . 92 and 0 . 94, while the values for the pigs given a pelleted milk diet were 0 . 86 and 0 . 87. At 35 d of age there were no differences in the apparent digestibility of the N in the liquid an pelleted milk diets. 6. The apparent digestibility of N to the ileum and over the entire gastro-intestinal tract of pigs given ISP (Supro 610) increased with increasing age of pigs from 0 . 83 at 14 d of age to 0 . 88 at 35 d of age. 7. Of the N in the stomach 14--32% could not be precipitated by trichloroacetic acid (TCA; 30 milligram). 8. In the jejunal and ileal contents an average of 46 and 24% of the N was precipitated by TCA in pigs given soya-bean proteins and milk proteins respectively.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

The digestion of fibre by pigs. 1. The effects of amount and type of fibre on apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance and rate of passage.

The effects of the amount and the type of dietary fibre on the apparent digestibility (AD) by growing pigs of neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and NDF components, on nitrogen balance and on the rate of passage of digesta were studied using a semi-purified basal diet and fibre in the forms of soya-bean hulls, lupin (Lupinus sp.) hulls, pea (Pisum sativum) hulls, wheat bran, maize hulls, maize cobs, oat hulls and lucerne (Medicago sativa) stems. Both the amount and the type of dietary fibre significantly influenced the AD of dietary dry matter, N and energy. The AD of NDF and of NDF components was markedly affected by the type and the amount of fibre in the diet. The proportion of NDF digested ranged from 0.016 to 0.905, of cellulose from 0.026 to 0.931 and of hemicellulose from 0.010 to 0.999. N retention by the pigs ranged from 12.9 to 25.8 g/d and with some fibres there was a tendency towards increased N retention with increasing intakes of NDF. Rate of passage of digesta, expressed as the 50 and 95% excretion times of stained feed particles, ranged from 22.2 to 85.1 h and 40.0 to 117.1 h respectively. Large individual variations in rate of passage occurred but, in general, the rate of passage tended to increase with increasing intakes of NDF. No strong associations between the rate of passage of digesta and apparent digestibility of NDF components were observed. The results suggest that the extent of fibre digestibility depends predominantly on the origin of the fibre and to a lesser extent on the amount of fibre in the diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

An in vitro method for studying digestion in the pig. 2. Comparison with in vivo ileal and faecal digestibilities.

1. An in vitro method involving incubation of feed samples with buffered duodenal digesta for 12 h or with buffered ileal and faecal inocula for 48 h was compared with in vivo ileal or faecal apparent digestibilities in pigs. 2. The five diets investigated had crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25) contents from 164 to 185 g/kg, starch contents from 296 to 463 g/kg and dietary fibre contents from 176 to 347 g/kg. 3. In vitro disappearances with duodenal inocula were correlated (P less than 0.05) with in vivo ileal apparent digestibilities for crude protein, ash, starch, energy and dry matter, but not for dietary fibre. 4. In vitro disappearances with the ileal and faecal inocula were generally correlated (P less than 0.1) with in vivo faecal apparent digestibilities for dietary fibre, energy and dry matter, but not for ash or crude protein. The patterns of degradability of fibre polysaccharide residues in vitro and in vivo were also similar. 5. Results indicate that this in vitro method could be used to predict the availability of starch and crude protein for digestion in the small intestine, and the degradability of dietary fibre, and thus for comparing the nutritive value of pig feeds.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

Influence of hay particle size at different concentrate and feeding levels on digestive processes and feed intake in ruminants. 2. Passage, digestibility and feed intake.

In order to study the main effects of particle size, three ruminally fistulated cows (550 to 580 kg BW) were fed a constant low concentrate level (3.56 kg DM/d, 20% of total DMI) and a fibre-rich hay (approximately 60% NDF in DM) in long (28.7 mm), chopped (9.2 mm) and fine ground (2.9 mm) form in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. In another three factorial experiment with 8 wethers (4 animals were ruminally fistulated, mean BW = 68 kg) the main effects and interactions of the above mentioned hay particle sizes at two concentrate levels (10.4 to 13.3% and 29.5 to 40.1% of DMI, resp.) and two intake levels (restricted and ad libitum) were investigated. In comparison to long hay (28.7 mm), feeding of chopped hay (9.2 mm) at low concentrate levels, increased not only the hay intake (7% in dairy cows and 13% in sheep) but also the intake of digestible organic matter (12% in dairy cows and 32% in sheep), due to an increase in the apparent digestibility of OM by 3.8% in dairy cows and 8.2% in sheep. Ad libitum feeding of fine ground hay in combination with low concentrate amount in the ration increased the passage rate in the hindgut and consequently the hay intake, but not the intake of DOM, due to a significant depression of digestibility, especially of fibre fractions (4 to 7% in dairy cows and 4.5 to 14% in sheep), in comparison to 28.7 and 9.2 mm hay particle sizes. The digestibility decreased significantly with restricted feeding of fine ground hay in sheep only in comparison to 9.2 mm particle size. A threefold increase of concentrate amount leveled out all effects of the particle size reduction. The effect of particle size was more pronounced in sheep than in dairy cows.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1977

[Relationships between the apparent digestibility of crude protein and the amino acid balance of the swine digestive tract].

A diet of equal composition (88% barley, 5% extracted sunflower meal, 3% fishmeal and 3% yeast) was subjected to 9 different forms of thermal treatment and fed to experimental pigs. The biological value of the proteins was found to decline from 65.9 below 50. The amino acid balance of the digestive tract ("true digestibility of amino acids" according to other authors) proved to deteriorate due to the thermal treatment. The individual amino acids always revealed highly significant positive correlations with the apparent digestibility of crude protein. This finding is related with the often demonstrated fact that the fecal protein always has a constant amino acid composition, irrespective of feed protein and, consequently, only influences the quantitative fecal protein secretion, i. e. the amino acid balance of the digestive tract which is suggested to be the cause of the mathematical relations shown.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1978

[Digestibility and utilization of rations containing differently treated straw. I. Digestibility by sheep of rations containing differently treated straw].

During 63 digestibility periods of adult sheep, the digestibility of wheat and oat straw sujected to different kinds of treatment was compared. The straw was fed in the following forms: chopped, chopped and treated with 6% sodium hydroxide, pelleted without and with NPN-addition (ammonium bicarbonate and/or urea) during pelleting. Notwithstanding pressing temperatures over 90 degrees C and light moistening of the straw during pellet production, the addition of the two NPN-components did not allow to increase digestibility and energetic feed value. Two replications averaged an increase in energetic feed value by 42% due to NaOH-treatment. Energy digestibility went up by 39 to 55%, and energy concentration increased from 322 to 457 energetic feed equivalents (cattle) per kg DM. In addition, a number of rumen-physiological indices were obtained.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1987

[The digestibility of crude nutrients in horses. 1. Methods of determining digestibility].

The ascertainment of the digestibility of crude nutrients in rations for horses requires the inclusion of movement-based performance as influencing factor. Under the consideration of this requirement, indicator methods gain significance in comparison with the standard method of collecting faeces completely. In two experiments the digestion of the crude nutrients in rations for horses was tested according to the standard method (complete collection of faeces) and the indicator method 4 N HCl-insoluble ash). According to the indicator method the digestibility of crude nutrients was slightly higher, the differences to the values of the standard method were statistically insignificant. Under consideration of the inhomogeneity of horse faeces and the possibility of doing without the complete collection of faeces, the indicator method with 4 N HCl-insoluble ash is to be preferred to the standard method. The analysis of air-dried faeces connected with the indicator method resulted in improved reproducibility due to the significantly better homogeneity. A recommendation is made for carrying out digestibility experiments with horses, in which the 4 N HCl indicator method is used.

Animal Feed↗