Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Clips”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 127 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Clip with enclosed spring for aneurysm surgery. Technical note.

A clip for aneurysm surgery has been designed with several unique features. The coil spring is fully hidden and protected within two hub sections so that it cannot be handled or become entrapped in tissue. The clip is milled from a piece of solid stock of nonmagnetic stainless steel to the desired size and shape by a computer milling process, thus avoiding the stresses and structural weaknesses caused by the bending, curling, and milling needed to prepare clips made from wire or sheet metal. The only means of opening the clip is by applying pressure to the solid milled surfaces, thus the spring cannot be weakened or bent by squeezing it or by trauma applied to the clip. The clip may be grasped in either a clip applier that holds the clip in one fixed position or in an applier that allows the clip to be rotated through an arc of 180 degrees.

Aneurysm↗
PubMed1991

Laparoscopic clips. Evaluation of absorbable and titanium with regard to hemostasis and tissue reactivity.

Advanced laparoscopic techniques require laparoscopic means of providing hemostasis. We tested the hemostatic ability of laparoscopic surgical clips and their tissue reactivity as assessed by adhesion formation in an animal model. Twenty-six New Zealand white rabbits were randomized at laparotomy to one of three treatment groups: titanium surgical clips, absorbable surgical clips (both applied with a laparoscopic clip applicator) and chromic sutures of equal mass. Either the right fallopian tube was transected, with clips or sutures applied proximally and distally to control bleeding, or the clips or sutures were applied 5 mm apart and the tube transected. A clip or suture of the same material was placed on the midportion of the left fallopian tube. Necropsy was performed at 42 days, and each clip/suture site was scored for adhesions. All the materials were easily applied and effective in achieving hemostasis. The adhesion scores tended to be lower with the absorbable clips; however, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups. Laparoscopic clips are effective in providing hemostasis, are easily applied and cause no more adhesion formation than do conventional suture materials.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Surgical clips: a cause of late recurrent gallstones.

The formation of gallstones around surgical clips after cholecystectomy is a rare complication, with only seven reported cases in the English literature since its initial description in 1979. Three other cases report clip migration into the common bile duct and obstruction. We report a recent experience with "clip cholelithiasis." A 78-year-old female, 16 years following cholecystectomy, presented with a several-month history of colicky abdominal pain worsened by meals, and a 1 week history of jaundice, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. An abdominal ultrasound demonstrated dilatation of the biliary tree without visible choledocholithiasis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography demonstrated a 1.5-cm radiolucent stone in the common bile duct containing a central surgical clip. She was successfully treated with endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone retrieval. The first report of clip cholelithiasis occurred in 1979. Six additional cases have been reported as well as three cases of clip migration without stone formation into the common bile duct. The incidence of clip cholelithiasis may increase in frequency with the increased use of metallic clips during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The occurrence of cholelithiasis around inert metals is rare and may be prevented using absorbable clips; however, stone formation is also reported around absorbable materials.

Absorption↗
PubMed1983

[Is tubal sterilization with the Tupla-clip a reversible method?].

Between 1976 and 1981 402 tubal sterilizations were performed with Tupla-clip most of them by laparoscopic application. 11 tubes were removed between 15 and 47 months following the sterilization with the Tupla-clip. The local changes both macroscopically and microscopically to the tupla-clip were evaluated. The possibility of tubal patency following removal of the clips was tested by carbon dioxide pertubation. The tubal-occlusion with the tupla-clip is definitive since all tubes had a fibrous tissue strand where the clip had been applied which still carried blood vessels. No tube was patent with the carbon dioxide pertubation. The intra-operative testing of correct application of the clip and the documentation of this correct application is again mentioned. This is especially important in view of the recent judgements of the federal supreme court regarding liability in failed tubal sterilizations. The excellent chance of reversal by tubal anastomosis and the 100% success rate of this method of sterilization within the 6 years under observation will increase the acceptance of the tupla-clip as a method for tubal sterilizations.

Female↗
PubMed2000

[Endoscopic pretherapeutic clipping for gastrointestinal tumors. A method for exact definition of the target volume].

BACKGROUND: In many cases it is not possible to exactly define the extension of carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract with the help of computertomography scans made for 3-D-radiation treatment planning. Consequently, the planning of external beam radiotherapy is made more difficult for the gross tumor volume as well as, in some cases, also for the clinical target volume. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eleven patients with macroscopic tumors (rectal cancer n = 5, cardiac cancer n = 6) were included. Just before 3-D planning, the oral and aboral border of the tumor was marked endoscopically with hemoclips. Subsequently, CT scans for radiotherapy planning were made and the clinical target volume was defined. Five to 6 weeks thereafter, new CT scans were done to define the gross tumor volume for boost planning. Two investigators independently assessed the influence of the hemoclips on the different planning volumes, and whether the number of clips was sufficient to define the gross tumor volume. RESULTS: In all patients, the implantation of the clips was done without complications. Start of radiotherapy was not delayed. With the help of the clips it was possible to exactly define the position and the extension of the primary tumor. The clinical target volume was modified according to the position of the clips in 5/11 patients; the gross tumor volume was modified in 7/11 patients. The use of the clips made the documentation and verification of the treatment portals by the simulator easier. Moreover, the clips helped the surgeon to define the primary tumor region following marked regression after neoadjuvant therapy in 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic clipping of gastrointestinal tumors helps to define the tumor volumes more precisely in radiation therapy. The clips are easily recognized on the portal films and, thus, contribute to quality control.

Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The MHC class II-associated invariant chain-derived peptide clip binds to the peptide-binding groove of class II molecules.

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II proteins bind to peptides derived from processed foreign antigens, and display them on the cell surface of antigen presenting cells for recognition by CD4+ regulatory T lymphocytes. Prior to their binding to antigenic peptides in endosomal compartments, class II molecules are associated with a nested set of peptides CLIP derived from amino acids 80 to 107 of the invariant chain (Ii). Currently the interaction between the CLIP peptide and class II molecules is not clear. Using an FITC-labeled CLIP peptide and soluble empty class II molecules synthesized in insect cells, we have investigated the direct binding of the CLIP peptide to class II molecules, and the influence of localized polymorphic residues in the peptide-binding groove on the binding. We found that the human class II HLA-DR1 molecule contains a single-binding site for the CLIP peptide as well as the antigenic peptide MP19-31, as analysed by Scatchard analysis. Further studies also showed that occupancy of the peptide-binding groove by antigenic peptides inhibited the binding of CLIP to DR1 molecules and vice versa. Most importantly, the polymorphic residues beta 85 and 86, which define the major peptide-binding pocket, strikingly influence the CLIP-DR1 interaction, as assayed by the SDS-stability of class II-peptide complexes and the affinity of class II-peptide interactions. These data indicate that the peptide-binding pocket and thus the peptide-binding groove of the class II molecule are directly involved in the association with the CLIP peptide.

Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte↗
PubMed1996

Surgical clips in planning the electron boost in breast cancer: a qualitative and quantitative evaluation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate, qualitatively and quantitatively, the role of surgical clips in planning the tumor bed electron boost in patients undergoing breast conserving surgery and radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: In 50 patients, the excision cavity boundaries were marked by clips at surgery. The electron boost field was first planned using clinical information, aiming to achieve a margin of 2 cm, and its accuracy evaluated by screening the surgical clips and, if necessary, adjusting the field to encompass all clips with 2 cm margins. Orthogonal radiographs were take with solder wire delineating the clinical and screened fields and the scar. Hypothetical clinical and radiological fields, with 1 and 3 cm margins, were reconstructed on the radiographs. RESULTS: The clinical field was inadequate in 34 patients (68%). The precision of each clinical setup was quantified by two indices. The Normal Tissue Index defined the percentage of the clinical field comprised of tissue, beyond the tumor bed, not at high risk of local recurrence, and gave an estimate of potential spring of normal tissue: median 14.6% (range 0-83.0), 17 out of 50 > 25%; median 13% (range 0-70.7), 12 out of 50 > 25%; median 9.7% (range 0-59.8), 10 out of 50 > 25%, for 1, 2, and 3 cm margins, respectively. The Geographical Miss Index defined the percentage of the radiologically defined field, at high risk of local recurrence, not predicted by the clinical field, and gave an estimate of the extent of geographical miss: median 32.9% (range 0-83.5), 28 out of 50 > 25%; median 26.1% (range 0-69.8%), 26 out of 50 > 25%; median 18.6% (range 0-60.3), 20 out of 50 > 25%, for 1, 2, and 3 cm margins, respectively. The median distance from the scar midpoint to the furthest clip was 3.8 (range 1.2-8.1) cm. The median maximal clip depth was 3.1 (range 1.4-5.2) cm. CONCLUSION: (a) Electron boost field planning by clinical landmarks alone was inaccurate in 68% of cases. (b) Quantitative measures, based on margins of 1, 2, and 3 cm, revealed that in 20-34% of patients more than one-quarter of the clinical field covered tissue at low risk of local recurrence, and in 40-56% of patients less than three-quarters of the final radiological field was predicted clinically. (c) The relative positions of the scar and clips may be widely disparate. (d) Clip depth measurements reveal a significant risk of underdosing at depth.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1995

In vitro changes in clips and bars used to retain implant overdentures.

Although implant-retained overdentures are a less expensive alternative to fixed implant-supported prostheses in certain situations, problems with retentive clips fracturing and needing frequent replacement have been reported. This study compared baseline and posttest retention of metal and plastic clip-retained overdenture analogs and monitored surface changes in bars and clips throughout the testing process. A laboratory model was made with two implant analogs processed into an acrylic resin platform to which three bars were fitted. Two overdenture analogs were made and retained on the model with metal or plastic clips. Each bar-clip assembly was subjected to 5500 insertion and removal cycles to simulate 3 years of in vivo insertion and removal. Although the differences in retention between metal and plastic clips and between clips before and after testing were statistically significant, it is questionable whether they are clinically significant. Neither clip fracture nor loss occurred during this study, which suggests that it may be functional or parafunctional loading and not repeated insertion and removal of an implant overdenture that may cause the stated problems.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1996

The effect of simulated function on the retention of bar-clip retained removable prostheses.

Patients wearing bar-clip retained removable prostheses may have loss of retention because of changes within the bar-clip assembly. This in vitro study recorded and compared the retention of one- and two-clip retained simulated mandibular complete denture prostheses before and after simulated function. Cast metal Hader bars and clip holders were used to make 10 one-clip and 10 two-clip specimen pairs. Tensile removal values before and after simulated function were recorded and compared by repeated-measures analysis of variance and Student tau tests (significance level 0.05). The results revealed that the use of two clips instead of one significantly increased retention of the simulated prosthesis. It was also found that there was a significant loss of retention after the specimens were placed on the bars and then removed once for both the one- and two-clip groups. Simulated function did not cause a significant change in retention for either group.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1997

Magnetic characteristics of Yaşargil aneurysm clips.

BACKGROUND: Metallic bioimplants are subject to great scrutiny in order to ensure that they are totally harmless to patients. Aneurysm clips are no exception to this rule. Considering the number of aneurysm clips used and their potential for injury, they should be evaluated very meticulously. Determining the magnetic characteristics of these clips is an important part of the evaluation process. In this study, a new method for evaluating magnetism is described and the importance of that information is briefly discussed. METHODS: Twenty Yaşargil aneurysm clips were analyzed using a vibrating sample magnetometer under 1.5 Tesla. This device is highly sensitive, and is capable of measuring the magnetism of small objects. RESULTS: Our measurements showed magnetism of the aneurysm clips ranged from 0.0334-0.1369 electromagnetic units (emu). CONCLUSIONS: Magnetometer measurements and real life tests under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown that these clips have a very low magnetism and are safe to use in 1.5 Tesla MRI scanners. This study also proves that the vibrating sample magnetometer is a useful device for analyzing the magnetism of aneurysm clips, and their emu values can be used as another industry standard in the production line to increase the safety of these clips.

Aneurysm↗
PubMed1999

The importance of surgical clips for adequate tangential beam planning in breast conserving surgery and irradiation.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of surgical clips in the planning of tangential beams in patients undergoing breast conserving surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between September 1996 and April 1998, 25 consecutive female patients with ductal carcinoma in situ, Stage I and II cancer of the breast, underwent lumpectomy with the excision cavity marked by the surgical clips. Subsequently, tangential fields were planned using clinical and radiologic information obtained during simulation without the clips position being visible. RESULTS: When measured from the center of the deepest clip to the posterior field border of the tangential fields in 6/25 patients (24%) the distance was less than 2 cm, with the closest being only 0.5 cm. Respective measurements for the distal end of the clip and the posterior border were: 9/25 patients (36%); less than 2 cm, with the closest distance of 0.3 cm. There was a positive correlation between the distance from the scar to the palpable breast border and the distance between the deepest clip and the posterior border of the tangential beams. CONCLUSION: The lumpectomy scar is often a poor indicator of the excision cavity as demarcated by surgical clips. Without the clips, part of the cavity may be underdosed by the tangential radiation beams. This is more likely for the cavities located close to the lateral or medial border of the breast tissue.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1994

Novel technique and instrumentation for laparoscopic application of hemostatic clips.

A novel device for applying hemostatic clips in laparoscopic surgery incorporates a distal hook into a multiple-firing titanium clip applier. The hook may be used for blunt dissection of tissue, and to displace and control ducts and vessels during clip application. A single instrument may be used to achieve hemostasis in areas that are difficult to reach, and past pointing problems encountered with straight on clip appliers are alleviated. Comparative testing of the holding force of the curved clips used with this device versus the straight clips used in conventional multiple-clip appliers demonstrated a higher mean pull-off force of 0.473 lbs versus 0.33 lbs. Clinical application of the device in laparoscopic procedures including cholecystectomy, vaginal hysterectomy, Nissen fundoplication, vagotomy, varicocelectomy, and lymphadenectomy show the utility of the hook clip applier.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Aggravation of experimental glomerulonephritis by superimposed clip hypertension.

To evaluate the possible enhancing effect of hypertension on the clinical and morphologic features of glomerulonephritis, two-kidney clip hypertension (CH) was superimposed on a mild form of nephrotoxic serum nephritis (NSN) in female Sprague-Dawley rats. The following parameters were assessed regularly over a 6-month period: blood pressure (BP), heart weight, proteinuria (UpV), and renal morphology. Blood pressure and heart weights were increased equally in clip hypertension and in nephrotoxic serum nephritis combined with clip hypertension. While only moderate proteinuria occurred in nephrotoxic serum nephritis (49 +/- 28 mg/24 hr) or clip hypertension (40 +/- 22 mg/24 hr) alone, the superimposition of clip hypertension on nephrotoxic serum nephritis resulted in heavy proteinuria (161 +/- 36 mg/24 hr) (P less than 0.001) after 5 months of hypertension. Glomerular histology in nephrotoxic serum nephritis showed infrequent focal and segmental proliferation and minimal sclerosis; vessels were normal. Clip hypertension was characterized by infrequent and mild vascular sclerosis and glomerular proliferation and sclerosis. Severe glomerular endo- and extracapillary proliferation and widespread glomerular and vascular sclerosis occurred in the majority of rats when nephrotoxic serum nephritis was combined with clip hypertension. The data demonstrate that clip hypertension enhances glomerular proliferation and sclerosis and results in the development of vascular sclerosis in experimental nephritis.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effects of saralasin infusion on bilateral renal function in two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats.

1. Previous studies have shown that administration of converting enzyme inhibitor (CEI, SQ 20 881) to two-kidney, one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive (GH) rats clipped for 3-4 weeks resulted in marked increases in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), water and sodium excretion by the non-clipped kidneys. The clipped kidneys exhibited reduced function that was due, in part, to the reductions in arterial pressure. To evaluate further the hypothesis that the renal responses to CEI were due primarily to the inhibition of angiotensin II rather than other factors, we infused the angiotensin II competitive blocker, saralasin, into GH rats under sodium pentobarbital anaesthesia and examined renal haemodynamics and excretory function of each kidney before and during saralasin infusion and after cessation of saralasin infusion. 2. Saralasin reduced mean arterial blood pressure from 164 +/- 4 to 124 +/- 4 mmHg. Despite the profound fall of arterial pressure, significant increases in renal blood flow from 5.82 +/- 0.22 to 9.15 +/- 0.76 ml/min and glomerular filtration rate from 1.46 +/- 0.10 to 2.18 +/- 0.14 ml/min were observed in the non-clipped kidneys. Renal vascular resistance decreased from 2.34 (+/- 0.14) x 10(5) to 1.17 (+/- 0.19) x 10(5) kPa 1(-1) s [2.34 (+/- 0.14) x 10(6) to 1.17 (+/- 0.19) x 10(6) dyn s cm-5]. Also, concomitant diuresis and kaliuresis and a delayed natriuresis occurred. 3. The clipped kidneys exhibited reductions in renal blood flow, GFR and excretory function during saralasin infusion. 4. Normal rats receiving the identical dose of saralasin responded with a slight but significant decrease in arterial pressure. The increase in renal blood flow and GFR were less than those observed in the non-clipped kidneys of hypertensive rats. 5. These data provide further support to the hypothesis that an angiotensin II-mediated elevation in renal vascular resistance and impairment of renal function exist in the non-clipped kidneys of GH rats.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1983

The importance of the renin-angiotensin system in the development and maintenance of hypertension in the two-kidney one-clip hypertensive rat.

1. Blood pressure, renin concentration and angiotensin II were measured in unanaesthetized two-kidney one-clip hypertensive rats at 1 and 2 days, at weekly intervals up to 10 weeks and at 15 and 20 weeks after clipping. 2. Compared with values in sham-operated rats, renin and angiotensin II were initially increased at 1-2 days but were then suppressed between 2 and 4 weeks to levels similar to that found in sham-operated rats. Between 5 and 20 weeks renin and angiotensin II increased again to high levels. 3. There was a significant correlation between angiotensin II and blood pressure in acute rats 1-2 days after clipping (P less than 0.05) and in chronic rats 8-20 weeks after clipping (P less than 0.001). There was no difference in the slope of the regression lines but the regression line for the chronic rats was shifted upwards in a parallel manner. 4. The acute hypotensive response (-20.3 +/- SD 24.9 mmHg) in 26 chronic rats given converting enzyme inhibitor was related to the basal renin and angiotensin II levels and followed the slope of the angiotensin II/blood pressure regression line for all chronic rats. Only one out of 26 rats reduced its blood pressure to normal levels. 5. In 12 rats at 4 weeks after clipping, when blood pressure was elevated but angiotensin II was suppressed, there was only a small fall in blood pressure (-7.1 +/- SD 7.2 mmHg). This also followed the angiotensin II/blood pressure regression line for chronic rats but at the lower end. Blood pressure again was not reduced to normal. 6. These results suggest that renin and angiotensin II are increased up to 20 weeks after clipping, that there is no change in the net vascular responsiveness to endogenous angiotensin II at any stage in this experimental model and that the acute effect of angiotensin II is determined solely by its position in the same dose-response curve. Also with the exception of 1-2 days immediately after clipping the acute effect of angiotensin II plays only a minor, though variable, role in the hypertension and that some other mechanism, as yet undetermined, is of greater importance and begins to have an effect as early as 2 weeks after clipping.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1987

Effects of verapamil and converting enzyme inhibition on bilateral renal function of two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive rats.

Experiments were conducted in two-kidney, one-clip renal vascular hypertensive rats (GHR) to assess the responses of each kidney to acute treatment with the antihypertensive calcium channel blocking agent verapamil in the presence and in the absence of converting enzyme inhibitor (CEI). One group of GHR (0.2 mm inner diam. clip 3 weeks before study) were examined during a control period, and during a second period of infusion of verapamil (600 micrograms h-1 kg-1). A second group of GHR were examined during a control period, during CEI (teprotide, 3 mg h-1 kg-1) infusion and during a third period of verapamil (600 micrograms h-1 kg-1) infusion superimposed on CEI infusion. Although systemic blood pressure (BP) decreased from 175 +/- 4 to 149 +/- 5 mmHg (mean +/- SEM) in response to verapamil alone, renal blood flow for non-clipped kidneys increased from 5.9 +/- 0.4 to 6.5 +/- 0.3 ml/min, indicating a 30% reduction of renal vascular resistance (P values less than or equal to 0.01; n = 9). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for non-clipped kidneys (n = 24) increased from 0.91 +/- 0.09 to 1.47 +/- 0.14 ml/min and filtration fraction increased from 0.32 +/- 0.04 to 0.47 +/- 0.03 (P values less than or equal to 0.05). Urine flow rate and absolute and fractional sodium excretion for non-clipped kidneys increased. GFR for clipped kidneys decreased during verapamil. Treatment with CEI alone resulted in nearly identical responses of BP and function of the non-clipped kidney, except filtration fraction was unchanged. The addition of verapamil to ongoing converting enzyme blockade tended to augment the increased GFR of the non-clipped kidney. Plasma renin activity (PRA) increased from 30 +/- 3 to 59 +/- 7 ng of angiotensin (ANG) I h-1 ml-1 with verapamil alone, a significantly larger increment than the increase of PRA from 27 +/- 5 to 39 +/- 9 ng of ANG I h-1 ml-1 in GHR subjected to comparable blood pressure reduction by mechanical aortic constriction. Verapamil resulted in many similar effects on renal function to those observed during blockade of converting enzyme. The increased filtration fraction observed in response to verapamil may be the result of vasodilatation of the afferent arteriole or of an increase in the glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed2000

Feasibility study on endoscopic suture with the combination of a distal attachment and a rotatable clip for complications of endoscopic resection in the large intestine.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic resection has been more frequently performed for increasingly larger intramucosal tumors of the large intestine in recent years. It is reasonable to expect that the larger the resected mucosal surface, the greater is the likelihood of complications such as bleeding or perforation. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of endoscopic suture with a distal attachment and a rotatable clip-fixing device for complications of endoscopic resection in the large intestine. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 15 patients who underwent endoscopic clipping therapy following endoscopic resection for intramucosal tumors of the large intestine. With a distal attachment fitted to the distal end of the endoscope, the optimal position for clipping was ensured by pressing the intestinal wall and deflating the intraluminal air little by little. With a rotatable clip-fixing device, the resection site was endoscopically sutured clip by clip. RESULTS: Tumors were of the laterally spreading tumor type in six patients, small sessile polyps in three, and pedunculated polyps in six. The complications consisted of bleeding in 12 patients, overt perforation in one, and latent perforation in two; 14 of the 15 patients underwent successful suturing by this method. The number of clips used ranged from two to seven (mean 4.4). No patients had further complications after the treatment. CONCLUSION: We conclude that endoscopic suture with the combination of a distal attachment and a rotatable clip-fixing device is very useful for complications of endoscopic resection in the large intestine.

Colonic Polyps↗
PubMed1996

Magnetic field gradients in the MRI suite and their effects on aneurysm clips.

We studied magnetic field intensity in the magnetic resonance imaging suite at our hospital and its possible effect on several different types of aneurysm clips, including one Heifetz 17-7 PH, six Heifetz Elgiloy, one Mayfield, six Perneczky, fifteen Sugita, one Sundt-Kees Variangle, four Variangle-McFadden and fifteen Yasargil clips. We carefully observed the clips for any translational or rotational movements along the path from the door towards the magnetic resonance imaging gantry. The magnetic field strength was 0.04 kiloGauss at the entrance of the room, with an acute increase of magnetic strength at 310 cm away from the entrance to the room, 90 cm to the entrance of the gantry. The magnetic strength continued to increase at a rate of 1.0-1.5 kiloGauss for every 20 cm up to the entrance to the gantry. No movement was observed in any of the clips at the entrance to the suite except for the Heifetz 17-7 PH clip, which showed small movement in the longitudinal plane of the clip. At the entrance to the gantry, the Heifetz 17-7 PH, Sundt-Kees Variangle, and Mayfield clips were aligned on the walls of the test container perpendicular to the magnetic bore. The, Heifetz Elgiloy, Perneczky, Sugita, Variangle-McFadden, and Yasargil clips showed no movement throughout the path of the stretcher or near the gantry.

Aneurysm↗