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PubMed2004

[Occupational exposure profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coke oven workers].

OBJECTIVE: To study the characteristics of occupational exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coke oven workers. METHODS: Samples were collected individually and PAHs concentration in the ambient air were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) were introduced to assess the carcinogenic potency. RESULTS: The levels of PAHs occupational exposure in oven workers at topside was higher than at side oven and bottom oven (P < 0.05). Non-carcinogenic PAHs were more than 70% of total PAHs and benzo[a]pyrene accounted for 65.5% approximately 72.4% of total benzo[a]pyrene equivalents. Total occupational exposure level of PAHs in coke oven workers was positively related to the content of benzo[a]pyrene and pyrene, respectively (r(2) = 0.84, r(2) = 0.94, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Coke oven workers were exposed to a high level of PAHs which possessed some extent of carcinogenic potency, and benzo[a]pyrene is the chief carcinogenic substance.

Benzo(a)pyrene↗
PubMed1991

[Evaluation of the fibrogenic effect of coke dust on the lungs and internal organs of experimental animals].

Based on the data collected by the Provincial Regional Administration Unit for Control of Epidemics and Hygiene in Katowice, dust concentration at the MAKOSZOWY Coking Plant in Zabrze at 18 work-places exceeded the TLV's. The purpose of this study was to determine changes within the respiratory systems of experimental animals exposed to intratracheal administration of MAKOSZOWY Coking Plant dust, sampled at the charging larry 3-4 operating stand and at the battery roof. After pulverization the dusts contained 98.1% and 99.6% respirable particles, and 6.5% and 6.0% of SiO2, respectively, determined with the Polezhajev method. They also contained aluminum and iron compounds. Hydroxyproline content in the lungs of the animals following the intratracheal administration of 50 mg of the dusts investigated 3-6 months after the experiment was determined. Determination of Hypro contend within the animals' lungs was pursued with the Stegemann method as modified by Hurych and Chvapil. The biochemical investigation results obtained were statistically analyzed with the t-Student's Test. Single intratracheal administration of dust from the battery roof work stand of the MAKOSZOWY Coking Plant caused within 6 months a statistically significant increase in the lung Hydroxyproline level in experimental animals (t = 13.10). An almost triole Hypro increase with respect to the control group was observed. No analogy between lung Hypro level increase (12.833 mg) and histological change was noted. Such a significant lung Hydroxyproline level increase could have been due to the SiO2 content of dust (6%), as well as to the presence of iron compounds in it (4.98%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1990

[Evaluation of respiratory function in coke workers. II: Influence of 8 hour exposure on ventilation efficiency].

The functional status of airways was estimated in 2 groups of workers of Nowa Huta Steel-Mill--55 employees of coke division and 54 men working in the moulding metal channel division. Industrial pollution in these divisions highly exceeded hygienic standards. In the coke plant SO2 and NOx--irritants of respiratory tract were present. Determinations of respiratory parameters (FVC, FEV1, Raw and FEF25/75) were performed before and after work-shift. Excessive spastic reaction of respiratory tract defined by 20% decrease of FEV1 and FEF25/75 with simultaneous increase of Raw after the work-shift was found only in the group of coke plant workers. The excessive spastic reaction was observed in some workers with obturation diagnosed before shift and also in approximately 10% of "healthy" population.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Evaluation of the nervous system in workers in the furnace and coal divisions of the coke-producing plants].

240 workers of coking plant exposed to noxious chemical compounds released at coke production and control group consisting of 76 persons including 48 workers without direct contact with coke production process and 28 randomly selected healthy subjects were examined. No characteristic syndrome of subjective changes was found in workers of productive sphere. However, defective neurological symptoms were more prevalent in this group as compared to the controls. The workers from the group exposed developed neurotic syndromes with vegetative disregulation symptoms two times more frequently than the controls. The changes in EEG were significantly more prevalent in the workers occupationally exposed. The prevalence of diffuse changes in EEG depended on the level of exposure to BaP.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Protoporphyrin level in erythrocytes of workers in coke-producing plants].

Peripheral blood samples from workers of a coke factory were examined to determine protoporphyrin content in erythrocytes and haemoglobin concentration. Statistically significant increase of protoporphyrin level was found in the coke factory workers, as compared with the control group whereas haemoglobin content was very similar in both the groups. The results indicate that the working environment of coke factory may induce protoporphyrin synthesis in erythrocytes as well as inhibit generation of iron porphyrins.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effectiveness of the United Steel Workers of America Coke Oven Intervention Program.

This paper describes the implementation and evaluation of the Coke Oven Intervention Program developed jointly by the United Steel Workers of America and the University of Pittsburgh. The program was offered on four occasions at each of seven coke oven plants over a 2-year period. Participants were compared with nonparticipating co-workers and controls from matched plants on knowledge of the Coke Oven Standard and workplace behaviors. Few baseline differences were found among participants, nonparticipants, and controls. Participants improved significantly as a result of the program, with those attending multiple programs accruing the greatest benefits. Panel controls interviewed on six occasions throughout the 2-year period showed little improvement. Reasons for and implications of the effectiveness of the program are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Carcinogenic action of soot extracts and the composition of the aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons in emissions of the coke chemical industry].

Carcinogenicity of the extract of "unorganized" emission of coke-oven batteries of the coke and by-product processes, 15 polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAH), solution of 4 carcinogenic PAH and benz(a)pyrene (BP) was studied in longterm experiments on (CBAXC57Bl/6)F1 hybrid mice. 1.5 ml of olive oil containing 1 mg of BP or the respective amount of PAH proportionally to their content in the extract were administered to each mouse. The sarcomas developed in 46.6% of mice which had received injections of the extract and in 95 to 100% of mice which had received injection of PAH and BP solution. Thus, the results demonstrated that besides carcinogenic PAH the emissions contain substances which inhibit the tumour development. Our data confirm a possibility of using BP as an indicator in the evaluation of carcinogenicity of industrial emission discharges of the coke and by-product processes.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1987

[Pathomorphological picture of various internal organs of rats after long-term exposure to toxic substances in raw coke gas].

The authors carried out morphological evaluation of a long-term action of toxic substances at low concentrations (about 1 NDS), contained in raw coke oven gas, i.e. gases: CO, H2S, SO2, NH3 and benzene, as well as dusts containing: C, SiO2, Pb and Cd on the liver and kidneys of three-month old male rats of the Wistar strain. The animals were exposed to the above toxic substances in an experimental chamber for 24 hr, and for 8 hr every day during 12 and 18 months. It was found that pathogenic action of the substances contained in raw coke oven gas was not the total action of all chemical components, but their complicated resultant. Significant differences in the intensity of morphological changes in lungs were observed between rats exposed for 8 hr ans 24 hr/day, in favour of the former. Such a relationship was not observed between 12 and 18 month exposition. Besides the catarrh of the air passages and cellular-fibrous changes in pulmonary alveoli, focal metaplasia of cells of bronchial epithelium was observed, which suggested the possibility of carcinogenic action of coke oven gases and dusts. No distinct morphological differences were found in the liver and kidneys between 8 and 24 hr exposition, whereas great differences were found between 12 and 18 months exposition. Chronic interstitial pyelitis was observed in kidneys after 18 month exposition.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[C14-aminopyrine breath test and enzymatic liver tests in workers employed by the coke tar distillation department].

A group of 400 subjects divided into three sub-groups was examined. Group I consisted of 130 persons employed at the coke tar distillation department. Group II (controls) consisted of 70 persons also employed at the coke plant but free from occupational exposure. Group III was composed of 200 workers employed at the Building Factory. C14-aminopyrine breath test (ABT) was performed in 30 subjects randomly assigned from each group. A standard enzymatic liver test was assessed in all subjects examined. The range of tests performed did not permit to indicate the toxic effect of occupational environment on the liver tissue. Abnormal enzymatic liver test found in all groups could results, among others, from alcohol abuse among those tested. However, it was revealed that aromatic hydrocarbons to which workers of the coke tar distillation department were exposed to, stimulated the activity of the liver microsomal oxygenase assessed by ABT.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Environmental and biological monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coke plants and other workplaces.

The authors report the results obtained from environmental and biological monitoring of PAHs at different workplaces. Pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene were chosen as indicators of PAHs pollution and their concentrations were determined in the working environments. Two urinary metabolites of these hydrocarbons: 1-hydroxypyrene and 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, were also studied. PAHs exposure was studied at the following workplaces: a coke plant, a pyrite mine, a railway tunnel and several earthenware factories. The results obtained at the coke plant showed pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene levels (area samplings) at the battery top in the range 1.42-26.57 micrograms/m3 and 0.39-12.85 micrograms/m3 respectively. At the other workplaces lower concentrations of these two compounds were recorded. In the exposed workers, the trend of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels was similar to the results of environmental monitoring. The geometric mean of 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in the urine of coke plant workers was 5.76 micrograms/g creatinine, whereas in the other exposed subjects no geometric mean values higher than 0.60 microgram/g creatinine were obtained. In the case of occupational exposure to low pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene concentrations (pyrite mine, railway tunnel, earthenware factories) the urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels were similar to those observed in respectively smoking and non-smoking referents.

Coke↗
PubMed1985

Mutagenicity of the fractionated organic emissions from diesel, cigarette smoke condensate, coke oven, and roofing tar in the Ames assay.

Mobile and stationary combustion sources emit particle-bound organics that, after extraction, are mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium. In this study, the organic emissions from diesel, cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), coke oven, and roofing tar were fractionated and compared for mutagenicity in the Ames assay. This study demonstrated major differences in the distribution of mutagenicity among the four emission sources. Within each source, the relative mutagenicity of each fraction was significantly different in the presence and absence of an exogenous metabolic activation. In the diesel sample, over 90% of the mutagenic activity is located in the aromatic and polar neutral (PN) fractions; nitrated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (NO2-PNAs) can account for a significant portion of this activity. Most of the mutagenicity of the coke oven main sample was found in the organic base (BASE) and PN fractions, which contained aromatic amines and nitrogen heterocycles. The CSC sample also had a high percentage of the mutagenic activity in the BASE fraction. Chemical analysis, however, indicates that the components in the CSC differed from those of the coke oven main sample. The roofing tar sample, which was not mutagenic in the absence of metabolic activation, contained several components that were very mutagenic after fractionation. This may be due to the separation of toxic components from the mutagenic components. The roofing tar emissions contained aromatic and polar mutagenic constituents. Although the specific mutagens in these different sources are not identical, they all cause frameshift mutations and appear to be compounds that could be classified as polycyclic organic matter.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

"Decoking" of a "coked" zeolite catalyst in a glow discharge.

"Decoking" of a "coked" zeolite catalyst in a glow discharge in oxygen is investigated. The "decoking" process involves reactions of atomic oxygen (O atoms) with "coke" and yields gases such as CO, CO(2) as well as other gaseous products that could be easily pumped out. Three different modes of discharge were investigated including a static mode, a flowing-gas mode, and a periodic-purge mode where the oxygen and other gaseous products of the discharge were replaced by fresh O(2)gas after short but regular intervals of time. In some cases, additional heating was also used to provide base temperatures of the order of 100 degrees C to facilitate penetration of oxygen atoms into the inner layers and cages of the zeolite catalyst. This paper presents some results of spectroscopic analytical techniques used to monitor the atomization of oxygen, oxidation of "coke", and to confirm the process of "decoking". More specifically, radiation emission on the 3 s (5)S- 3p (5)P transitions of O around 777.2-777.5 nm were selected for monitoring the atomization of O(2). On the other hand, X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the amount of residual carbon and extent of "decoking". Furthermore, evolution of CO and CO(2) gases as a function of time was systematically monitored in real time. For CO, the 451.1 nm band head belonging to the B(1) Sigma - A(1) Pi bands of the Angstrom system of the CO spectrum was used, while for CO(2), the band head at 353.4 nm belonging to the CO(2)(+) spectrum was used. The rates of evolution of CO and CO(2) were related to the rate of "decoking" of the catalyst. It is noted that in the periodic-purge mode, about 63% of the total yield of CO from a given sample of the catalyst appears in the first 3-min exposure to discharge whereas it takes up to 15 min to remove nearly 94% of the removable carbon under our experimental conditions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Leukocyte 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and aromatic DNA adduct in coke-oven workers with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to induce oxidative DNA damage, we conducted a cross-sectional study in coke-oven workers employed at an iron-steel factory. METHODS: The study population contained 119 coke-oven workers from different work areas of the oven and 38 controls. Personal information on age, employment duration, smoking habit and alcohol consumption was obtained at an interview. Leukocyte 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was measured by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Leukocyte aromatic DNA adducts as effective dose, and urinary 1-hydroxypyren as internal dose, were also measured, and used to analyze the relationship of 8-OHdG with other biomarkers for PAH exposure, tobacco smoke and alcohol consumption. RESULTS: The leukocyte 8-OHdG revealed a wide inter-individual variation. The highest 8-OHdG level was detected in bottom-workers of the coke-oven. There were significant differences among the four different work areas ( P=0.02). We could not find significant correlation between 8-OHdG levels and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene, but a weakly positive correlation was found between 8-OHdG and leukocyte aromatic DNA adducts among all subjects (r=0.19 P=0.03). We could not observe any effect of smoking and alcohol drinking on 8-OHdG production. CONCLUSION: We could not find clear evidence that PAH exposure induces oxidative DNA damage.

8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine↗
PubMed1993

Estimation of individual dermal and respiratory uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in 12 coke oven workers.

Twelve workers from a coke plant in The Netherlands participated in an intensive skin monitoring programme combined with personal air sampling and biological monitoring during five consecutive eight hour workshifts. The purpose of the study was to make a quantitative assessment of both the dermal and respiratory intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Pyrene was used as a marker compound for both dermal and respiratory exposure to PAHs. The biological measure for the internal exposure to PAHs was urinary 1-OH-pyrene concentration. Measurements on exposure pads at six skin sites showed that mean total skin contamination of the 12 workers ranged between 21 and 166 micrograms pyrene a day. The dermal uptake of pyrene ranged between 4 and 34 micrograms/day, which was about 20% of the pyrene contamination on skin. The mean concentration of total pyrene in the breathing zone air of the 12 coke oven workers ranged from 0.1 to 5.4 micrograms/m3. The mean respiratory uptake of pyrene varied between 0.5 and 32.2 micrograms/day. Based on the estimates of the dermal and respiratory pyrene uptake it is concluded that an average 75% (range 28%-95%, n = 12) of the total absorbed amount of pyrene enters the body through the skin. Because of the difference in the pyrene:benzo(a)pyrene ratio between the air samples and the skin contamination samples, the dermal uptake of benzo(a)pyrene was also estimated. This was about 51% of the total absorbed amount (range 8%-92%, n = 12). The total excreted amount of urinary 1-OH-pyrene as a result of exposure to PAHs during the five consecutive workshifts varied between 36 and 239 nmol. A multiple regression model of the mass balance between pyrene dose (both dermal and respiratory) and 1-OH-pyrene excretion confirmed the relevance of the dermal exposure route. The variation in urinary 1-OH-pyrene excretion was determined more by the dermal pyrene dose than by the respiratory dose. The model showed an estimate of the percentage of the absorbed amount of pyrene that is metabolised and excreted as 1-OH-pyrene in urine. For the 12 workers this percentage varied between 13% and 49% depending on smoking habits and consumption of alcohol. The results of this study indicate that among coke oven workers, the skin is the main route of uptake of PAHs. Preventive measures to reduce exposure to PAHs should be focused more on the reduction of dermal contamination by PAHs than on the reduction of inhaled dose.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Assessment of genotoxic exposure in Swedish coke-oven work by different methods of biological monitoring.

This study evaluated the results of several biological methods used simultaneously to monitor coke-oven work. Blood samples from 44 male coke-oven workers and 48 male referents, matched for age and smoking/snuff consumption, were examined for cytogenetic damage in lymphocytes. Urinary thioether excretion was determined for 62, and urine mutagenicity for 31, of the subjects, who followed a standardized diet during the urine sampling. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons varied with work task, the ambient air levels of benzo[a]pyrene sometimes exceeding 5 micrograms/m3. Cytogenetic damage, urine mutagenicity, and thioether excretion did not differ between the groups. The smokers, however, had significantly higher sister chromatid exchange frequencies, urine mutagenicity, and thioether excretion than the nonsmokers. The absence of biological indications of genotoxic exposure was unexpected and indicates that the studied methods are not adequate to assess the carcinogenic risks of Swedish coke-oven workers.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Effect and mechanism of coking residual ammonia water treating by flue gas.

The treatment of coking residual ammonia water has been a big difficult problem at home and abroad, and there is no breakthrough research achievement in the past. The invention patent "The method of treating all coking wastewater or treating coking residual ammonia water by flue gas" has been successfully used in Huaian Steel Works for high concentration and organic industry wastewater treatment. Not only can it realize the wastewater zero discharge, but also the wastewater treatment has an effect of de-sulfur and de-nitrogen for flue gas. So that the flue gas exhaust can meet the requirement of emission standard. The mass transfer and heat transfer, fly ash absorption and coagulation, acid and alkali neutralization reaction, catalysis oxidation and reduction reaction in flue gas would be the major factors.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1992

Urine mutagenicity in workers directly employed in coke production.

Mutagenicity and toxicity of urine samples of 30 coke oven workers (group I) and 26 individuals composing a control group (group II) was estimated using Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100. Urine mutagenicity and toxicity, tested with strain TA 98 and metabolic activation, was significantly higher in group I than in group II. Using the strain TA 100, urine samples of coke oven workers showed only direct toxicity. Mutagenic and toxic activity was observed mostly in workers exposed to the highest BaP concentrations. No correlation was found between obtained results and tobacco smoking. Increased urinary mutagenic activity in group I resulted from exposure to very high BaP concentrations. It is concluded that urine samples of exposed coke oven workers should be periodically tested for mutagenic activity. Workers with mutagenic urine ought to be shifted to work posts with lower exposure to mutagens.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[The relationship between concentrations of B(a)P in blood, urine and immune function of coking workers].

The surroundings of a coking plant were contaminated with benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] in various degrees. B(a)P in urine and blood of the coking workers was detected, and levels of B(a)P in urine and blood showed correlated. Also, the relationship between the contents of B(a)P in urine and the surroundings of the plant was found. The levels of immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, IgM) and complement C3 in serum of the coking workers decreased. The levels of IgG and C3 in the workers were significantly different from those in controls. And, the serum contents of B(a)P in the workers also correlated with their immune function.

Adult↗