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PubMed1988

Age and airline accidents.

The issuance of a commercial pilot's license is contingent upon the fulfillment of stated minimum flight time. These requirements imply that total flight time and aircraft flight time can be equated with safety. For this reason, aircraft accidents involving licensed, professional pilots become difficult to explain. This study examined the relationship of pilot experience to accidents by comparing pilots' age and experience in 188 accidents involving corporate/executive pilots. The more severe accidents were expected to involve younger, less experienced pilots. The data in this study, however, refute this expectation. The age, aircraft time, or total time difference between groups was not significant. More research, both in the field and under controlled conditions, may bring in the psychological concept of cognitive dissonance.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed2000

Attitude change: persuasion and social influence.

This chapter reviews empirical and theoretical developments in research on social influence and message-based persuasion. The review emphasizes research published during the period from 1996-1998. Across these literatures, three central motives have been identified that generate attitude change and resistance. These involve concerns with the self, with others and the rewards/punishments they can provide, and with a valid understanding of reality. The motives have implications for information processing and for attitude change in public and private contexts. Motives in persuasion also have been investigated in research on attitude functions and cognitive dissonance theory. In addition, the chapter reviews the relatively unique aspects of each literature: In persuasion, it considers the cognitive and affective mechanisms underlying attitude change, especially dual-mode processing models, recipients' affective reactions, and biased processing. In social influence, the chapter considers how attitudes are embedded in social relations, including social identity theory and majority/minority group influence.

Affect↗
PubMed2000

Complementary and alternative therapy for nasal conditions.

Over two-thirds of patients have tried a complementary therapy before seeking conventional medical help. In view of this it is important that doctors keep abreast of developments in this area and of the range of therapies which are now being offered. The interaction between drugs and herbal remedies is one example where this is of particular importance. This review assesses the current evidence base for complementary therapies in nasal disease. Contemporary medicine can learn much from the patient-centred approach that is central to many complementary therapies. There is, as yet, little evidence to support the effect of complementary therapy over those of the placebo effect, cognitive dissonance and the natural resolution of many disease processes.

Cognitive Dissonance↗
PubMed1987

'Acceptance of loss' and industrial rehabilitation: an empirical study.

414 disabled persons admitted into one Industrial Rehabilitation Unit over a period of 44 weeks were administered with Osuji's (1969; 1975) 'Acceptance of Loss'-Scale (ALS) during their first and fifth week at the center. The rehabilitees' performances at the center in terms of lateness, absenteeism, and employability rating by the final case conference panel were recorded. Two hypotheses were tested viz: that the ability to stick to a course of industrial rehabilitation (i.e. complete the course) and the ability to perform well at the course among those who complete the course will be a function of the level of acceptance of loss. The two hypotheses were upheld, indicating a high predictive validity of the ALS. The results are discussed in the light of the self-concept theory of Lecky, the cognitive balance and cognitive dissonance theories of Heider and Festinger respectively.

Achievement↗
PubMed2003

Inconsistency as an interactional problem: a lesson from political rhetoric.

The classical theory of cognitive dissonance suggests that when two related cognitions are mutually inconsistent, one of them will change to restore consistency. However, Billig suggests that inconsistency is primarily an interactional problem between subjects and not a cognitive problem within a subject. In the current paper, we adopt Billig's rhetorical approach to inconsistency and study inconsistency as an interactional problem in the context of political rhetoric. More specifically, we use Action-Implicative Discourse Analysis to identify the discursive strategies the former Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, used to cope with the inconsistency between his national ideology and his contradictory behavior during his short term in office.

Cognition↗
PubMed1986

Pills and attitude change: misattribution of arousal or excuses for negative actions?

Two experiments evaluated the competing interpretations of cognitive dissonance and impression management theories regarding the pill and misattribution studies of attitude change in the forced compliance situation. Attitude change was eliminated when subjects were told about the tension side effects of taking a placebo, replicating the usual effect. Attitude change was also eliminated, however, when subjects took the pill following counterattitudinal behavior. In one condition of the second experiment, subjects were given instructions about tension side effects but were also told that the drug would not affect their moral judgment or behavior. These instructions eliminated attitude change in a standard pill condition. The typical finding of attitude change was manifested in the misattribution/no-excuse condition. The primary and secondary data from both studies provided more support for the impression management interpretation of the standard misattribution manipulations than for a theory of misattribution of dissonance-produced arousal.

Arousal↗
PubMed2007

Innovative interventions for disordered eating: evaluating dissonance-based and yoga interventions.

OBJECTIVE: Eating-disordered behavior is prevalent among college women. Few interventions have successfully reduced risk factors for these behaviors, however. The most promising interventions are both selective and interactive. This study compared two newer types of interventions that meet these criteria: cognitive dissonance and yoga programs. METHOD: This study advertised programs for women who were dissatisfied with their bodies. Participants (N = 93) were randomly assigned to dissonance, yoga, or control groups. RESULTS: Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that there were no significant post-intervention differences between the yoga and control groups. Dissonance group participants had significantly lower scores than the scores of both other groups on measures of disordered eating, drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, alexithymia, and anxiety. CONCLUSION: These findings have important implications for interventions on college campuses. In particular, dissonance interventions appear to be an efficient and inexpensive approach to reducing eating disorder risk factors. Additional research regarding the value of yoga interventions is needed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1995

The use of hope as a coping mechanism in abused women.

The purpose of this study was to identify how abused women use hope and to determine whether hope is a coping mechanism in their relationship with the abusers. Four focus group sessions were conducted with a sample of 24 women using a phenomenological methodology. The data analysis indicated that abused women maintain hope in four major dimensions: hope for change in their partner's behavior, hope for survival, hope as something to cling to, and hope for control of the situation. The subjects stated that hope was used as a coping mechanism to help them keep their sanity; but in this context, the subjects often saw hope as false or unreal. Thus some abused women used hope as a mechanism to attempt to resolve cognitive dissonance between their internal beliefs and the external reality of physical violence.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1984

The paradoxical impact of a commitment statute on prediction of dangerousness.

Forty psychiatrists in Arizona were asked to rate the dangerousness to self or others of 16 patients described in case histories and to recommend an appropriate course of action. Half the psychiatrists were given the state defining dangerousness to use in responding. Psychiatrists who used the statute summary were less consistent in their predictions of dangerousness than were those who did not use it, especially when the patient had a history of violence. The concept of cognitive dissonance is used to partially explain this paradoxical finding.

Arizona↗
PubMed1997

The conflict between 'new nursing' and 'scientific management' as perceived by surgical nurses.

Nursing on surgical wards is a major area of employment for nurses, but the literature is sparse in relation to this group. Dramatic alterations in surgical care have occurred over the past few years, including the introduction of day surgery on a major scale, increased technical equipment and faster 'throughput' of patients. This has led to Nicholas Fox describing 'a conveyor belt of surgery'. These changes are occurring alongside major evolution within the nursing profession. Nurses are encouraged to give holistic, individualized care in what has been termed the 'new nursing' movement. This study addresses the problem of how nurses resolve these two conflicting discourses. Following an initial phase of participant observation, 10 registered surgical nurses were interviewed using the techniques of career biography, critical incident analysis and informal interviews. Different interpretations by the key members of the 'new nursing' discourse have been identified. These have been termed the professional project discourse, the modernist discourse, and the traditionalist discourse. Various strategies are adopted by nurses to reduce cognitive dissonance caused by the two conflicting discourses. The most commonly used being rationalization about the need for emotional labour.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

When communications collide with recipients' actions: effects of post-message behavior on intentions to follow the message recommendation.

Two experiments investigated the processes through which post-message behavior (e.g., noncompliance) influences resistance to the message. Participants in Experiment 1 read preventive, consumer-education messages that either opposed the consumption of an alcohol-like product or recommended moderation. Half of the participants then tried the product, whereas the remaining participants performed a filler task. In the absence of trial, the two messages had the same effect. However, recipients of the abstinence-promoting preventive message who tried the product had stronger intentions to use the product in the future than recipients of the moderation message. This finding suggests that assessments of message impact may be inadequate unless an opportunity for trial is also provided. Results are interpreted in terms of self-perception and cognitive dissonance and contrasted from psychological reactance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Peer-group affiliation and adolescent self-esteem: an integration of ego-identity and symbolic-interaction theories.

To evaluate expectations derived from ego-identity theory and symbolic-interaction theories about the association between self-concept and peer-group affiliations in adolescence, we examined the self-esteem of 221 7th through 12th graders associated by peers with one of five major school crowds and 106 students relatively unknown by classmates and not associated with any school crowd. Among crowd members, self-esteem was directly related to the position of one's crowd in the peer-group status hierarchy (based on both peer-rated and self-perceived crowd affiliation). Outsiders' self-esteem differed in relation to the accuracy of their reflected appraisal of and the salience they attached to crowd affiliation. Crowd members as a whole exhibited higher self-esteem than outsiders as a whole. Differences, however, were mediated by crowd status, salience of crowd affiliation, and the accuracy of reflected appraisals. An adequate interpretation of the findings required an integration of Festinger's (1954, 1957) social comparisons and cognitive-dissonance theories, Cooley's (1902) notions of reflected appraisal, and Newman and Newman's (1976) extrapolations from ego-identity theory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Sometimes a cigar [magazine] is more than just a cigar [magazine]: pro-smoking arguments in Cigar Aficionado, 1992-2000.

Since its first issue in 1992, few periodicals have enjoyed the rapid growth and international popularity of Cigar Aficionado. Although the magazine professes to simply celebrate "the good life and the joys of cigar smoking," we argue that it serves a more insidious function; specifically, the periodical supplies readers with 7 persuasive strategies aimed at rebuking dominant anti-smoking health assertions: (a) the cigars-are-not-cigarettes argument, (b) the life-is-dangerous argument, (c) the health-benefits argument, (d) the moderation argument, (e) the old-smokers argument, (f) the bad-science argument, and (g) the good-science argument. These pro-smoking arguments ultimately serve to relieve the cognitive dissonance associated with the consumption of a potentially deadly product and to maintain a loyal readership, free from guilt or anxiety.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1995

Delayed reporting of the rape victim.

1. Delayed reporting of rape may be due to impaired cognitive processing, altered states of consciousness, or cognitive dissonance. 2. DNA may speak for the victim who does not remember a rape due to being unconscious. 3. Women with psychosis may incorporate a rape into their delusional system.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Suicide acceptability in African- and white Americans: the role of religion.

Rates of suicidal behavior are lower among African- than white Americans. We analyzed the association of suicide acceptability with religious, sociodemographic, and emotional variables in representative samples of African- and white Americans (1990). Adjusted for ethnic response bias, the former were less accepting of suicide than the latter (odds ratio .60; 95% confidence interval .41, .88). Orthodox religious beliefs and personal devotion predicted rejection of suicide best; this effect was equally strong in both groups. The comparatively low level of suicide acceptability among African-Americans was mostly attributable to their relatively high levels of orthodox religious beliefs and devotion, as opposed to practice and affiliation, although sociodemographic and emotional differences contributed as well. These results are interpreted using the cognitive dissonance model. Given rapid secularization among the young in the United States, these findings may help explain the rising suicide rates among white and, especially, African-American young people.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2001

Compensatory conviction in the face of personal uncertainty: going to extremes and being oneself.

Study 1 participants' self-integrity (C. M. Steele. 1988) was threatened by deliberative mind-set (S. E. Taylor & P. M. Gollwitzer, 1995) induced uncertainty. They masked the uncertainty with more extreme conviction about social issues. An integrity-repair exercise after the threat, however, eliminated uncertainty and the conviction response. In Study 2, the same threat caused clarified values and more self-consistent personal goals. Two other uncertainty-related threats, mortality salience and temporal discontinuity, caused similar responses: more extreme intergroup bias in Study 3, and more self-consistent personal goals and identifications in Study 4. Going to extremes and being oneself are seen as 2 modes of compensatory conviction used to defend against personal uncertainty. Relevance to cognitive dissonance and authoritarianism theories is discussed, and a new perspective on terror managenment theory (J. Greenberg, S. Solomom, & T. Pyszczynski, 1997) is proposed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Agonizing questioning: experiences of survivors of suicide victims.

Adult survivors were asked about their perceived life experiences 3 to 9 months after the suicide death of a family member. Thirty-five subjects participated in in-depth interviews. A constant comparative method of analysis yielded a core variable of "agonizing questioning". Subjects' questioning behavior was evident through their-descriptions of emotional turmoil, cognitive dissonance, physical disturbances, and altered socialization. Evidence of beginning to resolve the loss was apparent among subjects who had achieved some understanding of why the suicide had occurred or recognized that there were no answers to their questions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Biased predecision processing.

Decision makers conduct biased predecision processing when they restructure their mental representation of the decision environment to favor one alternative before making their choice. The question of whether biased predecision processing occurs has been controversial since L. Festinger (1957) maintained that it does not occur. The author reviews relevant research in sections on theories of cognitive dissonance, decision conflict, choice certainty, action control, action phases, dominance structuring, differentiation and consolidation, constructive processing, motivated reasoning, and groupthink. Some studies did not find evidence of biased predecision processing, but many did. In the Discussion section, the moderators are summarized and used to assess the theories.

Choice Behavior↗