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PubMed1987

[A computer program for recognition of normal and pathologic blood and bone marrow cells].

A computer program to identify normal and pathological blood and marrow cells is presented. It requires an analysis of cellular morphology according to ten simple criteria. These criteria are treated by the Bayesian method; then the program offers, in decreasing order, the cells which are best classified. The responses are analyzed and discussed. This program seems to be well suitable to a computer-assisted teaching (CAT) of cytology. It supplements effectively the traditional methods.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A computer program for the interpretation of the acid-base status and respiratory gases].

A computer program for analysing the parameters of the acid-base status and respiratory gases has been designed. The program separates cases which are included into classical picture of certain respiratory, metabolic and mixed disorders. Out of a test series of 200 findings, 93% findings have been accurately interpreted. The program is written in BASIC, translated into machine code and occupies about 25 Kbyte computer memory. The main parts of the program use commands which do not favorize any version of BASIC increasing the program portability to other systems. The classification of respiratory gases and acid-base status was based on the already known facts.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

BASIC computer program to summarize data using nonparametric and parametric statistics including Anderson-Darling test for normality.

Tools for calculating Gaussian parametric statistics are widely available in hand-held calculators and program packages for desktop as well as mainframe computers. The standard deviation calculated from non-Gaussian data may, however, be meaningless or even absurd. Furthermore, the standard error of the mean is frequently used as a descriptive statistic even if it really does not describe the variation in the observations themselves. However, comprehensive tools for calculating nonparametric descriptive statistics and judging whether observations have a Gaussian distribution are hard to come by. The present paper attempts to provide the essential statistical reasoning behind the calculation of descriptive statistics and introduces a computer program written in Microsoft BASIC that applies the methods described in the text.

Mathematical Computing↗
PubMed1992

BB_RADABA: a computer program as a tool for breeding and management of laboratory animals.

The use of well characterized laboratory animals in biomedical research is of importance for quality securing and reproducibility of animal experiments. Therefore, breeders should not only have in mind the reproduction of their animal stocks, but they should also be interested to achieve an optimal resemblance of the animals in the main traits characterizing them as a model of human diseases. Specific software applications which helps the breeders in monitoring the main breeding parameters, selecting suitable breeding pairs and data processing are practically not available. This prompted us to develop a computer program for management of breeding and experimental data, which we called BB_RADABA. In this report we want to give a short survey on this computer program.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

PKCALC: a BASIC interactive computer program for statistical and pharmacokinetic analysis of data.

PKCALC, an interactive computer program written in BASIC, facilitates: initial statistical analysis of multisubject data sets, pharmacokinetic analysis of experimental data, transfer of data between commercially available electronic spread-sheets (e.g., LOTUS 123) and the pharmacokinetic programs ESTRIP and PCNONLIN, and rapid preparation of graphs of data. Concentration versus time data can be entered into the program manually, from a data interchange format (DIF) file, or from a data file previously generated by PKCALC. The program has a main menu listing nine options. These include, but are not limited to, setting up a data file which can subsequently be read by PCNONLIN, chaining to a copy of ESTRIP augmented to read PKCALC data files, stripping curves manually, and utilizing the CRT and a line printer to graph polyexponential equations and/or subject data on linear or semilogarithmic axes. PKCALC runs on the IBM PC, IBM XT, IBM AT, and COMPAQ personal computers.

Computers↗
PubMed1992

A simple computer program with statistical tests for the analysis of enzyme kinetics.

A simple computer program that calculates the kinetic parameters of enzyme reactions is described. Parameters are determined by nonlinear, least-squares regression using either Marquardt-Levenberg or Gauss-Newton algorithms to find the minimum sum of squares. Three types of enzyme reactions can be analyzed: single substrate reactions (Michaelis-Menten and sigmoidal kinetics), enzyme activation at a fixed substrate value or enzyme inhibition at a fixed substrate value. The user can monitor goodness of fit through nonparametric statistical tests (performed automatically by the computer) and through visual examination of the pattern of residuals. The program is unique in providing equations for activator and inhibition analysis as well as in enabling the user to fix some of the parameters before regression analysis. The simplicity of the program makes it extremely useful for quickly determining kinetic parameters during the data-gathering process.

Biometry↗
PubMed1979

A computer program for survival comparisons to a standard population.

PROPHAZ is a computer program created for the analysis of survival data using the general proportional hazards model. It was designed specifically for the situation in which the underlying hazard function may be estimated from the mortality experience of a large reference population, but may be used for other problems as well. Input for the program includes the variables of interest as well as the information necessary for estimating the hazard function (demographic and mortality data). Regression coefficients for the variables of interest are obtained iteratively using the Newton-Raphson method. Utilizing large sample asymptotic theory, x2 statistics are derived which may be used to test hypotheses of the form C beta = 0. Input format is completely flexible for the variables of interest as well as the mortality data.

Computers↗
PubMed1977

Computer program for central axis dose calculations for high energy photons.

A computer program is described for central axis dose calculations for 60Co and 6 MV photons. Fixed distance or isocentric calculations for regular or irregular fields can be performed. Corrections are made for wedges and blocking trays. Tissue-air ratios and percentage depth doses are calculated from scatter-air ratios eliminating the need for empirical formulas. Calculated tissue-air ratios and percentage depth doses for elongated fields agree to within 2 per cent with measured data, eliminating the need for tables of equivalent squares. Calculated values for irregular fields also agree to within 2 per cent with measured data.

Computers↗
PubMed1992

Development and validation of a computer program using Bayes's theorem to support diagnosis of rheumatic disorders.

A computer program has been developed to support the differential diagnosis of major rheumatic disease categories. Knowledge for the program was derived from the sensitivity and specificity of findings in a group of 1052 consecutive patients of a rheumatological outpatient clinic. Computer predictions based on two variations of Bayes's theorem were compared with 'gold standard' diagnoses in 570 test cases from the same clinic. The results demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, but also that refinements of both the method of calculation and the knowledge are required.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Estimating enzyme kinetic parameters: a computer program for linear regression and non-parametric analysis.

An IBM computer program, WILMAN4, is described which calculates the estimates, Km, V and Km/V from initial velocity measurements according to one of four statistical methods. Three of these methods involve linear regression analysis using weights given by assuming: (i) constant absolute error (G.N. Wilkinson, 1961, Biochem J., 80, 324-332), (ii) constant relative error (G. Johansen and R. Lumry, 1961, C.R. Trav. Lab. Carlsberg, 32, 185-214) and (iii) an error function in between the above two cases. (A. Cornish-Bowden, 1976, Principles of Enzyme Kinetics, Butterworths Inc, Boston, Mass., pp. 168-193). The fourth method is a non-parametric procedure derived by Eisenthal and Cornish-Bowden (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 532 (1974) 268-272). Residuals are obtained by subtracting the experimental and the calculated velocities. Outliers, or residuals which are greater than two experimental standard deviations, can be identified and removed from the data set. If the sequence of positive and negative signs of the residuals is random as determined by a statistical probability calculation, the data set is assumed to obey the Michaelis-Menten equation.

Biometry↗
PubMed1988

GRAN: a computer program for the cluster analysis of a repertory grid.

A BASIC computer program is described for analysing individual repertory grids. The analysis results in a rearranged version of the grid, with similar constructs and similar elements grouped together. Element and construct similarities are assessed using single-link hierarchical cluster analysis. The program works with rating, ranked or dichotomous grids and copes with missing entries.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1987

A computer program for variance function estimation, with particular reference to immunoassay data.

A computer program is described for estimating a simple one or two parameter variance function using approximate conditional likelihood. The inverse of the fitted function provides a smooth weighting function for use in subsequent manipulation of the data. The program is designed for immunoassays, where both the raw experimental observations, and the final results from data reduction, are well known to exhibit nonuniformity of variance, but it may also have application in other areas where the observations follow approximately normal distributions and a weighting function is required. Five variance function forms are optionally available as subroutines, and if necessary, one or more of these can be incorporated into existing software with trivial modification. The test of fit of the assumed function provides an objective criterion for detecting outliers, and the program includes automatic outlier exclusion as an option.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1985

Some readily available computer programs for special types of statistical analyses.

A list of readily available computer programs for analysis of different types of experimental data is compiled. Some of these programs have been tested by the author for accuracy, and yet several others need to be checked by the users against existing tables and documents. The errors, to the author's knowledge, have been pointed out. Many of these programs may be used as subroutines in analyzing data derived from experiments in cytogenetics as well as other fields.

Computers↗
PubMed1989

Use of the computer program EQUIL to estimate pH in model solutions and human urine.

The computer program EQUIL was designed to calculate relative supersaturations of solute components of common urinary stones. In an extended software version, quantitative consideration of charge balance for a priori or a posteriori pH estimation was added. The reliability of this computation was tested with hydrogen ion titration of buffer solutions containing HEPES [N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperaizine-N'-ethanesulfonic acid] as well as samples of normal human urine. In the model solutions with HEPES, the difference between calculated pH values and the measured pH was smaller than 1.2% for any titration step within the buffer zone (pH 8.5-6.8). The pH values calculated for whole urine differed from the measured pH by 7% to 53%, and the calculated charge inbalance ranged from 2.6 to 9.6 mM. This net cation inbalance indicates that there is a need to account for other anionic components, including hippurate, amino acids, and isocitrate. In experimental solutions, charge balance calculations with EQUIL can be of great utility because they permit a priori estimation of pH or computation of the composition at a desired pH.

Buffers↗
PubMed1979

Computer programs for analysis of nucleic acid hybridization, thermal denaturation, and gel electrophoresis data.

Computer programs for the analysis of data from techniques frequently used in nucleic acids research are described. In addition to calculating non-linear, least-squares solutions to equations describing these systems, the programs allow for data editing, normalization, plotting and storage, and are flexible and simple to use. Typical applications of the programs are described.

Computers↗
PubMed1977

A computer program for comparing irregular two-dimensional forms.

A shape comparison of two forms requires a procedure that ensures comparability. A computer program has been written to compute a quantitative measure of shape differences between irregular bounded forms. The curve-fitting procedure, utilizing Fourier's series, is particularly well-suited for two-dimensional closed forms. The program provides several alternate methods to eliminate size difference, ensure a common or neutral center for superimposition and provide a rotational orientation which minimizes shape differences. The program contains numerous user-specified options which control input data transformations, algorithmic processing and output. The algorithmic processing provides: (1) generation of Fourier coefficients based on observed data, (2) two methods of producing Fourier coefficients adjusted for positional orientation, (3) two methods of producing Fourier coefficients adjusted for size standardization, (4) two methods of producing Fourier coefficients adjusted for rotational orientation, (5) a cross-correlation technique which rotationally adjusts two superimposed forms to minimize the shape difference, and (6) various standard statistical measures.

Computers↗