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Results for “Contraceptive Availability”

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PubMed2005

The World Health Organization initiative on implantation research.

Recognizing that the currently available contraceptive options represent a limited choice for women, contraceptive research and development programs have identified the process of implantation as a promising area for investigation. Contraceptive methods that prevent implantation and can be taken on a once-a-month basis appear to be an attractive option for many women in a variety of settings. A recently completed 5-year, international, collaborative research programme - conducted by the World Health Organization with financial support from the Rockefeller Foundation - has identified a number of promising leads for once-a-month method development and the more promising of these leads are being actively followed up in collaboration with the pharmaceutical industry.

Contraception↗
PubMed1984

Results of establishing medical guidelines for selecting oral contraceptive types in family planning agencies.

Family planning agencies are attempting to increase their efficiency and cost-effectiveness in delivering services, as federal funding is diminishing. We have examined the effects of establishing guidelines in a family planning agency, outlining the types of OCs to be routinely prescribed. We found that substantial savings in purchase costs were achieved, in addition to simplified inventory and distribution. These savings were accomplished with no perceptible change in patients' satisfaction. The equivalence of modern OCs in safety and effectiveness allows the creation of guidelines which are medically sound.

Contraceptives, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Birth control: some experiences from Denmark.

This article discusses that an effective birth control exists in Denmark today. Birth control is considered as a means for the couple not only to reach the wished-for family size by limiting their number of children but also to decide when to have children. Since 1973, women in Denmark can have an induced abortion on request before the end of the 12th week of pregnancy. An increasing proportion of women applying for induced abortion have no children, indicating that induced abortion is a means to obtain an effective postponement of first birth. The paper concludes that birth control is primarily accomplished by use of contraceptives and as an effect of widespread use, teenagers have managed to diminish their total rate of pregnancy rather dramatically.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2001

The evolution of the family planning programme and its role in influencing fertility change in Kenya.

Kenya was one of the first sub-Saharan countries to enter the fertility transition, and analysts have suggested various explanations for this. This paper examines the growth in contraceptive availability in Kenya by looking at the Kenya family planning programme and its association with the fertility transition. This is of critical programmatic importance because the fertility transition is not yet underway in many sub-Saharan countries. Policymakers will find the information from this study helpful in evaluating the efficacy of current programmes and replicating the Kenyan programme in areas where fertility decline has not yet occurred. For researchers, the study attempts to highlight some of the major factors driving Kenya's fertility decline, apart from the conventional arguments about social and economic development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Contraceptive use and desire for more children in two rural districts of Sierra Leone.

Data from a 1993 household survey in rural Sierra Leone revealed that, among women aged 12-49 with at least one child younger than 5, about 13% were using a contraceptive method and about 67% wanted more children. These rates differ from those reported for the 1980s and 1970s, when the contraceptive use rate was around 6% and more than 85% of women desired more children, suggesting a trend towards fertility limitation over the years. Logistic regression analysis showed that contraceptive use was positively associated with age, number of living children, age at marriage, education, and economic status, and negatively associated with Islamic and traditional religious affiliations. Government and other health clinics, hospital, and government paramedical personnel were the major sources of contraceptive supplies. The lower desire for more children might relate to demographic pressure from the recent improved child survival rate compounded by recent economic hardship.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Marketing of birth control in LDCs: with special references to India.

The authors outline a marketing approach for family planning programs in developing countries, with references to experiences in India. Following an overview of types of population programs, suggestions for strengthening program efforts are offered, and a framework for marketing birth control is described. "This approach was based on the recognition that acceptance of a small family norm is interwoven with the freedom to make that choice.... This framework suggests that marketing plans should be aimed at the three-dimensional goal of increasing the population's desire, ability, and capability toward acceptance of the small family norm and the practice of birth control [and] that in consideration of the wide geographical variations in population growth, per capita income, and the level of development in general, programs should be designed in a segmented manner to suit the socio-economic nature of each group."

Asia↗
PubMed1992

Use of birth control pills and condoms among 17-19-year-old adolescents in Norway: contraceptive versus protective behaviour?

This article addresses the relationship between sexual risk behaviour and contraceptive behaviour, and considers whether adolescents who use condoms are practising birth control or STD protective behaviour. The material comprised a representative sample of 3000 Norwegians aged 17-19 years. Data were collected by anonymous self-administered questionnaires. The response-rate was 63%. At the first sexual intercourse 51% of the adolescents used condoms and 7% birth control pills. At the most recent intercourse 31% used condoms and 38% the pill. Use of the pill was widespread among adolescents with high coital frequency and few coital partners. Use of condoms was not particularly widespread among adolescents who reported a relatively large number of coital partners. Irrespective of the number of years they had been coitally active there was no significant difference between those who intended to use condoms at the next sexual intercourse and those who did not as regards their beliefs about condoms as protection against STDs, HIV and unintended pregnancies. The results from this study indicate that the majority of adolescents who use contraception do this for protection against unintended pregnancy and not for protection against STDs. The preference for the pill may make teenagers less prepared to practise STD protective behaviour in specific situations.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Nonoxynol-9 protects mice against vaginal transmission of genital herpes infections.

A vaginal application of a commercially available contraceptive jelly containing nonoxynol-9 (N9) prevented vaginal transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections in the mouse. When N9 jelly was delivered to the vagina with the virus inoculum, 20 s before inoculum, or 5 min before inoculum, mice were completely protected from visible infection (P < .001). Protection lasted for at least 30 min (P < .03), and significant protection occurred even when the N9 jelly was delivered 15 min after the HSV-2 inoculum (P < .05). These results are consistent with results of studies using N9 products in other animal models and suggest that N9-based contraceptive products can provide significant protection against vaginal transmission of enveloped virus infections in animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Adolescent Sexuality: Part 2. Contraception.

The United States has the highest rate of teen pregnancy in the Western world. Although abstinence may be the ideal solution for the prevention of this problem, one half of adolescents in the United States are sexually active. This article reviews the epidemiology of contraception among adolescents, barriers to effective use of contraception, and ways to improve efficacy. Major methods of contraception, including oral contraceptive pills, Norplant, Depo-Provera, condoms, spermicide, sponge, intrauterine device (IUD), diaphragm, and rhythm/periodic abstinence, are discussed along with method-specific issues related to adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy: a model of adolescents' HIV-related sexual risk behavior.

Using data from a cross-sectional, statewide survey of 1,720 Texas ninth graders in 13 school districts, a model of psychosocial predictors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related sexual risk behavior was tested. Predictor variables in the model, based on variables from the Theory of Reasoned Action and Social Learning Theory, were attitudes, norms, self-efficacy, and behavioral intentions. Attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy predicted 36.4% of the variance in the intention to limit the number of sexual partners and the same variables plus intention predicted 24.6% of the variance in number of sexual partners in the past year. Attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy regarding condom use predicted 17.0% of the variance in condom use intentions; these variables plus intentions predicted 19.0% of the variance in condom use frequency. Attitudes, norms, and intentions were directly related to the number of sexual partners, while self-efficacy ad condom use intentions were directly related to frequency of condom use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Gender and unwanted pregnancy: a community-based study in rural Ghana.

This study investigates attitudes concerning unwanted pregnancies in a rural district of western Ghana. Structured questionnaires were used to interview men and women between 15 and 49 years of age (n = 2179) to measure the prevalence of unwanted pregnancy, how often it led to induced abortion and to establish the reasons why a pregnancy was considered unwanted. At some time in their life at least one unwanted pregnancy was experienced by 41% of men and 43.6% of women. Men and women reported a similar proportion of pregnancies (17.3% and 16.1%, respectively) as unwanted. The proportion of unwanted pregnancies terminated by induced abortion varied with the reason why the pregnancy was undesirable. Among both men and women socio-economic problems were most commonly cited with unwanted pregnancies. Pregnancies perceived by women as unwanted ended more often in an induced abortion than those unwanted by men. Reproductive health programs need to make contraceptives available, accessible and acceptable for both women and men. More research is needed to facilitate a clear understanding of the impact of gender on unwanted pregnancy and its prevention.

Abortion, Induced↗