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PubMedDate not supplied

Patterns of fluoride dentifrice use among infants.

The early use of fluoride dentifrice and use of larger quantities recently have been identified as risk factors for dental fluorosis. However, little is known about fluoride dentifrice use and ingestion among infants and young children whose developing permanent teeth are at risk for dental fluorosis. This paper reports on patterns of fluoride dentifrice use among a birth cohort up to 12 months of age as reported by mothers by written questionnaire. Among those with teeth, percentages whose teeth were brushed at age 6, 9, and 12 months were 12.9%, 36.7%, and 64.5%, respectively. Percentages brushing with fluoride dentifrice were 1.9%, 11.7%, and 31.7%. Among those using dentifrice, the percentages using fluoride dentifrice were 94-97%. Among those using dentifrice, mean estimated quantities of fluoride from dentifrice used per brushing were 0.11, 0.14, and 0.17 mg F (range up to 0.88 mg). Among users, mean quantities of fluoride from dentifrice used per day were 0.21, 0.20, and 0.19 mg F (range up to 1.75 mg). Results suggest that fluoride dentifrice use among infants varies greatly, can be substantial, and can be a risk factor for dental, fluorosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The effect of bicarbonate/fluoride dentifrices on human plaque pH.

The acidogenic response in dental plaque after rinsing with sodium bicarbonate/fluoride dentifrice slurries was studied using three intra-oral models. In the first model, resting plaque pH was monitored in mesiobuccal plaque on upper molars and premolars in six healthy subjects after abstinence from normal oral hygiene for three days. These measurements were followed by a three-minute rinse with 10% sucrose and, following a two-minute interval, a three-minute rinse with a test dentifrice slurry. After the test dentifrice rinse, pH was monitored at regular intervals up to 60 minutes. Flow rate, pH and buffer capacity of stimulated saliva were also determined. Changes in resting pH, plaque pH minima, and maximum pH drop were calculated. A clear elevation in the resting pH was observed after bicarbonate/fluoride dentifrice rinses, and a significant increase was obtained in the pH minima. The smallest pH drop also was found after treatment with the bicarbonate/fluoride dentifrice rinse treatment (p < 0.02). A second model using telemetric partial dentures with interproximally placed micro-antimony pH electrodes was used to study the effects of rinsing with increasing concentrations of sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate solutions, and with a fluoride dentifrice containing sodium bicarbonate. The response to these treatments was found to be rapid, dose-dependent, and was the greatest from the sodium bicarbonate. A third model used 24 subjects to assess the effects of sodium bicarbonate/fluoride dentifrice on plaque pH before and after a glucose challenge. The use of the bicarbonate/fluoride dentifrice resulted in significantly less measurable plaque acid than the fluoride dentifrice treatment. Collectively, these results indicate bicarbonate in dentifrice to be an effective buffering agent for stabilizing the pH and neutralizing plaque acids in dental plaque.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Efficacy of a dentifrice containing 5% potassium nitrate and 1500 PPM sodium monofluorophosphate in a precipitated calcium carbonate base on dentinal hypersensitivity.

The effect on dentinal hypersensitivity from the use of a dentifrice containing 5.0% potassium nitrate, 1500 ppm sodium monofluorophosphate in a precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) base over an eight-week period was compared to a placebo dentifrice without potassium nitrate. A total of forty-eight subjects were entered into the study and stratified into two balanced groups according to their baseline mean thermal (air blast) and tactile (Yeaple Probe) sensitivity scores. The two groups were randomly assigned to use either the potassium nitrate/PCC dentifrice or a placebo dentifrice without potassium nitrate. The two groups were well balanced with regard to their mean baseline thermal tactile sensitivity scores, sex and age. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice and a commercially available soft-bristled toothbrush. Dentinal hypersensitivity examinations, which included tactile and thermal sensitivity, were conducted at baseline, four weeks, and eight weeks. Examinations were conducted by the same dental examiner (TS) on the subjects at each examination. After four weeks' use of their assigned products, those subjects in the potassium nitrate/PCC dentifrice group demonstrated statistically significant improvements (p < 0.0001), as compared to the placebo dentifrice without potassium nitrate, in tactile and thermal sensitivity. After eight weeks' use of their assigned products, those subjects in the potassium nitrate/PCC dentifrice group again demonstrated statistically significant improvements (p < 0.0001), in tactile and thermal sensitivity, as compared to the placebo dentifrice without potassium nitrate. Thus it can be concluded from this study that the use of a dentifrice containing 5.0% potassium nitrate and 1500 ppm sodium monofluorophosphate in a precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) base is a clinically effective method for reducing dentinal hypersensitivity.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effect of triclosan dentifrices on mouth volatile sulphur compounds and dental plaque trypsin-like activity during experimental gingivitis development.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three commercial anti-plaque dentifrices containing 0.3% triclosan + 2% pvm/ma (Colgate Total), 0.3% triclosan + 0.75% Zn (Signal Global) and 0.3% triclosan + 5% PPi (Crest Complete) in comparison with an experimental dentifrice (0.3% triclosan + 2% pvm/ma + 0.75% Zn + 4% PPi) and a control dentifrice without anti-plaque agents on trypsin-like activity in dental plaque (detected by the hydrolysis of [Na-Benzoyl-DL-Anginine p-Nitroanilide (BAPNA)] and volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) in mouth air during experimental gingivitis development. METHOD: A 5-step double blind, crossover experimental gingivitis study was conducted on 19 volunteers during a 21-day period. The volunteers refrained from brushing an experimental quadrant of teeth. The dentifrices were applied to those teeth via toothshield three times per day; simultaneously they brushed the other teeth with the same dentifrice. After each period, VSCs in mouth air and BAPNA hydrolysis by dental plaque accumulated in the experimental quadrant were determined. RESULTS: There was an increase (p < 0.05) in VSCs in mouth air when experimental gingivitis was induced in only one quadrant of teeth. None of the dentifrices was able to avoid the increase of VSCs during the experimental gingivitis development. The majority of the antiplaque dentifrices evaluated reduced the increase of VSC formation in comparison with the control (p < 0.05). There was no relationship between the ability of the dentifrices in reducing VSC formation and the inhibition of trypsin-like activity in dental plaque. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-plaque dentifrices reduce the increase of VSCs that occurs during the development of experimental gingivitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The effect of dentifrices containing zinc citrate on plaque growth and oral zinc levels.

Zinc salts have previously been shown to possess antiplaque activity in solution but this activity has as yet not been reported for dentifrices. The purpose of the present investigation was to establish the effect of dentifrices containing zinc citrate (ZCT) on plaque growth and on the concentration of zinc in saliva and plaque. Plaque growth inhibition was studied over periods of time approximating to intervals for normal oral hygiene procedures. Zinc in saliva and plaque was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Elevated zinc levels in saliva were observed for 3-4 h after brushing with the zinc citrate dentifrice. Similarly, raised levels of zinc were encountered in plaque 1 h following contact with a slurry of a dentifrice containing ZCT. Increased concentrations of zinc were observed in plaque fluid and plaque residue. The plaque growth data from 88 participants in 5 studies revealed that plaque regrowth over 16 h or 22 h was reduced by dentifrices containing 0.5% ZCT, compared to placebo dentifrices. Dentifrices which contained 0.5% ZCT or 0.4% stannous fluoride, had similar inhibitory effects on plaque. Further analysis of the data showed that subjects with high rates of plaque growth benefited more from the zinc dentifrices than those with low rates of plaque growth. It is suggested that the effect on plaque was related to zinc concentration in the dentifrice rather than total dose applied, and that the main effect of zinc was to inhibit the extension of existing plaque.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The effects of a dentifrice containing a zinc salt and a non-cationic antimicrobial agent on plaque and gingivitis.

The antiplaque potential of metal salts in mouthwashes or dentifrices has been previously demonstrated. The purpose of the present investigation was to establish the effects on plaque and gingival health of a dentifrice which contained a combination of the metal salt, zinc citrate, and the anti-microbial agent, Triclosan. Plaque growth was reduced by a dentifrice which contained either zinc citrate or triclosan, but greater inhibition was achieved with dentifrices which contained both agents. A 4-day non-brushing study in which slurries of the dentifrice were used, confirmed that the test dentifrice which contained 1% zinc citrate and 0.5% Triclosan reduced the accumulation of plaque by 50%. In a double-blind crossover study of 28 days duration, a significant reduction in plaque accumulation and an improvement in gingival health was demonstrated for the test dentifrice compared to the placebo. Further analysis of the data indicated that the dentifrice was most efficacious for participants who brushed ineffectively. Also, the greatest benefit was obtained by subjects that used the largest amount of dentifrice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of fluoride concentrations in unstimulated whole saliva following the use of a fluoride dentifrice and a fluoride rinse.

Recent evidence has suggested that the cariostatic effects of topical fluoride (F) are related to the presence of low concentrations of ionic F in the oral environment. The purpose of this study was to compare the retention of F in the oral environment over 24-hour periods after the use of a F dentifrice or a F rinse. Groups of ten consenting adult subjects (age 18-52 years) brushed and/or rinsed (B/R) in a standardized manner twice per day in the morning (AM) and before bed (PM) with either a placebo dentifrice (8 ppm F), NaF dentifrice (1100 ppm F), or NaF rinse (225 ppm F). Experiments were performed with placebo dentifrice only (PD); F dentifrice only (FD); F dentifrice followed by F rinse (FD/FR); placebo dentifrice followed by F rinse (PD/FR); and F rinse followed by placebo dentifrice (FR/PD). Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected at baseline and then at 0, 15, 30, and 45 min, 1, 2, and 8 hr after B/R in the AM, after B/R in the PM and upon rising the following morning. Salivary flow rate and F were determined for each sampling interval. The results of this study suggest that: (1) F rinse may be a more effective way of delivering topical F than F dentifrice; (2) based on F retention, the combination of FD/FR was not more effective than FR only (PD/FR); (3) older individuals with gingival recession retained higher F levels; and (4) bedtime F application resulted in longer F retention than did daytime application, which may have important implications for enamel remineralization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Laboratory evaluations of three dentifrices with polishing or brushing.

The purpose of this study was to determine the depth of deposit removal of three dentifrices using a dental felt polishing tip or an Oral-B P 35 toothbrush. The dentifrices were compared using a laboratory method which simulates clinical tooth polishing or toothbrushing procedures, and utilizes a pressure-sensitive paper that records the depth of deposit removal. Each polishing time was conducted for five seconds; toothbrushing time was 15 seconds. Both polishing and toothbrushing were performed at a weight of 250 grams. Depth of Deposit Removal (DDR) was recorded using a 0-4 scale from a comparative color chart. The dentifrices evaluated were Arm & Hammer Dental Care, Colgate Regular, and Crest Regular. Twenty-four replicates of each dentifrice, tested undiluted, were performed. Results indicated that dentifrice efficacy was ranked numerically as Arm & Hammer Dental Care > Colgate Regular > Crest Regular. In all of the assays the Arm & Hammer Dental Care dentifrice had significantly (p < 0.01-0.001) higher DDR mean values compared to the Colgate Regular and Crest Regular dentifrices. The Colgate Regular dentifrice was significantly (p < 0.01-0.001) superior to the Crest Regular dentifrice in the assays conducted.

Dental Deposits↗
PubMed1998

The effects of dentifrice systems on oral malodor.

Chronic oral malodor is a serious concern for about one-fifth of the North American population, and a field of emerging research interest. The present three studies, one involving gas chromatography and two employing odor judge assessment, examined the efficacy of baking soda and other toothpastes in reducing breath odor. The most common cause of oral malodor is elevated levels of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC's), primarily hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), in the breath. Gas chromatography, an accurate means of measuring breath VSC, was employed to evaluate the breath levels of VSC in 11 men after brushing with baking soda-containing dentifrices with or without the addition of Zn++. Dentifrices with either Zn++ or a concentration of baking soda 20% or greater significantly reduced VSC levels. The addition of Zn++ to baking soda dentifrices enhanced the anti-odor effects. In the first organoleptic study, dentifrices containing 20% baking soda and 30% baking soda demonstrated significantly greater ability to reduce breath odor than a standard sodium fluoride/silica dentifrice. The subjects' baseline mouth odor evaluations, initially rated as strong, declined after brushing with the baking soda toothpastes to a barely detectable level at one hour, then rising to a faint level at two hours and moderate levels at three hours. In the second organoleptic study, a dentifrice containing 65% baking soda demonstrated significantly greater ability to reduce breath odor than a standard sodium fluoride/silica tartar control dentifrice, but did not differ significantly from a standard dentifrice containing 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate in a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate base. The results of these studies indicate that dentifrices containing 20% or more baking soda can confer a significant odor-reducing benefit for time periods up to three hours.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Efficacy of two dentifrices on removal of natural extrinsic stain.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the 6-week effect on natural extrinsic dental stain from the use of a dentifrice containing 10% aluminum oxide, 1500 ppm sodium monofluorophosphate in a precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) base or a second dentifrice containing 0.5% calcium peroxide (CP), 1500 ppm sodium monofluorophosphate in a PCC base compared to a fluoride placebo dentifrice without stain removal ingredients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 94 subjects were entered in the study, and stratified into three balanced groups according to their baseline mean Lobene Stain Index scores. The three groups were randomly assigned to use one of the two test dentifrices or the placebo dentifrice. The three groups were well balanced with regard to their mean baseline stain index scores, gender and tobacco habits. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for 1 minute with their assigned dentifrice and a commercially available soft bristled toothbrush. Extrinsic dental stain examinations, which included mean stain area and mean stain intensity, were conducted at baseline and 6 weeks. Examinations were conducted by the same dental examiner (F.A.) on the subjects at each examination. RESULTS: After 6 weeks' use of their assigned products, those subjects in the aluminum oxide/PCC dentifrice group and those subjects in the CP/PCC dentifrice group demonstrated statistically significant improvements, as compared to the fluoride placebo dentifrice group without stain removal ingredients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

A six-week clinical efficacy study of a tooth whitening tartar control dentifrice for the removal of extrinsic tooth stain.

The objective of this double-blind clinical study was to investigate the tooth whitening efficacy of a new commercially available calculus-inhibiting dentifrice (Colgate Tartar Control Plus Whitening Fluoride dentifrice) containing tetra-sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, and PVM/MA copolymer in a 0.243% sodium fluoride/silica base (test dentifrice), compared to a commercially available, non-tooth whitening dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base (control dentifrice). Following a baseline examination for, extrinsic tooth stain, qualifying adult male and female subjects from the Manchester, United Kingdom area were randomized into two treatment groups which were balanced for gender, age and level of extrinsic tooth stain. Subjects were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for one minute with their assigned dentifrice using a soft-bristled toothbrush. Examinations for extrinsic tooth stain were repeated after six weeks' use of the study dentifrices. Seventy-nine(79) subjects complied with the protocol and completed the entire study. At the six-week examination, subjects assigned to the test dentifrice treatment group exhibited statistically significant reductions of over 40% with respect to both extrinsic tooth stain area and extrinsic tooth stain intensity relative to those subjects assigned to the control dentifrice treatment group.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Anticaries efficacy of a sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice containing xylitol in a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate base. A 30-month caries clinical study in Costa Rica.

PURPOSE: To compare the long-term caries increment associated with the use of two dentifrices: (1) a test dentifrice containing 0.836% sodium monofluorophosphate (1100 ppm F) in a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate base plus 10% xylitol; and (2) a positive control dentifrice containing 0.836% sodium monofluorophosphate (1100 ppm F) in a dicalcium phosphate dihydrate base. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three thousand three hundred ninety four (3,394) school children aged 7-12 years were selected to participate in this double blind clinical caries study at 28 public schools in the central plateau of Costa Rica. Children accepted for participation were stratified into two balanced groups within the participating schools on the basis of age and sex, and assigned to one of the two dentifrices. The study was conducted in harmony with the guidelines for caries clinical studies published in 1988 by the Council on Dental Therapeutics of the American Dental Association, and employed clinical diagnostic criteria provided in 1991 guidelines published by the National Institute of Dental Research (NIH/NIDR). Dental radiographs were not employed. RESULTS: Of those subjects who met the initial inclusion/exclusion criteria for this study, 2,539 were available for the 30-month exam. DFS increments over the 30-month period of this clinical study were 1.30 for the test dentifrice containing 10% xylitol, and 1.51 for the positive control dentifrice without xylitol; for DFT, the corresponding increments were 0.69 for the test dentifrice containing 10% xylitol, and 0.81 for that which did not contain xylitol. For both DFS and DFT, the increments associated with the test dentifrice containing 10% xylitol were statistically significantly lower than those associated with the positive dentifrice without xylitol (P < 0.05), with the observed reductions in caries increment exceeding 10% in for both parameters.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1992

The clinical effect of a dentifrice containing triclosan and a copolymer in a sodium fluoride/silica base on plaque formation and gingivitis: a six-month clinical study.

A six-month, double-blind clinical study was entered into by three hundred twenty-five (325) male and female adult subjects to assess the efficacy of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan (Irgacare MP, Ciba-Geigy Corp.) and 2.0% of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid (Gantrez, ISP Corp.) on supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis, compared to a placebo dentifrice over a six-month period. Each dentifrice, the triclosan and the placebo, contained 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base. Only those subjects who were free of periodontal disease (no pockets > 4 mm), demonstrated a level of at least mild gingivitis (modified Loe-Silness score > or = 1.0) and had a modified Quigley-Hein Plaque Index score of > or = 1.5 were admitted into the study. Baseline plaque and gingivitis scores were used to stratify the subjects into two balanced groups. A thorough oral prophylaxis was administered to all subjects. They were then assigned either the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice or the placebo dentifrice to use for the next six months. Evaluation for gingivitis and supragingival plaque formation was made after three and six months. Evaluations made after six (6) months demonstrated a 17.0% statistically significant (at the 99% level of confidence) reduction in supragingival plaque formation was provided by the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice, compared to the placebo dentifrice. An 18.6% statistically significant (at the 99% level of confidence) reduction in plaque formation on the tooth surfaces with the highest plaque formation was provided by the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice, compared to the placebo dentifrice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Dose response efficacy of sodium fluoride dentifrice at 9 and 21 months with supervised brushing.

PURPOSE: To assess whether a fluoride dose response could be detected with a relatively small sample size in a short duration using a novel randomized, double-blind study design. METHODS: Subjects (N = 644, with approximately 215 per group) with a mean age of 10.4 years old (9-12 years old) used a placebo dentifrice, an 1100 ppm F dentifrice or a 2800 ppm F dentifrice for the first 9 months of the study. Subjects in the placebo group were then switched to either 1100 ppm or 2800 ppm F dentifrice for the remainder of the study, while subjects in the fluoride groups continued with their original treatment assignments. Three calibrated examiners measured visual-tactile caries as DMFS that was supplemented with a radiographic examination at baseline, 9 months and 21 months for each subject. RESULTS: The results of this study are consistent with the previous results reported for sodium fluoride dentifrices. For all examiners, the 1100 ppm and 2800 ppm fluoride dentifrices delivered statistically significantly (P < 0.05) lower DMFS scores than the placebo control dentifrice at 9 months, while at 21 months the 1100 ppm and 2800 ppm fluoride dentifrices delivered statistically significantly lower DMFS scores compared to the both the placebo/1100 ppm and the placebo/2800 ppm dentifrice groups. In addition, one of the three examiners observed a directional (P = 0.11) dose response (2800 ppm F < 1100 ppm F) at 9 months, while at 21 months all three examiners observed evidence of a dose response, with one examiner observing a statistically significant difference between 1100 ppm and 2800 ppm F. Caries scores on occlusal surfaces provided the strongest evidence of an 1100 ppm F vs. 2800 ppm F difference.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed2006

Efficacy and safety of a novel stabilized stannous fluoride and sodium hexametaphosphate dentifrice for dentinal hypersensitivity.

PURPOSE: Dentinal hypersensitivity is a common complaint among dental patients. Recently, a novel 0.454% stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice containing sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) was introduced that offers a desensitizing benefit. This trial was conducted to assess the desensitizing efficacy of this new dentifrice relative to a sodium fluoride control dentifrice. METHODS AND MATERIAL: This was a double-blind, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial conducted according to the American Dental Association (ADA) Guidelines for the Acceptance of Products for the Treatment of Dentinal Hypersensitivity. Ninety subjects who met the entrance criteria were stratified based on age, gender, and baseline sensitivity scores and randomly assigned to either the stabilized stannous fluoride + SHMP dentifrice (Crest Pro-Health) or the sodium fluoride control dentifrice. Subjects were instructed to brush twice daily for eight weeks. Efficacy assessments were made, including tactile (Yeaple probe) and thermal (Schiff Air Index) sensitivity, and an oral soft tissue examination was conducted at baseline, week four, and week eight. RESULTS: The mean sensitivity score based on the Schiff Air Index for the stannous fluoride + SHMP group was statistically significantly lower than that of the control group, at both weeks four and eight (P < .0001). At week eight, the stannous fluoride + SHMP dentifrice group had an adjusted mean 44% lower than that of the control group. The mean tactile sensitivity score for the stannous fluoride + SHMP group was statistically significantly higher, indicating a reduction in sensitivity, than that of the control group, at both weeks four and eight (P < .0001). At week eight, the stannous fluoride + SHMP dentifrice group had a mean desensitizing improvement of 71% greater than the control. CONCLUSION: The stabilized stannous fluoride + SHMP dentifrice provided statistically significant reductions in dentinal hypersensitivity at four and eight weeks compared to the sodium fluoride control dentifrice.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Supragingival calculus in children with gastrostomy feeding: significant reduction with a caregiver-applied tartar-control dentifrice.

PURPOSE: This study assessed the anti-calculus benefit of Crest Dual Action Whitening Toothpaste in gastrostomy (GT) children compared to a control anti-caries dentifrice. METHODS: A double-blind randomized crossover design was used to compare the two dentifrices. A convenience sample of 24 GT subjects, 3-12 years old, was given a consensus baseline Volpe-Manhold Index calculus score by 2 trained examiners, followed by a dental prophylaxis to remove all calculus. Each child was randomly assigned to either study or control dentifrice groups. Caregivers brushed subjects' teeth twice daily with the unlabelled dentifrice for at least 45 seconds. Calculus was scored at 8 weeks (+/- 1 week) by the same investigators. Subjects then had a prophylaxis and received the alternative dentifrice. Subjects returned 8 weeks (+/- 1 week) later for final calculus scoring. RESULTS: The study dentifrice significantly reduced supragingival calculus from baseline by 58% compared to control dentifrice (p<0.005 need exact p-value unless it is <.001; maybe it's reported in the paper). Calculus levels decreased by 68% over the study duration, irrespective of dentifrice. ANOVA found no significant differences in calculus scores based on gender, race, history of reflux, aspiration pneumonia, or oral intake of food. Calculus was significantly related to history of aspiration pneumonia (p<0.05 need exact p-value here). CONCLUSION: Crest Dual Action Whitening Toothpaste was effective and better than anti-caries control dentifrice in reducing calculus in GT children.

Caregivers↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of the anticalculus effect of two soluble pyrophosphate dentifrices with and without a copolymer.

A two phase, six month, double blind clinical study was conducted to compare the effect on supragingival calculus deposits of a dentifrice containing 1.30% soluble pyrophosphate (from 2.0% tetrasodium pyrophosphate) with and without the presence of 1.50% of a copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid. In Phase I of the study, male and female adult subjects were stratified into two balanced groups according to baseline calculus scores. They received an oral prophylaxis and were assigned to the use of either a dentifrice containing 1.30% soluble pyrophosphate and 1.50% copolymer or to a placebo dentifrice that did not contain the anticalculus ingredients. After three months use of the products, the subjects received a calculus examination. The subjects were then entered into Phase II of the study where they were restratified into two balanced groups. They again received an oral prophylaxis and were assigned to the use of either a dentifrice containing 1.30% soluble pyrophosphate with no copolymer or to a placebo dentifrice. The results from the three month calculus examination indicated that the dentifrice containing soluble pyrophosphate and a copolymer reduced supragingival calculus deposits by 29.54%, as compared to the placebo dentifrice (less than 99% level of confidence). The results from the six month calculus examinations indicated that the dentifrice containing soluble pyrophosphate without the copolymer did not provide a statistically significant reduction in supragingival calculus after an oral prophylaxis. Thus, it is concluded that the presence of the copolymer in the soluble pyrophosphate dentifrice was essential for obtaining a statistically significant anticalculus effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effect of a triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice on the oral microflora.

Eighty-one human subjects completed a double-blind study which examined the effects of a 0.3% triclosan/2% Gantrez copolymer/0.243% sodium fluoride dentifrice on the microflora of supragingival dental plaque. Subjects were divided into an experimental group which performed normal oral hygiene with the triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice and a control group which also performed normal oral hygiene with the same dentifrice minus the triclosan/copolymer. At baseline, 10 weeks, and 28 weeks, supragingival dental plaque was collected from buccal and lingual surfaces of the four first molar teeth and assayed for: 1) bacterial morphotypes by phase contrast microscopy, 2) Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Actinomyces species, Bacteroides forsythus, Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides intermedius, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, and Wolinella recta by immunofluorescence microscopy, and 3) Lactobacillus, yeast, enterics, Staphylococcus, aerobes and anaerobes by bacterial culture. After 28 weeks' use of their respective dentifrices, changes in the supragingival plaque microflora of the subjects were similar between the triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice group and the control dentifrice group, except for statistically significant reductions in fusiforms, spirochetes and staphylococci and significant increases in S. sanguis in the triclosan/copolymer/fluoride dentifrice group, as compared to the control dentifrice group. The subject population was unusual in the presence of enteric species and anaerobes found in supragingival plaque sites. This study indicates that the use of a dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2% Gantrez copolymer over an extended period of time (28 weeks) does not result in shifts in the microflora of supragingival plaque favoring the growth of either opportunistic or pathogenic bacterial species.

Adult↗