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PubMed1988

Expression of a secretory product by microvillous and ciliated cells of the human endometrial epithelium in vivo and in vitro.

A monoclonal antibody which identifies a component of post-ovulatory endometrial secretions is now shown to be expressed within the cytoplasm and on the cell surface of both microvillous and ciliated epithelial cells. A glandular explantation model was developed in order to study the 'carry over' of this secretion to the regenerative phase endometrium. A loss of cytoplasmic antigen was observed in vitro. However, it was retained on the cell surface in a fashion consistent with its expression at the time of explantation. Mosaicism of expression of this secretory component occurs throughout the secretory-phase and is particularly pronounced at the time of transition from proliferative to secretory phase. It is concluded that both ciliated and microvillous epithelial cells produce a post-ovulatory secretory component which may be retained on the cell surface in the absence of hormonal stimulation.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Confronting cisternae and ciliated cells in malignant pleural mesothelioma: an ultrastructural study.

The incidence of malignant mesothelioma of the pleura has recently increased in Japan, and ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies can help in the histopathologic diagnosis. Confronting cisternae consist of dense laminae between the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticula. Cylindric confronting cisternae have recently been found in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The pathologic significance of this unusual structure is still obscure, but it has been proposed that trapped ribosomes on the confronting unit membranes of rough endoplasmic reticula produce the dense laminae. In this study, prominent confronting cisternae were found in more than half the tumor cells, and accumulation of an electrondense fine granular substance surrounded by Golgi vesicles (so-called vesicular rosettes) were noted and found to be continuous with the dense laminae. The nature and origin of the vesicular rosettes are important with regard to the formation and significance of confronting cisternae. Oligocilia have been found in various metaplastic and neoplastic cells and are thought to be nonspecific. There has been only one report of ciliated cells and confronting cisternae in a malignant peritoneal mesothelioma, however, indicating that these unusual cytoplasmic structures might be related to some epithelial-type mesotheliomas.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Intracellular axonemes within ciliated cells in the tracheal epithelium of domestic pigs.

Extended aggregates of intracellular axonemal derivatives can be seen within the apical cytoplasm of ciliated cells of apparently healthy domestic pigs. Such alterations were observed in 15 out of 20 animals. Complete (9 + 2) or incomplete (8 + 2 - 5 + 2) intracellular axonemes were found which sometimes arose from mature, irregularly arranged kinetosomes. In addition, bundles of single microtubules and microtubular pairs were found. In previous investigations on the ciliated epithelium of different mammals, intracellular axonemes were investigated only under pathological or experimental conditions. Our findings indicate that these alterations also occur in healthy animals. The extended aggregates of intracellular axonemal derivatives are more likely to be due to a failure of ciliary maturation than to a degradation of incorporated mature cilia.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Ciliated cell adenocarcinoma of the endometrium diagnosed by endometrial brush cytology and confirmed by hysterectomy: a case report detailing a highly efficient cytology collection and processing technique.

A case of ciliated endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium, diagnosed by endometrial brush cytology and confirmed by histology, is reported. Features are those of outspoken endometrial adenocarcinoma presenting in a postmenopausal woman with abnormal uterine bleeding. Distinctive characteristics include ciliated neoplastic cells, intracytoplasmic ciliary cysts, complex epithelial stratification, and muscular invasion by malignant ciliated cells in the matched hysterectomy specimen. This report illustrates the merit of linking an easy-to-use liquid fixative with brush-sampling of the endometrium.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1991

[Regeneration of the ciliary beat of human ciliated cells].

The influence of an isotonic, alkaline saline solution (diluted "Emser Sole" or brine from the spa of Bad Ems) on the ciliary beat of isolated cultured human ciliated cells of the upper respiratory tract was investigated. The ciliary beat was observed via an inverted phase contrast microscope (Zeiss Axiomat IDPC) and measured microphotometrically under physiological conditions and after the damaging influence of 1% propanal solution. Under physiological conditions the saline solution had a positive, although statistically not significant influence on the frequency of the ciliary beat. After damage of the cultivated cells by 1% propanal solution, the saline solution had a significant better influence on the regeneration of the cultured cells than a physiological sodium chloride solution. It is concluded that diluted brine from Bad Ems has a positive effect on the ciliary beat of the respiratory epithelium and accelerates its regeneration after damage by viral and bacterial infections, surgery or inhaled noxae.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1998

Neuropeptide Y inhibits ciliary beat frequency in human ciliated cells via nPKC, independently of PKA.

The intracellular mechanisms whereby the inhibitory neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y (NPY) decreases ciliary beat frequency (CBF) were investigated in cultured human tracheal and bronchial ciliated cells. CBF was measured by nonstationary analysis laser light scattering. NPY at 1 and 10 microM decreased CBF from a baseline of 6.7 +/- 0.5 (n = 12) to 6.1 +/- 0.5 (P < 0.05) and 5.8 +/- 0.4 (P < 0.01) Hz, respectively. Prior application of PYX-1, an NPY antagonist, prevented the decreases of CBF induced by both doses of NPY. Two broad protein kinase C (PKC) kinase inhibitors, staurosporine and calphostin C, also abolished the NPY-induced decrease in CBF. The NPY-induced decrease in CBF was abolished by GF 109203X, a novel PKC (nPKC) isoform inhibitor, whereas this decrease in CBF was not attenuated by Gö-6976, a specific inhibitor of conventional PKC isoforms. Because pretreatment with NPY did not block the stimulation of CBF by forskolin and pretreatment with forskolin did not abolish the NPY-induced inhibition of CBF, this NPY receptor-mediated signal transduction mechanism appears to be independent of the adenylate cyclase-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Inhibition of Ca2+-ATPase by thapsigargin also prevented the suppression of CBF induced by subsequent application of NPY. These novel data indicate that, in cultured human epithelia, NPY decreases CBF below its basal level via the activation of an nPKC isoform and Ca2+-ATPase, independent of the activity of PKA. This is consistent with the proposition that NPY is an autonomic efferent inhibitory neurotransmitter regulating mucociliary transport.

Adenylyl Cyclases↗
PubMed1995

Expression of a 130-kDa mesothelial and ciliated cell Ag (MCp130) in normal and developing human and rat lung and its role as a diagnostic marker for mesotheliomas and tumors of the female reproductive system.

BACKGROUND: Proteins in human lung lavage were analyzed to identify cell-specific markers for potential use in the study of the biology and pathology of pulmonary cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Proteins associated with pulmonary surfactant were used to raise mAb. An Ab to a 130-kDa protein (MCp130) was reactive with ciliated and mesothelial cells. Expression of this Ag in normal organs, developing lung, and tumors was investigated. RESULTS: By Western blotting, the Ab stained a protein of about 130 kDa. In formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from adult human and rat organs, the Ab specifically stained the luminal/apical surfaces of pulmonary and nonpulmonary ciliated and mesothelial cells. Staining of fetal airway cells was independent of ciliation. Airway cell staining was detectable in human fetal lungs at 12 weeks of gestation and at Day 18 of gestation in fetal rat. The Ab reacted with human and rat fetal mesothelial cells at the gestational ages of 15 weeks and 17 days, respectively. It also stained ciliated cells in endosalpinx and endometrium. Human epithelial mesotheliomas and ovarian and endometrial carcinomas stained selectively, whereas other pulmonary tumors and tumors of other organs did not react with the Ab. CONCLUSIONS: This 130-kDa mesothelial and ciliated cell plasma membrane protein appears in developing lung at an earlier age than secretory proteins. The marker is of potential use in the study of development of the different cell lineages in the lung and female reproductive tract. The Ab is expected to be useful in the diagnosis of epithelial mesotheliomas and ovarian/endometrial carcinomas, because it selectively stains these tumors and is reactive with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies on non-ciliated cells of the tracheal epithelium of normal, phenobarbital-treated and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated mice.

Non-ciliated SER-rich cells of the tracheal epithelium of normal, phenobarbital-treated and 3-methylcholanthrene-treated mice were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically. The apical portion of these cells protrudes into the tracheal lumen, especially in the mice treated with the two compounds, and the apical cytoplasm is filled with numerous tubular elements of SER. Besides, the non-ciliated cells of 3-methylcholanthrene-treated mice show a strong positive reaction to the antiserum against microsomal cytochrome P-450 of liver. These findings support the concept that the non-ciliated tracheal cell may be involved in the metabolism of endogeneous and exogeneous chemical compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Combined exposures of human ciliated cells to different concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.

In the present study we investigated the influence of two common air pollutants, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on ciliary beat frequency (CBF). Ciliated cells were obtained by nose brush from 12 healthy volunteers and placed on a polycarbonate membrane which was in contact with Ringer's electrolyte solution. This allowed the supply of the cells by capillarity in parallel to the reaction of the pollutants with the cell surfaces. In an exposure chamber the cells were exposed for 30 min. at 37 degrees C either to SO2 (2.5-12.5 ppm) or to NO2 (3.0-15.0 ppm), or to a mixture of NO2 (12.0 ppm) and SO2 (2.5 or 5.0 ppm). CBF was measured by video-interference-microscopy. With SO2 we observed a dose-dependent decrease in CBF with Ringer's solution. 2.5 ppm SO2 caused a 42.8% decrease and 12.5 ppm a decline of approximately 100% (8.10 +/- 0.24 Hz vs. 0.28 +/- 0.20 Hz). In parallel, we observed a decrease in the pH-value from 7.4 to 3.6. 30 min. NO2 exposure (3.0-15.0 ppm) induced a significant dose dependent increase in CBF from 8.4 +/- 0.34 Hz to 9.4 +/- 0.44 Hz. Exposure to a mixture of SO2 and NO2 with Ringer's solution revealed that SO2 exerts a stronger influence on CBF than NO2. Exposure to both pollutants resulted in the same as exposure to SO2 alone. Our findings demonstrate a strong correlation between SO2-modified pH values and CBF. Exposure to a combination of two pollutants revealed the dominant influence of SO2 on CBF while the augmented effect of exposure to NO2 alone might be due to the oxidative potential of this gas.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Effect of exogenous ATP on ciliary beat of human ciliated cells studied with differential interference microscope equipped with high speed video.

To study the detailed effects of exogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) on ciliary function, we used the differential interference microscope equipped with high speed video and evaluated ciliated cells from the human sinus mucosa in monolayer culture. With this system it was possible to evaluate all parts of ciliary motility with a minimum of interference from the mucous membrane, secretory cells and the autonomic nervous system. The best direct ciliostimulative effect of exogenous ATP on ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary beat amplitude (CBA) was observed at concentrations of ATP ranging from 10(-5) M to 10(-3) M. Exogenous ATP appeared to normalize the slightly damaged ciliary motility in groups with an initial CBF of 14 Hz or higher. When the CBF was less than 14 Hz, ATP produced an increase in CBF greater than 40%, an increase in CBA greater than 30%, but these did not reach the normal level in 5 min. The biggest increases: 59.9% in CBF and 40.7% in CBA were seen in the group with an initial CBF less than 9 Hz. In the cells with a low initial CBF and unsynchronized motility exogenous ATP increased the synchrony of ciliary movement together with an increase in CBF and CBA.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2000

Delta-Notch lateral inhibitory patterning in the emergence of ciliated cells in Xenopus: experimental observations and a gene network model.

In diverse vertebrate and invertebrate systems, lateral inhibition through the Delta-Notch signaling pathway can lead to cells in initially uniform epithelial tissues differentiating in "salt-and-pepper", regular spacing patterns. In this paper we examine lateral inhibition during the emergence of ciliated cells in Xenopus embryonic skin, using experimental manipulations of the Delta-Notch pathway and a connectionist gene-network model of the process. The results of our model are in agreement with previous models of regular patterning through lateral inhibition and reproduce the observations of our experimental assays. Moreover, the model provides an account for the variability of embryonic responses to the experimental assays, points to a component of lateral inhibition that may be the chief source of this variability, and suggests ways to control it. Our model could thus serve as a tool to generate predictions about this and other regular patterning systems governed by lateral inhibition.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

An experimental model for the exposure of human ciliated cells to sulfur dioxide at different concentrations.

Mucociliary transport is an important nonimmunological defense mechanism of the respiratory tract. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sulfur dioxide (SO2) at different concentrations on ciliary beat frequency (CBF). Ciliated cells were obtained from 12 volunteers by nose brush. CBF was quantified using video-interference microscopy. The cells were placed on a polycarbonate membrane in contact with the surface of a reservoir filled with RPMI 1640 (bicarbonate buffered) or Ringer's (electrolyte) solution, allowing the cells to be supplied by capillarity. In an exposure chamber the cells were exposed for 30 min to SO2 2.5-12.5 ppm at 37 degrees C and 100% air humidity. SO2 induced a dose-dependent decrease in CBF of the cells cultured in Ringer's solution. SO2 at 2.5 ppm caused a 42.8% decrease and at 12.5 ppm a 96.5% decrease (8.1 +/- 0.24 versus 0.28 +/- 0.20 Hz). CBF of cells cultured in RPMI 1640 was reduced only moderately after 12.5 ppm SO2 exposure (7.9 +/- 0.26 versus 6.70 +/- 0.30 Hz). In Ringer's solution a decrease in pH was observed after 30 min of SO2 exposure to 12.5 ppm to a minimum value of 3.6. By contrast, the pH of RPMI 1640 remained constant at 7.5 under identical conditions. After adding RPMI 1640 to Ringer's solution, CBF increased in parallel to the pH to control values (5.0 ppm: 4.64 +/- 0.45 to 8.51 +/- 0.60 Hz). These data suggest that the highly water-soluble SO2 reversibly eliminates CBF in correlation with a decrease in pH.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Cyclic variations in the oviuductal ciliated cells during the menstrual cycle and after estrogen treatment in the pig-tailed monkey, Macaca nemestrina.

The epithelium of the oviduct of the pig-tailed monkey, Macaca nemestrina was studied 1) to determine whether quantitative changes in the number of ciliated, deciliated, reciliating and nonciliated cells occur during the menstrual cycle and under certain experimental conditions and 2) to describe the ultrastructure of the ciliated and ciliogenic cells. The mean percentage of ciliated cells decreased from 48.2 in the fimbriae and 48.3 in the ampullae in the postovulatory stage to 7.7 and 18.8, respectively in the late luteal phase; these changes are significant as determined by Duncan's multiple range test. In the early follicular phase 3.9% of the cells in the fimbriae and 11.2% in the ampullae are ciliated, and the number of ciliogenic (deciliated and reciliating) cells is the highest of any time in the cycle in both the fimbrial (6.3%) and ampullar (8.4%) epithelium. In contrast, although the percentage of ciliated cells in the isthmus varies from 44.4 in the preovulatory phase to 34.3 in the early follicular phase, the differences between the various times in the cycle are not significant. However, in the late luteal phase, the values for the fimbriae and ampullae are significantly different from that of the isthmi. Ciliated cells constitute less than 1% of both the fimbrial and ampullar epithelium 2 3/4 years after ovariectomy, but 16.7 in the isthmic tissue. In ovariectomized monkeys treated for 7 or 12 days with estradiol benzoate reciliation occurs, but to a significantly lesser extent in the fimbriae and ampullae than in the pre- or postovulatory animals; the degree of reciliation in the isthmus is not different from the values noted during the cycle. The ultrastructure of ciliated, deciliated and reciliating cells is described. Of much interest is the finding of cytoplasmic protrusions containing variable numbers of ciliary axonemal complexes. It is postulated that such internalization of ciliary micotubules may represent one way in which deciliation may be accomplished.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Stimulation of cilia beat frequency by serotonin is mediated by a Ca2+ influx in ciliated cells of Helisoma trivolvis embryos

Serotonin (5-HT) has been established as a regulator of ciliary beating in numerous systems. In early embryos of Helisoma trivolvis, a cilia-driven rotational movement is modulated by the release of endogenous serotonin from a pair of embryonic neurons, ENC1s, directly onto the ciliated epithelium. The present study was undertaken to examine the signal transduction mechanisms underlying serotonin-mediated cilio-excitation in Helisoma trivolvis embryos. Using time-lapse videomicroscopy, the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of cultured embryonic ciliated cells was measured in response to various pharmacological manipulations. Serotonin increased CBF in a dose-dependent manner. Addition of 8-bromo-cyclic AMP, isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) or a combination of forskolin and IBMX, treatments that elevate the concentration of intracellular cyclic AMP, did not mimic the serotonin-induced increase in CBF. Thus, cyclic AMP does not appear to be involved in the regulation of CBF in this system. In contrast, depolarizing the cells with KCl or veratridine, and artificially raising the intracellular Ca2+ concentration with thapsigargin or A23187, caused a serotonin-like increase in CBF. Furthermore, the serotonin response was abolished in a Ca2+-depleted medium or in a medium containing the L-type Ca2+ channel blockers verapamil or nifedipine. These results suggest that serotonin-stimulated cilio-excitation in cultured Helisoma trivolvis cells involves an influx of Ca2+ to increase intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The link between serotonin-receptor binding and Ca2+ influx in these cells has yet to be determined.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Histochemical evaluation of glycoconjugates in the male reproductive tract with lectin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates: II. Staining of ciliated cells, basal cells, flask cells, and clear cells in the mouse.

Efferent reproductive ducts of male mice, including ductuli efferentes, epididymis, and vas deferens, were fixed and embedded in paraffin, and sections were stained with a battery of lectin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates to localize specific sugars or sugar sequences in glycoconjugates. Cilia and the apical surfaces of ciliated cells in the ductuli efferentes stained intensely with lectin specific for sialic acid and terminal alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. Flask cells and clear cells in the epididymis reacted positively and similarly with most lectins used, providing evidence that these cell types are related. In contrast, disparities in lectin staining suggest that flask cells and clear cells are a cell type distinct from principal cells. Basal cells were not present in the ductuli efferentes but formed a continuous layer in the epididymis and vas deferens. Basal cells contained oligosaccharides terminated by sialic acid and alpha-D-galactose and varying amounts of terminal beta-D-galactose and alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. Basal cells also stained variably with lectins specific for the core region of complex type N-glycosidic side chains. The basal cells varied structurally, having long spinous apical processes approaching or reaching the lumen in region I of the epididymis and being low cuboidal or squamoid and lacking apical processes in epididymal regions II-V and in the vas deferens. The contiguous nature of the basal cells and the presence of glycoconjugates bearing terminal alpha-galactosyl residues in all basal cells suggest a possible role for these cells in a regulatory influence on transepithelial movement of fluid and/or ions in the epididymis and vas deferens.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Alterations in alveolar clearance after 4-ipomeanol-induced necrosis of Clara and ciliated cells in the terminal bronchiole of the rat.

The administration of 4-ipomeanol, [0, 10 (LD), and 25 (HD) mg/kg, ip], to rats resulted in dose-dependent degeneration and necrosis of the nonciliated (Clara) and ciliated epithelial cells of the terminal bronchioles. More extensive necrosis of the terminal bronchiolar epithelium, with exposure of the basement membrane, was produced in the HD group. Repair of the terminal bronchiolar epithelium was complete within 10 days. Alveolar clearance of 51Cr labeled polystyrene latex microspheres was analyzed through 40 days postinstillation by nonlinear regression for a double exponential model. Alveolar clearance during phase 1 (Days 2 to 6) was delayed and significantly decreased in both the LD and HD groups. Alveolar clearance during phase 2 (Days 10 to 40) was significantly decreased only in the HD group. The decreased alveolar clearance in HD subjects was long term and did not correlate with the return of morphologically normal appearing Clara and ciliated cell structure.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Temperature effect on the ciliary beat frequency of human nasal and tracheal ciliated cells.

Even though all human respiratory cilia are similar in structure, they experience a wide range of temperatures between the initial part of the nasal fossae which behave as heat exchangers and the inferior part of the trachea, particularly when we inhale exceedingly cold or hot air. The ciliary beat frequency of ciliated cells from human nasal mucosa and from bronchial mucosa averages 8 Hz when measured at room temperature. In the present study we compared the ciliary beat frequency of human cells from nasal and tracheal mucosa brushings at different temperatures from 5 degrees C to 50 degrees C using two different techniques, ex vivo and in vitro: ex vivo in culture medium less than 24 h after sampling and in vitro after demembranation and reactivation according to a standard procedure developed in our laboratory. Measuring the ATP-reactivated ciliary beat frequency allowed us to check the thermal parameters of the dynein ATPase and all the axonemal machinery. No significant difference in frequency was observed between nasal fossae cilia and tracheal cilia when comparing extreme temperatures in both experimental procedures.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Ciliated cells in the main excretory duct of the submandibular gland in obstructive sialadenitis: a SEM and TEM study.

The epithelium of the main excretory duct of the submandibular gland in five cases of obstructive sialadenitis was studied by TEM and SEM. In three cases we found a considerable increase in goblet and ciliated cells. As well as normal cilia, different kinds of ciliary anomalies, especially compound cilia, were noticed. Images of centriole formation and of ciliogenesis, both normal and abnormal, were also observed. Several hypotheses concerning the mode of formation of the compound cilia are discussed.

Adult↗