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PubMed1996

The psychological factors of a premature response based on contingent negative variation.

The psychological factors of a premature response on simple reaction-time tasks were examined by comparing the difference between control responses (33 samples) and premature responses (33 samples) using the index of Contingent Negative Variation (CNV). The first (warning) stimulus was a click, the second (imperative) stimulus was a colored circular figure presented on a CRT, and the interstimulus interval was set at 3 sec. 72 trials were administered to the 24 subjects, then 33 artifact-free CNV data in a premature response were shown. Analyses indicated that CNV amplitudes in the premature response were lower than those in the control response at frontal position. Especially in the premature response, CNV waveforms stayed around baseline toward S2 at F3 and F4. In the analyses of variance, every CNV component (early, late, and whole components) at F4 or FZ was significantly lower for the premature response. These results suggested that the optimal prediction, arousal, and attention do not seem to be maintained in a premature response.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1989

The contingent negative variation in a Go/No Go avoidance task: relationships with personality and subjective state.

Howard et al. (1982) reported an association in mentally abnormal offenders between psychometric impulsiveness and the degree of differentiation in the contingent negative variation (CNV) recorded at the vertex between Go and No Go conditions in a Go/No Go signalled avoidance task. The present study aimed to investigate whether this finding extended to two samples of young, healthy volunteers using a variety of impulsiveness-related measures. As well as examining the Go/No Go CNV recorded from the vertex, the present study investigated the Go/No Go CNV recorded bilaterally at central (C3 and C4: Experiment 1) and temporal (T3 and T4: Experiment 2) electrode derivations. The study also investigated relationships between the Go/No Go CNV and subjective state. including stress and arousal as measured by a mood-adjective checklist, as well as several task-related state measures. The Go CNV recorded at the vertex was found to relate to a variety of impulsiveness-related measures, in particular to Eysenck's Impulsivity, Venturesomeness and Psychoticism. The Go/No Go CNV recorded at temporal sites was more closely related to measures of Emotionality. While the Go CNV appears to be an electrocortical index of a neuropsychological system mediating subjective stress, the No Go CNV appears to index subjective arousal. Results are interpreted in terms of orthogonal 'primary' and 'secondary' appraisal processes (Folkman et al., 1979), and their implications for Gray's (1982) neuropsychological theory of anxiety and Tucker and Williamson's (1984) neural control systems model of human self-regulation are outlined.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Inhibitory influence of oxytocin infusion on contingent negative variation and some memory tasks in normal men.

A double-blind study combining electrophysiological and psychometrical approaches was carried out to investigate the central effects of an intravenous oxytocin (OT) infusion in normal men. Contingent negative variation (CNV) was selected as the measure of central cognitive evoked potential, and the psychometric tests measured mood, vigilance and memory. OT infusion induced a significant decrease of CNV amplitude and an increase of post-imperative positive potentials in vertex derivations. A similar effect was still evidenced one week after treatment in frontal derivations, suggesting a long time effect of OT on human brain. No significant influence of OT on mood or vigilance tests was apparent; only one item of a memory test revealed a significant impairment of some mnesic performances. These observations provide new electrophysiological arguments supporting a central action of peripheral OT administration in man.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Intracerebral recordings of slow potentials in a contingent negative variation paradigm: an exploration in epileptic patients.

While exploring epileptic patients with intracerebral multilead electrodes, we applied a forewarned reaction time task with two successive sound stimuli, a paradigm that is known to elicit a contingent negative variation (CNV). The second, imperative sound stimulus was followed by a hand or a foot movement. Eleven patients suffering drug-resistant partial epilepsies were tested. The slow potentials developing during the time between the two stimuli were usually not typical CNVs (sometimes comprising multiple successive components with distinct polarities). Such "CNV-like" potentials were obtained from two main cortical zones: a central one including premotor, motor, supplementary motor, postcentral and cingulate areas; and a temporal zone, mainly including the auditory cortex and its vicinity, and in some cases the amygdala. This restricted localization contrasted with the broader extent of the CNVs on the scalp. Intracerebral CNV-like events were obtained from both hemispheres, independent of the side of the performed movement. In some patients, readiness potentials (RPs) were also recorded for comparison and displayed a more restricted extent, being present only on the contralateral motor cortex and bilaterally in the supplementary motor areas. Our data suggest that the last part of the CNV cannot just be identified with the RP.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Contingent negative variation and alpha attenuation responses in children with different abilities to concentrate.

In three paralleled groups, each of seven children (age, 11 years) with reliable high, average and low ability to concentrate, measured by psychological tests, the contingent negative variation (CNV) and the concomitant alpha attenuation responses were studied in warned reaction time experiments. Stimuli were tone (S1) and patterned light (S2). In half of the trials, S2 was a square, in the other half a triagle, stimuli being projected in random order onto the fixation point. In two experiments the children had to react (a) to each type of S2, and (b) selectively to one type of S2. Significant group differences were found. In comparison to the children with low ability to concentrate, the children with average and especially those with high ability to concentrate showed: (1) stronger central occipital alpha attenuation responses to the warning stimulus, but no differences in the early CNVs; (2) more occipital alpha reduction and enhanced development of central negativity before the imperative stimulus; (3) task-specific modulation of these responses, i.e. larger pre-S2 rise in negativity in the simple reaction task, and stronger pre-S2 reduction of alpha amplitudes in the discriminative reaction task.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed1998

Contingent negative variation and cognitive performance in hypotension.

The difference in attention and cognitive performance between 26 hypotensive (systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 60 mmHg) and 22 normotensive female university students was assessed. Attention was examined with contingent negative variation (CNV) recorded using light and tone as S1 and S2. Cognitive performance was assessed by free recall of a list of words and two German tests of cognitive speed performance and sustained attention: Zahlen-Verbindungs-Test and d2. The hypotensive participants demonstrated a lower increase in negativity on the CNV. Moreover, in the free recall test, hypotensive individuals remembered fewer words, in comparison with normotensive subjects. Scores for hypotensive individuals on the Zahlen-Verbindungs-Test and d2 were also lower. No difference was found in reaction times to imperative stimuli (S2).

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Motor and non-motor components of the Contingent Negative Variation.

To study the contribution of the Stimulus-Preceding Negativity (SPN) to the late wave of the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), negativity was recorded preceding an instruction stimulus (S1), an instruction stimulus to which a motor response was required (S2) and a stimulus that transmitted Knowledge of Results (KR). All recorded negativities showed a centro-parietal maximum. The pre-instruction negativities tended to be larger over the left hemisphere, while a right hemisphere preponderance was found for the pre-KR negativity. Unlike the pre-S1 negativity, the pre-KR negativity may depend on affective-motivational processes. The pre-S1 negativity was small and influenced by factors other than the instruction at S1. It is concluded that the SPN contributes to the late CNV, but that this contribution was relatively small.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Methodological aspects of the analysis of the effects of drugs (diazepam and caffeine) on contingent negative variation].

The paper discusses the importance and implications of the event-related-potentials in the analysis of effects of centrally acting drugs. This is illustrated using a study on the influence of diazepam and caffeine on the contingent-negative-variation (CNV) as an example. Special emphasis is placed on methodological problems and their possible solutions. A linear robust fitting technique was used for quantification of the slow-rising, ramp-like CNV potentials as an alternative to conventional baseline-to-peak measures. Results obtained by this method were validated by a second analysis taking slow superimposed DC-shifts into account. This was achieved by defining a reference line from the data for CNV-development and -resolution. The possibilities of single-trial potential evaluation were explored by using a pattern recognition algorithm. The average CNV-waveform was used as a reference-signal to which the single-trial potentials were correlated. Since pattern recognition techniques are sensitive to morphological changes of the potentials they are adding a new aspect to event-related-potential analysis.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

P3 and contingent negative variation in Parkinson's disease.

Patients with idiopathic Parkinson's syndrome, most of them in early stages of the disease, and matched healthy controls participated in a continuous performance task while their EEGs were recorded from 15 electrodes. During preparation of movements, a contingent negative variation (CNV) maximal at central and posterior sites was visible. This CNV was reduced in the patient population. A large P3-like positive deflection occurred after go and no-go stimuli that called for execution (go) or suppression (no-go) of a button press. Compared to healthy controls, the positive wave in Parkinson patients was significantly reduced after go stimuli and maximally attenuated when no-go stimuli had indicated to suppress the motor response. In contrast, P3 amplitudes after irrelevant "ignore' stimuli was not significantly reduced in the patients. These results are interpreted in the framework of a model of striatal function postulating (i) that populations of cortical and striatal neurons form distributed functional units (Hebbian cell assemblies), and (ii) that mutual inhibition between such cortico-striatal cell assemblies is mediated by the neostriatum, the forebrain structure primarily affected in Parkinson's disease.

Behavior↗
PubMed1975

[Basis and clinical application of the "contingent negative variation" in "evoked response audiometry" (author's transl)].

After repeated stimulation with an indicative stimulus and a second imperative stimulus, a slow negative potential shife, the "Contingent Negative Variation" (CNV), can be recorded in the EEG before the second stimulus. On account of the main features of CNV two qualitative tests can be used in audiometry. "Tone-CNV" is an objective test of perception of a pure-tone. The indicative pure-tone is followed regularly by a second imperative stimulus, a flash of light or a slide. The appearance of CNV is the positive sign of perception, even if the "acoustically evoked potential" (AEP) is difficult to define. Adults and children (5 to 12 years) with normal hearing or suffering from several forms of hearing loss developed a CNV, except those patients with severe brain damage. The advantage of this method is the short testing time and accentuation of AEPs. The test can be also done under sedation. In "Objective Speech Audiometry", a proof of concept discrimination, only words of one concept are combined with a second imperative stimulus. The other group of words of the second concept remains "unreinforced". After correct discrimination all normal subjects developed a CNV before the second stimulus and after the "unreinforced" concept a "Discriminative Positive Variation" (DPV). Thus, this method can be used for clinical purposes. Loss of discrimination, perseveration phenomena and hemispheric differences were observed in aphasic patients.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1983

Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis and abnormal contingent negative variation. A case report.

We treated a patient suffering from paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (PKC). The etiology and pathophysiologic mechanism of this rare movement disorder are unclear. Like other patients with PKC, our patient experienced attacks more frequently when making anticipated movements. Because anticipation plays an important role in the genesis of the contingent negative variation (CNV), we investigated the CNV in our patient. One of the components of the CNV, the slow negative wave (SNW), repeatedly showed a remarkable enhancement compared with that of controls. After institution of phenytoin sodium therapy, the attacks of PKC subsided and the SNW amplitude came within the range of control values. There may be a relationship between PKC and the abnormal CNV.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Olfactory evoked potentials and contingent negative variation in expert assessment of disordered sense of smell].

Normally, the sense of smell is assessed by means of traditional subjective tests (sniff test, gustatory smell test, and trigeminus test). When results are inconclusive, an objective smell test is indicated. Simultaneously registering olfactory evoked potentials (OEP) and contingent negative variation (CNV) permits evaluation of both odor perception and odor discrimination. We can even objectively assess the false olfactory sensations in parosmia patients who are unable to discriminate between different odors. In this study, the results of 59 patients with olfactory disorders are presented. Head trauma and upper respiratory infections were the most common causes of the patients' complaints. In twelve cases, lack of cooperation and patient unrest prevented us from evaluating the data. In anosmia, the objective results agreed completely with the patient's subjective assessment. In hyposmia and parosmia, the results agreed with the patient's subjective assessment in most cases; here we were able to arrive at a more specific diagnosis in several cases. The objective smell test can be used to supplement subjective methods and thus provide more reliable assessment of olfactory disorders.

Attention↗
PubMed1994

Perimenstrual migraine: effect of Estraderm TTS and the value of contingent negative variation and exteroceptive temporalis muscle suppression test.

In 20 patients with pure menstrual migraine either Estraderm TTS 50 patches (E) or placebo (P) patches were applied during three successive menstrual cycles, randomly allocated to the treatment sequences E-P-E or P-E-P. Clinical neurophysiological tests, contingent negative variation (CNV) and exteroceptive temporalis muscle suppression test (ETST) were performed before treatment. The predictive value of these tests regarding the efficacy of Estraderm TTS was studied. Neither the number, duration and severity of the migraine attacks, nor the consumption of analgesics and ergotamine differed significantly during Estraderm TTS and placebo treatment. The ETST was consistent with migraine in 35% (95% confidence interval 15.4 to 59.2) of the patients. The CNV in 55% (31.5 to 76.9), and both tests in 25% (8.7 to 49.1%). Regarding the prediction of the Estraderm TTS effect on the migraine attacks, the specificity of the ETST, CNV and the combination of ETST with CNV, calculated for the first two cycles, was respectively 81.8% (48.2 to 97.7), 45.5% (16.8 to 76.6) and 80% (28.4 to 99.5). For the last two cycles these values were respectively 75% (42.8 to 94.5), 50.0% (21.1 to 87.9) and 71.4% (29.0 to 96.3). The sensitivity of the tests was respectively 62.5% (24.5 to 91.5), 62.5% (24.5 to 91.5) and 66.7% (22.3 to 95.7) in the first 2 cycles. In the last 2 cycles 50.0% (15.1 to 84.3), 62.5% (24.5 to 91.5) and 60% (14.7 to 94.7). This study did not demonstrate an effectiveness of Estraderm TTS in perimenstrual migraine, except for the subgroup of perimenstrual migraine patients in whom the ETST test results were consistent with migraine.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1995

Fear conditioning, preparedness, and the contingent negative variation.

Psychophysiological research on preparedness has previously focused on autonomic nervous system parameters. The present study used electrocortical indices of fear conditioning. Subjects (n = 10) were tested under fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant conditions (1 week apart, order of conditions counterbalanced). Each condition comprised acquisition and extinction sessions. The contingent negative variation (CNV) was elicited in anticipation of forewarned slides (fear relevant: small animals; fear irrelevant: landscapes). In acquisition, reinforced conditioned stimulus (CS+) (but not nonreinforced conditioned stimulus [CS-]) slides were followed by white noise as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). In extinction, the UCS was omitted. In the fear-relevant condition, CNV amplitude was significantly larger for CS+ than CS- in both acquisition and extinction. In the fear-relevant condition, CNV amplitude was significantly larger for CS+ than CS- in both acquisition and extinction. In the fear-irrelevant condition, CNV differentiation between CS+ and CS- was weak in both sessions. CNV was significantly larger in the fear-relevant than in the fear-irrelevant condition, for CS+ but not CS-. The findings are consistent with a preparedness interpretation and suggest that CNV under such circumstances may represent an automatic affective response to fear-relevant stimuli. Electrocortical measures could be particularly useful in examining information processing mechanisms in phobia and cognition-affect relationships generally.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[The importance of the "contingent negative variation" (CNV) for audiometry (author's transl)].

Previous proofs of "central processes" in hearing were based on the determination of the late "auditory evoked potentials" (AEP's: 50--300 ms) in EEG. The appearance of AEP's in different sleep stages raises the question, if the AEP actually conscious hearing. Since the discovery of the "Contingent Negative Variation" (CNV), as a potential depending on conscious and cognitive factors, an appropriate "instrument" is available to solve this problem. Using the CNV-technique three proofs of central auditory perception are described and discussed: a) "The objective proof of the perception of pure-tones", useful for threshold determination, test in the case of simulation and central hearing disorders. b) "The objective proof of the perception of stimulus-changes", useful for exact determination of differential thresholds for frequencies or intensities. c) "The objective speech audiometry", proof of speech comprehension, useful in case of aphasia and simulation.

Auditory Perception↗