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PubMed2003

Oral biology and disorders of chiroptera, insectivores, monotremes, and marsupials.

Oral disease occurs in all species, from the tiny marsupial mouse to the large red kangaroo, and from the smallest mole to the largest bat. Although there has been little research done in most of the species in this article, the whole range of dental and oral diseases has been recorded, including periodontal disease, caries, and many variations in position and number of teeth. Hopefully, the interest in these species will continue and further study will enable us to understand these diseases more thoroughly.

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PubMed1999

ZOO-FISH analysis in a species of the order Chiroptera: Glossophaga soricina (Phyllostomidae).

Glossophaga soricina is a flower-visiting bat which lives in the neotropics. The diploid chromosome number is 2n = 32 with a fundamental number of autosomal arms, FN, of 60. G. soricina belongs to the Microchiroptera which have a lower diploid DNA content and a higher AT composition in their DNA compared with other mammals. By ZOO-FISH analysis with human chromosome-specific DNA probes, the human autosomes were found conserved in 41 segments. This is an arrangement similar to other mammals which have been analyzed. Several chromosomal associations already known from ZOO-FISH studies in other species were also present in G. soricina.

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PubMed2000

Intrachromosomal distribution of telomeric repeats in Eumops glaucinus and Euntops perotis (Molossidae, Chiroptera).

The location of chromosomal telomeric repeats (TTAGGG)n was investigated in two species of the Molossidae family, Eumops glaucinus and Eumops perotis. The diploid chromosome number (2n) is 40 in E. glaucinus and 48 in E. perotis and the fundamental numbers (FN) are 64 and 58, respectively. It has been suggested that the E. glaucinus karyotype has evolved from the E. perotis karyotype through Robertsonian fusion events. In the present study, the telomeric sequences were detected at the termini of chromosomes in both species. In addition, E. glaucinus also displayed telomeric repeats in centromeric and pericentromeric regions in almost all biarmed chromosomes. Conversely, in E. perotis pericentromeric signals were only observed in two biarmed chromosomes. In both E. glaucinus and E. perotis, such telomeric sequences were observed as part of the heterochromatin. The interstitial sites of telomeric sequences suggest that they are remnants of telomeres of ancestral chromosomes that participated in the fusion event.

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PubMed2001

Karyotype comparison and phylogenetic relationships of Pipistrellus-like bats (Vespertilionidae; Chiroptera; Mammalia).

Detailed karyotype descriptions of 20 Pipistrellus-like bat species belonging to the family Vespertilionidae are presented. For the first time, chromosomal complements of four species, i.e. Pipistrellus stenopterus (2n = 32), P. javanicus (2n = 34), Hypsugo eisentrauti (2n = 42) and H. crassulus (2n = 30) are reported. A Pipistrellus kuhlii-like species from Madagascar represents a separate species distinguished from the European Pipistrellus kuhlii (2n = 44) by a diploid chromosome number of 42. Banded karyotypes are presented for the first time for Scotozous dormeri, Hypsugo capensis, Hesperoptenus blanfordi, Tylonycteris pachypus and robustula. Chromosomal evolution in the family Vespertilionidae is characterized by the conservation of entire chromosomal arms and reductions in diploid chromosome number via Robertsonian fusions. Less frequently, centric fissions, para- and pericentric inversions and centromere shifts were found to have occurred. In several cases a certain type of chromosomal change predominates in a karyotype. Examples of this are the acquisition of interstitial heterochromatic bands in Tylonycteris robustula, and centric shifts in P. javanicus, H. eisentrauti and Hesp. blanfordi. The species examined here belong to three tribes, i.e. Pipistrellini, Vespertilionini and Eptesicini, which are distinguished by chromosomal characteristics. According to our results, the species Pipistrellus (Neoromicia) capensis belongs to the Vespertilionini and not to the Pipistrellini. We therefore propose to elevate the subgenus Neoromicia to generic rank.

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PubMed2002

Repeated DNA sequences in the microbat species Miniopterus schreibersi (Vespertilionidae; Chiroptera).

Repetitive DNA sequences represent a substantial component of eukaryotic genomes. These sequences have been described and characterized in many mammalian species. However, little information about repetitive DNA sequences is available in bat species. Here we describe an EcoRI family of repetitive DNA sequences present in the species Miniopterus schreibersi. These repetitive sequences are 57.85%, A-T rich, organized in tandem, and with a monomer unit length of 904 bp. Methylation analysis using the isoesquizomer pair MspI and HpaII indicates that the cytosines present in the sequences CCGG are partially methylated. Furthermore, Southern blot analysis demonstrated that these DNA sequences are absent in the genomes of four related microbat species and suggest that it could be specific to the M. schreibersi genome.

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PubMed2003

Karyotypic characterization of the bat species Molossus ater, M. molossus and Molossops planirostris (Chiroptera, Molossidae) using FISH and banding techniques.

The karyotypes of the bat species Molossus ater, M. molossus (2n = 48; NF = 64) and Molossops planirostris (2n = 34; NF = 60) were analyzed by G-, C-banding, silver nitrate staining (AgNO3), base-specific fluorochromes and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The two species of Molossus presented the constitutive heterochromatin (CH) in the pericentromeric regions of all autosomes and in the X chromosome, while the Y chromosome was completely heterochromatic. Molossops planirostris showed conspicuous CH blocks in the pericentromeric regions of the pairs 4, 5, 8, 15, 16 and in the short arm of the X chromosome, while the Y did not present any CH block. Pretreated slides for C-banding stained with DAPI (CB-DAPI) revealed a similar pattern of C-banding (CBG) for these species. Sequential staining (AgNO3/CMA3/DAPI) in M. planirostris showed that the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) are weakly CMA3 positive and DAPI negative. In the three species, triple staining with CMA3/DA/DAPI revealed R-banding with CMA3 and uniform staining with DAPI. The ribosomal cistrons detected by FISH were present only in the pair 5 in both species of Molossus, and in two pairs of medium sized chromosomes (pairs 9 and 10) of Molossops planirostris. The results obtained by FISH, compared with those by AgNO3 staining, indicated that all NORs in these species are transcriptionally active.

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PubMed2003

Pericentric satellite DNA sequences in Pipistrellus pipistrellus (Vespertilionidae; Chiroptera).

This paper reports the molecular and cytogenetic characterization of a HindIII family of satellite DNA in the bat species Pipistrellus pipistrellus. This satellite is organized in tandem repeats of 418 bp monomer units, and represents approximately 3% of the whole genome. The consensus sequence from five cloned monomer units has an A-T content of 62.20%. We have found differences in the ladder pattern of bands between two populations of the same species. These differences are probably because of the absence of the target sites for the HindIII enzyme in most monomer units of one population, but not in the other. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) localized the satellite DNA in the pericentromeric regions of all autosomes and the X chromosome, but it was absent from the Y chromosome. Digestion of genomic DNAs with HpaII and its isoschizomer MspI demonstrated that these repetitive DNA sequences are not methylated. Other bat species were tested for the presence of this repetitive DNA. It was absent in five Vespertilionidae and one Rhinolophidae species, indicating that it could be a species/genus specific, repetitive DNA family.

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PubMed2000

Is the Gibraltar strait a barrier to gene flow for the bat Myotis myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)?

Because of their role in limiting gene flow, geographical barriers like mountains or seas often coincide with intraspecific genetic discontinuities. Although the Strait of Gibraltar represents such a potential barrier for both plants and animals, few studies have been conducted on its impact on gene flow. Here we test this effect on a bat species (Myotis myotis) which is apparently distributed on both sides of the strait. Six colonies of 20 Myotis myotis each were sampled in southern Spain and northern Morocco along a linear transect of 1350 km. Results based on six nuclear microsatellite loci reveal no significant population structure within regions, but a complete isolation between bats sampled on each side of the strait. Variability at 600 bp of a mitochondrial gene (cytochrome b) confirms the existence of two genetically distinct and perfectly segregating clades, which diverged several million years ago. Despite the narrowness of the Gibraltar Strait (14 km), these molecular data suggest that neither males, nor females from either region have ever reproduced on the opposite side of the strait. Comparisons of molecular divergence with bats from a closely related species (M. blythii) suggest that the North African clade is possibly a distinct taxon warranting full species rank. We provisionally refer to it as Myotis cf punicus Felten 1977, but a definitive systematic understanding of the whole Mouse-eared bat species complex awaits further genetic sampling, especially in the Eastern Mediterranean areas.

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PubMed2000

On Eimeria bragancaensis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) and tissue-cysts of an unidentified protozoan in the bat Peropteryx macrotis (Chiroptera: Emballonuridae) from Amazonian Brazil.

A description is given of the mature oocysts and endogenous stages of Eimeria bragancaensis n. sp., from the small intestine of the bat Peropteryx macrotis from north Brazil. Oocysts are spherical to subspherical, 15.9 x 14.6 microns (range 14-17 x 14-17.7). The wall is of two layers: an outer, thicker one which is of a brownish-yellow colour and striated (pitted), and an inner one which is thin and colourless. The outer layer is frequently lost. No micropyle or oocyst residuum present, but the oocyst usually contains one or two polar bodies. Sporocysts 8.4 x 5.3 microns (range 6.25-9 x 4-6) with inconspicuous Stieda and substiedal bodies. Endogenous stages are intracytoplasmic in the epithelial cells of the small intestine, above the host-cell nucleus. Stages of merogony and gametogony are described. Abundant tissue-cysts of an unidentified protozoan, containing from 1-4 zoites, were found in the parenchyma cells of the liver and, less frequently, in the lamina propria of the small intestine. Their possible nature is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Reproduction in the Indian mouse-tailed bat, Rhinopoma hardwickei hardwickei (Chiroptera, Rhinopomatidae).

At and near Agra, in Uttar Pradesh, India, R. h. hardwickei had a strictly defined annual reproductive cycle. Although many females were inseminated during late February to mid April, ovulation was not recorded until 11 March. Progressively more females ovulated and conceived during the following weeks until the end of April and released one ovum from either of the ovaries with nearly equal frequency. A single conceptus was carried in the ipsilateral uterine cornu during each cycle. The gestation period was 95-100 days. Births occurred between the second week of June and the end of July. Lactation lasted at least 20 days. Females attained sexual maturity at an age of 8.5-9.0 months. Males took at least 16-17 months to attain sexual maturity. Females were segregated during lactation; during the rest of the year, males and females lived together.

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